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biomas-geografia fisica
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BIOMASY
CLIMOGRAMAS
ClimogramasGrficas que representan los climas
de diferentes zonas de la tierra
Temperatura en eleje de la izquierda Precipitaciones endoble escala que las
temperaturas
Meses del ao:
de enero a diciembre en el hemisferio norte de julio a junio en el hemisferio sur
Curva deprecipitaciones
Curva detemperaturas
La curva deprecipitaciones quedapor debajo de la detemperaturas
Curva deprecipitaciones porencima
TerrestrialBiome A large, relatively
distinct terrestrialregion withcharacteristic Climate Soil Plants Animals Interacting
landscapes
Mapa de Biomas terrestres
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Terrestrial Biomes
Terrestrial biomes appear as broadlatitudinal bands
Distribution determined by Temperature (growing season) Moisture (precipitation versus potential
evaporation) Sunlight (latitude and local climate)
Tropical Rain Forest
[Insert entire Figure 7.10]
Tropical Rain Forest
Located within 10 of the equator Warm temperatures (25-27C) and heavy
rainfall (2-4 meters per year) Warm, not hot-much heat is dissipated by
evaporating water. Leaves are large to catch sunlight, not
worried about water loss. Amazon Rain forest, but some found in
Africa and Asia.
Tropical Dry Forest
[Insert entire Figure 7.11]
Tropical Dry Forest
Get a lot of rainfall, but it is seasonal. Large Tropical Dry forest on Madagascar. Temperatures stay warm all year round.
Tropical Savannas
[Insert entire Figure 7.12]
Tropical Savannas
Warm temperatures, but less amounts ofrainfall.
The seasonality is more extreme, veryshort rainy season, long dry season.
Lightning strikes ignite large fires, butgrasses regrow quickly.
Deserts
[Insert entire Figure 7.13]
Deserts
Cant define by temperature, some desertsnever get hotter than 70.
Cant define by precipitation alone, somedeserts get 11 inches a year, similar to that of atropical savanna.
The only definition that works is a place wherepotential evaporation of water exceeds annualprecipitation.
Minimum vegetation, huge areas of sand androck.
Mediterranean Woodland andScrubland
[Insert entire Figure 7.14]
Mediterranean Woodland andScrubland
Winters are mild, but summers are hot anddry.
Support a limited amount of trees, butdoes support a variety of shrubs.
Fires are common.
Temperate Grasslands
[Insert entire Figure 7.15]
Temperate Grasslands
The Great Plains of North America is agreat example.
Hot summers, and long cold winters. Big range of precipitation. Lots of grasses, shortgrass prairies,
longgrass prairies, all susceptible to fire.
Temperate Forests
[Insert entire Figure 7.16]
Temperate Forests
Receive enough rainfall that they cansupport a large number of trees.
However have a short growing season dueto a long winter.
This is why trees have evolveddeciduousness. Low light in winter, not much sense in
photosynthesis Stops loss of water through leaves.
Boreal Forest
[Insert entire Figure 7.17]
Boreal Forests
Supports trees because the cold preventsthe water from evaporating.
These forests tend to support evergreens. Extreme temperature variations, the
warmest day can be 200 degrees (F)hotter than the coldest day.
Tundra
[Insert entire Figure 7.18]
Tundra
Covered in low lying plants like mossesand lichens, grasses.
No Trees. Tend to see large animals with lots of
body fat.
CARACTERSTICASDE LOS BIOMAS
TERRESTRES
PRECIPITACIN Y PRODUCTIVIDADPRIMARIA
CARACTERSTICASDE LOS BIOMAS
ACUTICOS
Aquatic Biomes
Salinity Temperature Availability of
Light Availability of
Oxygen Availability of
Nutrients
Figure 7.19
Saltwater
OceansCan be divided into 2 main lifezones1. Photic zone- sunlightpenetrates2. Aphotic zone- NO sunlight
Photic Zone- above 200m Made up of theeuphotic &disphotic zones
Sunlight penetrates
Plant life and animallife is abundant
Aphotic Zone- below 200m Sunlight DOES NOTpenetrate
There are no plants
Animal life is highlyspecialized
Aphotic Zone- below 200m Many of thedenizens of thedeep ocean havea specialadaptation knownasbioluminescence
Estuaries[Insert entire Figure 7.22]
Estuaries are highly variable.
With estuaries you get a mix of salt waterand fresh water, high temperature andlow temperature.
Wetlands Ecosystems in which the roots of plants are
submerged under water at least part of theyear.
Soils are soaked with water, and very low indissolved oxygen. Marshes, swamps, bogs Act as filters, detoxifying chemicals that passes through
them Can be used as part of a treatment system for waste water
Important breeding, feeding, and resting grounds forwaterfowl.
HUMEDALES una zona de tierras, generalmente planas, en la que la superficie se
inunda permanente o intermitentemente, al cubrirse regularmente deagua, el suelo se satura, quedando desprovisto de oxgeno y dandolugar a un ecosistema hbrido entre los puramente acuticos y losterrestres
PANTANOS CINAGA MS SP ARBREAS MANGLAR
MARISMAS MAYORMENTE HERBCEAS
Esquema de clasificacin ecolgica de organismos de agua dulceReferencia: J. Marcano, Ecologa y Educacin Ambiental
Photic zone: top layer; receives enough sunlightfor photosynthesis to occur.
