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8/10/2019 12 BSC2011 Vertebrates IClicker
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The VertebratesChapter 34
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Animal diversity
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/library/03/4
/l_034_04.html
2
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iClicker: Which of the following is not an
insect?
3
A. A wasp
B. A flyC. A beetle
D. A scorpion
E. An ant
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Major
clades ofvertebrates
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Vertebrates are chordates
with a backbone
Have chordate features as well as
1. Vertebral column
2. Cranium
3. Endoskeleton
4. Neural crest
5. Diverse internal organs
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Vertebrates
All chordate characteristics plus
1. Vertebral column: notochord is replaced by a
bony or cartilaginous column of interlockingvertebrae
2. Endoskeleton: cartilage or bone – most alsohave two pairs of appendages
3. Internal organs: liver, kidneys, endocrineglands, and a heart with at least two chambers Liver unique to vertebrates
Heart, kidneys, and endocrine system are more
complex than analogous structures in other taxa
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Hagfish
Jawless, finless marine fish
that lack vertebrae
Notochord and cartilaginous
skull
Essentially blind with a keen
sense of smell
Copious amounts of slime
Class Myxini
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Class Petromyzontida
Lampreys
Lack hinged jaw and true
appendages
Agnathan= jawless
Do possess a notochord
and rudimentaryvertebral column
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Lampreys
One of earliest diverging
groups of vertebrates Found in marine and
freshwater
Marine lampreys parasitic
as adults
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Class Petromyzontida
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Jawed vertebrates
Hinged jaws
developed from thepharnygeal arches
Modification of
existing feature
Gnathostoma
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• Treat Video
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Class Chondricthyes
Cartilaginous fish
Sharks, skates, rays
Skeleton composed of flexiblecartilage
Derived not ancestral character
Sharks among earliest fish todevelop teeth
Not set into jaw
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Denser than water – swim to maintain buoyancy
and breathing
2 chambered heart –
single circulation Powerful sense of smell
Lateral line – pressure wave detection
Internal fertilization
Oviparous – lay eggs
Ovoviparous – egg retained in female, no placenta
Viviparous – eggs develop in uterus, placenta
nourishes young
Class Chondricthyes
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Reproduction: Internal egg
development, eggs, or
sometimes live birth
Skate egg case
Great white shark, Carcharodon
carcharias, is ovoviviparous,
gestating its eggs for 11 months.
Lemon shark, Negaprion
brevirostris, is viviparous,
giving live birth to pups
Class Chondricthyes
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Mass migration of cow-nose stingrays, Rhinoptera bonasus,
from Yucatan peninsula, MX to western Florida photographed
in 2008
Class Chondricthyes
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This baby whale shark, found offthe coast of the Philippines in
2009, measured just 15 inches,
making it the smallest whale
shark ever found.
The whale shark, Negaprion
brevirostris, is the largest fish
in the world
Class Chondricthyes
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Extinct Carcharodon megalodon shark
Size of the extinct megalodon shark compared
with that of the modern great white shark Jaws of the megalodon
Class Chondricthyes
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Bony fish
3 living classes Actinopterygii – ray-finned fish
Actinistia – coelacanths
Dipnoi – lungfish
Many features different fromChondricthyes
1. Bony skeleton2. Operculum covers gills
3. Swim bladder for buoyancy
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Circulation: 2
chambered heart with
single circulation
All fish have this
circulation
Fish
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Respiration: fish
swallow water and
push it over their gills.
Fish
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Actinopterygii – ray-finned fish Includes all bony fish but coelocanths and lungfish
Fins supported by thin, bony, flexible rays
Bony fish
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Sarcopterygii
Actinistia – coelacanths
Believed extinct until 1938
Special joint in skull gives
powerful bite
Swim bladder filled with oil
rather than gas – still used
for bouyancy
Bony fish
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Sarcopterygii
Dipnoi – lungfish
3 genera with 6 species
Live in oxygen-poor
freshwater
Both gills and lungsWill drown if unable to
breathe air
Muscular lobe fins
Bony fish
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iClicker: By far the largest number of extant fish
species on Earth have
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A. an operculum and swim bladder.
B.
lungs capable of extracting oxygenfrom air.
C. a cartilaginous skeleton.
D. a long tail used for grasping onto
structures.
E. gills slits.
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iClicker: A new species of aquatic chordate is
discovered that closely resembles an ancient form.
It has the following characteristics: external armor
of bony plates, no paired lateral fins, and a
suspension-feeding mode of nutrition. Which of the
following is most likely also true of this species?
