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7/25/2019 12. Energy and Environment
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12. Energy & Environment
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Environmental Effects Categorization
As more and more environmental effects become known, the needfor the reduction of environment pollution is obvious.
All sorts of discharges including waste, noise & radiation effects theenvironment.
They can be categorized as:
Local effects
Regional effects
Global effects Since full spectrum of effects are not known one needs to monitor
and assesses effects continuously.
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Environmental Effects Local
Depends on the nature and the activities of the industry.
May range from:
Noise Dust
Irritating smells
Waste water
Solid discharges
Discharge quantities and frequencies will determine the effect of the
releases. Can easily be mitigated with proper planning, maintenance and
appropriate investments.
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Environmental Effects Regional
Often part of plant activities and vehicle movements.
Most common effect is eutrophication where discharging of nutrientsinto waterbodies occur. Phosphorous and Nitrogen are major causeswhich come from fertilizer industry an will lead to algae growth.
Another effect is acidification which will kill the forest and corrodematerials.
Discharges from metal industries has a serious effect regionally whenthey get added to natural water bodies where they settle finally.
Persistent Organic Compounds [POC], Volatile Organic Compounds[VOC], dioxins can cause serious regional effects.
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Environmental Effects POP
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Environmental Effects Global
Some major effects Greenhouse effect
Increase in tropospheric ozone
Depletion of the stratospheric ozone
Concentrations of O3 in the tropospheredepends on chemical reactions withhydrocarbons, NOx, CO2 believed to beincreasing and harmful to forest, crops,human health.
Depletion of O3 in stratosphere causes UV topenetrate.
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Atmospheric Emissions: CO2: Emissions MT per Capita
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Atmospheric Emissions: CO2: Emissions MT per Capita
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Atmospheric Emissions: CO
Generated due toincomplete combustionand by catalytic meansthese can be considerablyreduced.
Traffic emissions areserious contributors.
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Atmospheric Emissions: NOx
Generally formed when combustion is over 1000 oC and under higherexcess air conditions.
Most of the emissions are NO which is rapidly oxidized to NO2 whenmixed with air.
Contributes to acidification and disturbs the activity of anaerobicbacterial NO2 production which is the natural soil enrichmentmechanism.
Countries have set limits Nox emissions in power plants to mitigateeffects from Nox.
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Atmospheric Emissions: SOx
Environment and Vegetation negatively affected due to acidificationwhile human health is affected by irritation in the bronchus andincreased sensitivity to infections.
Atmospheric SOX generated by combustion of fossil fuels also disruptsnatural decomposition process.
Some countries use lime spreading by aircrafts to mitigate effects ofSox.
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Atmospheric Emissions: VOC
Alkenes, Aromatics, Organic Acids & chlorinated solvents fall into thiscategory.
Main sources are vehicles, paints, & combustion (especially smallboilers).
They contribute to respiratory track problems cancer, formation ofphotochemical oxidants like ozone, etc.
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Atmospheric Emissions: Methane
Naturally occurring in swamps, syn-gas production systems, trappedgas liberation (methane hydrates).
It contributes to greenhouse effect by about 25times more than CO2in absorbing heat. Also it contributes to formation of Ozone whichthen act as a greenhouse gas in the stratosphere.
Globally the main source is farming activities via waste deposites.
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Atmospheric Emissions: Dioxins, Metals & Dust
Out of around 200 Dioxins around 12 form toxic andstable ones. Most Common one is 2,3,7,8-tetra-chloro-di-benzo-p-dioxin [also known as Sevesco
dioxin]. Can cause cancer, lower immunity levels andmany other health effects. Waste incineration, steel& iron industry contributes.
TCDD
Heavy metals dispersed can cause neurotic diseases, anemia, fetal injuriesand miscarriages.
Dust from coal stations and wood combustors can often cause respiratoryproblems as well as inconvenience.
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Emissions into water from Energy Production
As mentioned earlier it is necessary to consider, quantity, frequencyand duration
Effluents from power plants have to be considered in regard to: pH
Oil & Grease
TDS
TRC
Metals Fe, Cu, Cr & Zn
They can be blowdown water, treatment plan effluents, contaminatedcondensate, cleaning water, Hydro-testing water, Rain Water, etc.