Aphotic zone: below the photic zone. Sunlight doesnot reach this zone.
Benthic zone: the floor of a body of water
Lakes
Studied by limnologists. Many layers, some with high primary net
production, such as the surface. Deeper darker areas of the lake are
colder and support less life.
Estratificacin Trmica de lagos
Benthic community Live on bottom
Scavengers, depend upon a steady rain of organicmaterial that drifts down from the top.
Decomposers are also part of this community
Standing-Water Organisms
FIN
AGREGADOS
Zona Ecuatorial: clima ecuatorial
Uniformemente clido y hmedo:
T entre los 25-27 C todo el ao
Precipitaciones abundantes todo el ao
reas representativas:
Cuenca del Amazonas en sudamrica
Cuenca del Congo en frica
Zona tropical: clima tropical
Alternancia de dos estaciones:
Una hmeda: ms lluviosa a medida quenos acercamos al ecuador
Otra seca: periodo ms fro
Sudeste asitico ( India, Indochina, Bangladeh):
Latitudes propias de zonas desrticas
Clima tropical de rgimen monznico:
Monzn lluvioso en verano lluviasms abundantes que en el tropicalpropiamente dicho
reas representativas: Amrica Central, Sudamrica, Islas del Caribe,Filipinas, Birmania, India, Bangladesh, frica Central y OccidentalNordeste de Australia
Zona subtropical seca: climasubtropical seco
Clima de gran aridez
Fuertes oscilaciones trmicas diarias yanuales
Precipitaciones muy escasas todo el ao
En los bordes de los desiertos lasprecipitaciones son algo mayores climade estepa subtropical
reas representativas: frica (Sahara),Oriente Prximo (Arabia, Irn, Irak,Jordania), Sudoeste de EEUU, norte deMxico y parte meridional de Australia
Zona de transicin a la zonatemplada: Clima mediterrneo
En las fachadas occidentales de loscontinentes
Transicin del subtropical seco alocenico.
Invierno lluvioso no muy fro y veranoseco y clido.
reas representativas: reasmediterrneas (Espaa, Italia, Grecia,norte de frica), oeste de EEUU(California), centro de Chile, extremosudoccidental de Sudfrica y deAustralia.
Zona de transicin a la zonatemplada: clima tipo chino
En las fachadas orientales de loscontinentes.
En latitudes semejantes o ms bajasque el clima mediterrneo tambinllamado clima subtropical hmedo
Transicin del tropical hmedo ycontinental de latitudes medias
No hay sequa estival: en veranociclones tropicales dejan abundanteslluvias, a veces devastadoras
reas representativas: Este de Asia (China, sur de Japn), EEUU,Brasil y Australia
Zona de transicin a la zonatemplada: Clima continental seco
Tambin llamado clima de estepas ydesiertos de latitudes medias.
En reas continentales interiores, lejosde la influencia martima.
Pocas precipitaciones.
Zonas de estepas y semidesiertos
reas representativas: semidesiertos delinterior de EEUU y Eurasia, estepas deleste de Europa, desierto del Gobi, laPatagonia.
Zona templada: clima ocenico
Fachada occidental de los continentes
Lluvias todo el ao, especialmente eninvierno
Oscilaciones trmicas pequeas por lainfluencia del ocano.
reas representativas: Oeste deEuropa, (Reino Unido, Francia, costaoccidental ibrica). En Norteamrica ySudamrica las Montaas Rocosas y losAndes limitan este clima a la franjacostera en el NO de EEUU y Canad, ysur de Chile. En Oceana; Nueva Zelandae islas de Tasmania.
Zona templada: climacontinental hmedo
El clima continental es exclusivo delhemisferio norte.
Fuertes oscilaciones trmicas anuales
Precipitaciones ms abundantes en elverano.
reas representativas: en las zonas msorientales de los continentes: Europacentral y oriental, nordeste de EEUU, sur deCanad, norte de China y norte de Japn
Zona templada: climacontinental boreal o subrtico
Igual al continental hmedo, pero en reascontinentales de latitud media ms alta
Las condiciones de continentalidad sonextremas:
inviernos largos y rigurosos
veranos cortos y fros
la amplitud trmica puede llegar a los 60 C
pocas precipitaciones en forma de nieve eninvierno
Las lluvias del verano modera lastemperaturas
reas representativas: Alaska, Canad, Norte deEuropa hasta el Pacfico, pasando por Siberia
Zona polar: clima subpolar
Inviernos largos, oscuros y muy fros
suelo permanentemente helado:permafrost
Veranos sin noches: tres meses en losque la temperatura apenas alcanza los10C
Precipitaciones distribuidas a lo largo detodo el ao: nieve en invierno, aguanieveen verano.
reas representativas: bordescontinentales del norte de Eurasia,Canad y Alaska, en las islas antrticas yen las franjas costeras de Groenlandia.
Zona polar: clima glacial
Temperatura siempre inferiores a 0C
Precipitaciones, siempre de nieve, muyescasas
Suelo permanentemente cubierto dehielo.
reas representativas: La Antrtida,interior de Groenlandia, y glaciaresmartimos del rtico