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A. It has legs
B. It has lungs
C. It lacks jaws
D. It reproduces asexually
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Tetrapods
Transition to land meant adaptations to preventdesiccation, locomotion and reproduction onland possible Sturdy lobe-finned fishes became fishes with four
limbs
Vertebral column strengthened, hip and shoulderbones braced against backbone
Relatively simple changes in gene expression,especially Hox genes
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Hox genes 9 –13 work together to specify limb
formation from the proximal to the distal direction,
meaning from close to the point of attachment to
the body to the terminal end of the limb
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Tetrapods
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Tiktaalik video
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/library/03/4
/l_034_49.html
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Transitional taxa
Tiktaalik rosae
Fishapods had broad skulls,
eyes on top, lungs, pectoralfins with 5 finger-like bones
Species increasingly fed on
land but tied to water for
reproduction
320mya Cacops was similar
to modern amphibians
Expanded ribs
Neck
Scales
Fins
Flat head,
eyes on top
Tiktaalik
roseae
Tetrapodshttp://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/libr
ary/03/4/l_034_49.html
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Amphibians
Successfully invaded land butmust return to water toreproduce
Buccal pumping to force air intolungs
Skin can absorb oxygen
3 chambered heart
Fertilization external
Larval stages aquatic
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Metamorphosis
Development: External fertilization in waterhatches to tadpole with develops into adult form
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Amphibians
Circulation: 3chambered heart
with mixing ofoxygenated anddeoxygenated blood
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Amphibians
Respiration: gills inlarval stage andlungs/skin in adult stage.
Ventilation from buccalpumping.
Lungless salamander: skin Bullfrog: ~½ skin / ½ lungs
Larval Salamander: gills
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Amphibians
Adults: ventilation frombuccal pumping.
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Order Anura – frog and toads Nearly 90% of amphibians
Carnivorous adults, herbivorous larva
Order Caudata – salamanders Paedomorphosis – adult has larval characteristics
Order Gymnophiona – caecilians Nearly blind tropical burrowers
Secondarily legless
Uterine milk nourishes young inside mother ’s body
Amphibians
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Amphibians
caecilian
frog
salamander
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Amphibians
Goliath frogJapanese giant salamander
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iClicker: Which of the following is untrue of
amphibians?
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A. They are rarely found on land.
B. They often have internal gestation.
C. They often have gills and lungs throughout
their lifetime.
D. Some of them breath through their skin.
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Amniotes
Reptiles and mammals
Amniotic egg: Critical
innovation was thedevelopment of a shelled
egg that sheltered the
embryo from desiccating
conditions on land Amniotic egg broke tie to water
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4 extra-embryonic
membranes:
1. Amnion –
protectsembryo in amniotic cavity
2. Yolk sac – yolk
3. Allantois – disposal of
wastes4. Chorion – with allantois
for gas exchange
Amniotic Egg
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Reptiles
Most live on dry land
Have amniotic egg
Scales on skin Most have 3 chambered
heart (except crocodilians
and birds, which have 4)
Respiration with lungs
Dominant animals on Earth
until 65 mya
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Reptiles
Some major groups:
Testudines: turtles
and tortoisesLepidosauria: snakes
and lizards
Crocodilia: alligators
and crocodiles
Aves: birds
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Class Testudines
Turtles, tortoises and
terrapins
Virtually unchangedfor 200 million years
Hard protective shell
In most, vertebrae
and ribs fused to shell
Lack teeth but have
sharp beak
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Class Lepidosauria
Lizards and snakes
Kinetic skull with
extremely mobile joints
Lizards have
moveable eyelids and
external ears whilesnakes do not
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Class Crocodilia
Crocodiles and
alligators
4 chambered heart
Teeth in sockets
Care for young
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Class Crocodilia
Care for young
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Reptiles
Non-crocodilian
respiration have a
partially dividedventricle, which leads
to a small amount of
blood mixing – like
amphibians.
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Dinosaurs
Class Ornithischia –
bird-hipped dinosaurs
Class Saurischia –
lizard-hipped dinosaurs
Legs of these dinosaurs
were positioned directly
under the body
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Birds likely evolved from dinosaur-like reptiles
Examples of bird-like reptiles:
Evolution of birds
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Archaeopteryx lithographica
Related to therapods, group of saurischian dinosaurs
Archaeopteryx
Evolution of birds
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Class Aves
4 features unique to birds (for flight):
1. Feathers – modified scales keep birds warm
and enable flight; evolved long before flight2. Air sacs – very efficient breathing
3. Reduction of organs – single ovary, nourinary bladder
4. Lightweight skeleton – thin, hollow,honeycombed Sternum to anchor flight muscles, no teeth
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Other characteristics of birds:
Double circulation with 4 chambered heart
Warm body temperature
Acute vision
Most carnivores
Eggs broodedComplex courtship
One-way respiratory system
Class Aves
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Class Aves
One-way respiratory
system:
Bird lungs are composedof long tubes called
parabronchi and air sacs
that help the system to
function as a one-wayrespiratory system
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Class Aves
One-way respiratory system:
Lungs
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Class Aves
One-way respiratory system:
Lungs
Lungs
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Class Aves
28 orders, 166 families,
9600 species
Birds can be found inalmost every habitat on
Earth
Variation in beak
morphology delineates
variation in feeding
strategies
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Superb Lyrebird
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iClicker: Recall the roles of the cuticle and seeds
