11a Contraband Detection - sandia.gov · 2018-04-05 · 11 - Contraband Detection The Twenty-Sixth International Training Course Page 2 Contraband Detection INFCIRC/225/Revision 5

11 - Contraband Detection

The Twenty-Sixth International Training Course

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11. Cont raband Detec t ion

October 24 – November 11, 2016Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA

Vicki Garcia

Contraband Detection

Learn ing Object ives

After completing this module, you should be able to:• Define contraband• Identify the basis and techniques of contraband

detection systems• Recognize the different kinds of radioactive material

detectors and their strengths• List the features of a good contraband detection system• Discuss how the DBT affects contraband detection

effectiveness, selection, and design

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INFCIRC/225/Revis ion 5

• 4.25 Vehicles, persons and packages entering and leaving the protected area should be subject to search for detection and prevention of unauthorized access and of introduction of prohibited items or removal of nuclear material …

• 4.43 Instruments for the detection of nuclear material, metals, and explosives could be used for such searchers.

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Contraband Def ined

Contraband: Any object or material that is prohibited in a security area• Contraband is also any device or material that can be

used by an adversary to gain an advantage in an attempt to commit an act detrimental to a facility

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Prevent entry of

l Weapons

l Explosives

l Other contraband

Prevent unauthorized exit (theft) of

l Nuclear material

Allow entry of

l Authorized material

Allow exit of

l Authorized material


Purposes of Contraband Detect ion Systems

Contraband: An item that is prohibited in an area.

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Meta l Detect ion

• Types of detectors Continuous wave Pulsed field Magnetometer

• Factors that affect sensitivity Orientation Ferromagnetic materials Shape

• Installation and use• Weapons, shielding, and bomb

detection

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Meta l Detect ion

• A metal detector Actively generates a magnetic field Detects the presence of metal by sensing changes in the field

• Metal causes changes in the magnetic field primarily because of eddy currents

• A magnetometer Senses changes in the Earth’s magnetic

field caused by ferromagnetic metal

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Receiver


Cont inuous Wave and Pulsed F ie ld

• Continuous Wave Metal Detection Transmitter generates a magnetic field A conducting material like metal reduces

the signal seen by the receiver Not used extensively in portal detector

any longer Still used extensively in hand-held

detectors

• Pulsed Field Metal Detection Short pulses of electromagnetic energy

cause metal to “ring” or respond with electromagnetic energy

Majority of portal metal detector use this method

Transmitter Receiver

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Or ientat ion

• The orientation of an object can change the cross-sectional area that is normal to the magnetic lines of flux

B B

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Ferromagnet ic Mater ia ls

• Ferromagnetic materials distort the magnetic field by providing a path of lower resistance than the surrounding medium

• They have a higher induced voltage than other materials by intensifying the magnetic field within their volume

B

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Shape

• Two shapes of the same material have equal areas: 58 cm2 (9 in.2) circle has a circumference of 27 cm (10.63 in.) 58 cm2 (9 in.2) rectangle has a perimeter of 94 cm (37 in.)

• The resistance of the rectangular path is 3x higher than the circular path

• Result: The circle is easier to detect

45.72 cm (18 in.)

1.27 cm

(½ in.)

27 cm (10.63 in.)

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Fac tors That Af fec t Operat ion o f Meta l Detectors• Environment

Metal doors Metal cabinets Equipment operating nearby (example: fork lifts) Electromagnetic sources (examples: radio transmitters,

fluorescent lights)

• Type of metal• Size and shape of object• Orientation of metal object• Location of metal object• Speed

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Package Search Systems

• Purpose Detect any contraband contained in packages (weapons and

explosives)

• Methods Response force guards manually search packages Active detection uses X-ray, multiple energy X-ray, neutron, or

radio frequency

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Bu lk Detect ion Systems

• X-ray Transmission and backscatter Single energy and dual energy Computed tomography (CT) scan

• Nuclear techniques Thermal neutron activation (TNA)

• Nuclear quadrupole resonance (NQR)• Low dose X-ray (personnel)

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Bu lk Sys tems: How X-Rays Interac t w i th Matter

• When directed at a subject material, X-rays may: Continue through material (transmission) Be absorbed Be redirected back (backscatter)

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TV or Computer Monitor

Conveyor

Electronics Chassis

DigitalVideoStorage

Control Panel Package

Photo DiodeArray Box

X-RayGenerator


X-Ray Package Search System

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Backscatter

Transmission and backscatter of the same bag

Low effective atomic number material (Low Z )is imaged as bright object

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Dual Energy

Red indicates alarm18



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Computed Tomography (CT) X-Ray