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Noise Emissions
For neighbors plant operations should not produce any noise whichmay be annoying or distracting.
For plant personnel noise should be controlled to avoid risk ofhearing, interference with speech, communication and alarms.
Dominating sources are FD / ID Fans, Pumps, Compressors, Turbines,Ejectors, Safety valves, Blow Down of process streams
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Noise Emissions Note 1 - Units
A sound consists essentially of a moving series of pressure fluctuations, andthe normal unit of pressure is the Pascal. However, it is not normal tomeasure sound in Pascals; instead the decibel scale is used. The decibel
scale is a logarithmic one, which compresses a large range of values to amuch smaller range.
For example, the range of sound pressures from 0.00002 to 2.0 Pa isrepresented on the decibel scale by the range 0 to 100 dB.
Two justifications are normally given for using a decibel scale. The range of values involved in measuring the amplitude of sound is inconveniently
large. The human ear does not respond linearly to different sound levels and the decibel
scale relates sound measurement more closely to subjective impressions ofloudness.
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Noise Emissions Note 2 - Calculation The decibel scale for measuring sound levels is defined by the equation
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Noise Emissions Note 2 - Calculation
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Environmental Technologies
For combustion emissions
Dynamic Collectors Cyclones
Wet Collectors scrubbers
Bag filters & Granular bed filters
Electrostatic Precipitators
Sulfur Oxide reducing technologies
Solid Waste Recycling Combustion Biological treatment deposits
Nitrogen Oxide reducingTechnologies
Special Burners Low Nox
Smaller furnace Low Flame Temperatures
Gas re-circulation
Excess Air Control
Ozone Alkali Absorption
Sulphur/ Organic sol
n
Absorption Selective Reduction
Selective Catalytic Reduction
Electron Beam Methods
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Environmental Management
Tools
EIA
ER
LCA
Audits
Prevention Techniques
Waste Minimization
EMS Environment Management Systems ISO 14001
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Environmental Laws and Conventions
Stockholm 1972 UN conference on Environment UNEP: tocoordinate environmental promotional work
Brundtland Commission 1983 UNs Commission for Environment &Development
Rio Summit 1992 UN Conference on Environment & Development(UNCED)
Kyoto Protocol 1997 Addressed Greenhouse Gas emissions
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Environmental Laws - Sri Lanka
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Environmental Laws - Sri Lanka
Environment
Protection
Order - 25.01.2008 - Environmental Protection License Prescribed Activities
Order - 01.02.2008 - National Environmental Protection & Quality Regulations
Regulations - 20.12.1994 - Appeal Procedure
Air Quality
Regulations - 30.06.2003 - Re: Air emission, fuel & vehicle importation standards
Order - 10.10.2003 - Prohibition of Ozone depleting substances
Order - 09.07.2008 - List of vehicle exhaust emission standards
Regulations - 15.08.2008 - Permissible Ambient Air Quality Standards in relation to
class of Air Pollutants
Regulations - 15.08.2008 - Permissible Ambient Air Quality Standards in relation to
class of Air Pollutants
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Environmental Laws - Sri Lanka
Noise
Order - 23.05.1996 - industrial noise pollution
Order - 30.04. 29.12.2011ment to Gazette Notification No. 924/12 dated 23.05.1996
Order - 20.12.1994 - National Environmental (vehicle horns) Regulations
Waste
Management
Order - 10.10.2006 - Prohibition of Polythene or any polythene product of 20 micron
or below in thickness
Regulations - 01.02.2008 - License for discharge, emission or disposal of
waste/scheduled waste management
Order - 10.11.2009- Municipal Solid Waste
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Environmental Laws - Sri Lanka
EIA
Order - 24.06.1993 - Procedure for approval of projects & prescribed projects
Order - 23.02.1995 - project Approving Agencies
Order - 05.11.1995 - Amendments to prescribed projects
Regulation - 10.04.2003 - Upper Kotmale hydro power project
Order - 29.12.2004 - Appointing Forest Department as a Project Approving Agency