in land plants. The analogous adaptations in
reptiles are ________ (analogous to cuticle) and
________ (analogous to the seed).
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A. claws . . . lungsB. scales . . . jellylike egg masses
C. scales . . . the amniotic egg
D.
nasal breathing openings . . . aquatic larvaeE. shell . . . internal fertilization
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Mammals
Evolved from amniote
ancestors earlier than birds
Appeared about 225 mya
Range of sizes and body
forms unmatched
About 5,400 species ofmammals alive today
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Distinguishing characters:
Mammary glands secrete milk
All mammals have hairOnly vertebrates with specialized teeth
Extreme maternal care
Enlarged skull and brainSome digest plants using symbiotic bacteria
Mammals
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Mammals
Hair
(b) Camouflaged coat(a) Sensory hairs (c) Defensive quills
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Mammals
Teeth
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Mammals
Horns and Antlers
(a) Skull outgrowths (b) Epidermal outgrowths (c) Bony antlersa: © MartinHarvey/Getty Images; b: © John Shaw/PhotoResearchers, Inc.; c: © Paul A. Souders/Corbis
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Mammal circulation
Mammals have four
chambered hearts, with the
right chambers responsible
for pulmonary circulationand the left chambers
responsible for systemic
circulation.
The mammalian heart isbasically two hearts: a
pulmonary heart (right) and
a systemic heart (left).
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Subclass Prototheria – Order Monotremata Platypus and echidna lay eggs, lack placenta, poorly
developed nipples
Mammals
echidna
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Mammals
Subclass Theria
Clade Eutheria
Placental mammals Long-lived complex placenta
Prolonged gestation
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iClicker: In which vertebrates is fertilization
exclusively internal?
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A. reptiles and amphibians
B. chondrichthyans and mammalsC. amphibians, mammals, and reptiles
D. reptiles and mammals
E.
mammals
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Primates
Primarily tree-dwelling species of eutherians
Evolved about 85 mya
Defining characteristics
Grasping hands with opposable thumbs
Large brain
Some digits have flat nails (not claws)
Binocular vision
Complex social behavior and well-developed parental care
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Primates
Strepsirrhini: wetnoses, no fur at tip Bush babies, lemurs,
pottosGenerally nocturnal
and smaller-brained
Haplorrhini: dry, furry
nose Tarsiers and
Anthropoidea Monkeys, apes and
humans
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Strepsirrhini – wet noses, no fur at tip Bush babies, lemurs, pottos
Generally nocturnal and smaller-brained
Primates
Ring-tailed lemurs
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Tarsiers: Large eyes, nocturnal Single genus living only in SE Asia today
Primates
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Anthropoidea:
Monkeys:
Old world monkeys: Africaand Asia No prehensile tail
New world monkeys:
South and Central America Prehensile tail, usually
smaller
Primates
Old world baboon
New world squirrel monkey
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Current distribution of old world andnew world monkeys.
Primates
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Anthropoidea:
Hominoids (aka apes): gibbons, gorillas,orangutans, chimpanzeesand humans No tails, usually larger
Family Hylobatidae – lesser
apes, gibbons Family Hominidae – greater
apes, gorillas, chimps,orangutans, and humans
Primates
Lesser ape: gibbon
Great ape: gorilla
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Human evolution
About 6 mya, lineage split off from primatelineage Evolution not a neat progression
1 or 2 hominin species coexisting at the same time
Key characteristic was bipedalism Resulted in many changes
spine sits underneath skull, broader pelvis, lower limbs larger
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Australopithecus – widespread, at least6 species, relatively small, facial structureand brain size similar to chimp
Homo – increased brain size, stone tools Homo sapiens 3,000 years ago
Taller, lighter-weight, slightly smaller braincapacity than H. neanderthalensis
Out of Africa hypothesis supported overmultiregional hypothesis
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Human evolution
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Human evolution
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Human evolution
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Human evolution
Probable spread of humans through theworld
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Human lice video