• Certified 3D automated detection of explosives

• Cost is moderate (~$1/2 million)• Throughput 400+ packages/hour

Images Courtesy of GE InVision, Inc.19


Personnel Backscatter X-ray Scan

Small hand gundifficult todetect inmetal detector

Tube ofgel explosive

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mm-wave porta l

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Explos ives Detect ion: Bulk vs. Trace

• Bulk Detect a macroscopic amount of explosive directly

• Trace Detect minute amounts of residual explosive material in the form

of vapor or particles The vapor pressure of an explosive affects detectability

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Constituent of

Dynamite

Dynamite

Military TNT

Military TNT

C-4, Semtex

Detasheet, Semtex

Vapor Pressure(parts per billion)

92,000

340

300

8

0.006

0.002

Explosive

ethylene glycol dinitrate (EGDN)

nitroglycerin (NG)

dinitrotoluene (DNT)

trinitrotoluene (TNT)

cyclonite (RDX)

pentaerythritoltetranitrate (PETN)


Vapor Pressure for Speci f ic Explos ives

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Ion Mobi l i ty Spectrometer

• Vapor or air-borne particles drawn into instrument• Ionization of analyte molecules, usually using a

radioactive source (Ni-63)• Ions travel through

drift region, are identified by characteristic drift times

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Trace Explos ive Detectors

Hand-held

Personnel Portal Bench top for swipe applications

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Trace Detect ion: Canine

• Method of choice for search applications – high mobility and ability to follow scent to its source

• Very fast and sensitive under optimal conditions; can detect any explosive

• Problematic for Long-term, repetitive applications

(dogs become tired) Screening people (fear of dogs)

• Low purchase cost (~$10,000), but substantial upkeep costs (intensive training)

• Dogs available from a variety of sources26



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Nuc lear Radiat ion Detect ion Systems

• Purpose Detect theft of Special Nuclear Materials Discriminate Category, Radiation Dispersal Devices (RDDs), and

accidental contamination from natural, industrial, and medical radiation sources

• Principle of operation Use detected gamma rays and/or neutrons to identify a threat Small distance between the source and detector is important

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Radiat ion Screening Technologies• Primary Screening:

Plastic scintillator for gamma detection• Non-specific but effective and cheap

Need to couple with neutron detector depending on the type material being protected. (He-3 tubes commonly used in neutron detection)

• Resolution Screening: Sodium Iodide

• Slightly more expensive (~$2K each)• Good selectivity• Some come with automated detection algorithms

HPGe• Very expensive $30-120K• Requires experienced analyst and cooling of the detector

– Shielding material type causes changes to the spectral shape– Discriminate between benign sources of radiation (e.g. medical treatments)

• Very specific with high resolution peaks



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Examples o f Rad ioact ive Isotope Ident i f i ca t ion Dev ices (RIID)

Ortec: Detective HPGe, ~$50KCanberra: InSpector 1000, I2K DSPSAIC: GR-130, GR-135, GR-460, RadsmartLANL: GN-2, GN-3, GN-5Berkeley Nucleonics: SAM 935Biocentric: Quantrad Ranger, ScoutFLIR: IdentiFINDERMany others

Photos: David Mercer, LANL

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Example o f a Sod ium-Iod ide Spect roscop ic Por ta l Mon i tor in Use

Photo: SNL 30



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Summary• Contraband is an item you prohibit in an area

Weapons, tools, explosives, controlled material

• Techniques covered included: Manual search (everything) Metal detection (weapons, tools) Package X-ray inspection (weapons, tools, explosives) Explosives detection Radiation detection A good system integrates complementary techniques

• For example, metal detection (for shielding) + radiation detection

• System considerations The DBT lists types and amounts of weapons, tools, explosives you need to consider Sabotage, Theft or both?

• Weapons and tools on the way in.• Shielding and nuclear material on the way out.

Detection equipment• Humidity and temperature effects • Throughput• Alarm resolution procedures• Nuisance alarm sources – explosives handled on site (explosives trace detection) or heavy machinery

near the metal detector31

Documents

11a Contraband Detection - sandia.gov · 2018-04-05 · 11 - Contraband Detection The Twenty-Sixth International Training Course Page 2 Contraband Detection INFCIRC/225/Revision 5