114572530-MC17

CHAPTER 15

The Policy-Making Process

0MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

Type: FactualAns: APage: 435

10. All of the following would argue that a political system always operates in more or less the same way except

a0. the text.b0. Marxists.c0. pluralists.d0. Weberians.e0. C and D.

Type: FactualAns: BPage: 435

20. Which of the following would be most likely to argue that the American political system operates to serve corporate interests?

a0. Elitistsb0. Marxistsc0. Weberiansd0. Pluralistse0. C and D

Type: ConceptualAns: EPage: 436

30. Which of the following is an inevitable part of the political agenda, according to the text?

a0. taxationb0. crimec0. social programsd0. discriminatione0. A, B and C


40. Compared to the political agenda in the 1930s, today's political agenda—the issues that politics chooses to address—is

a0. much longer.b0. slightly longer.c0. about the same.d0. slightly shorter.e0. much shorter.

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

248 Chapter 15: The Policy-Making Process

Type: FactualAns: EPage: 436

50. At any given time, what determines the legitimacy of government's actions?

a0. the bureaucracyb0. the U.S. Constitutionc0. the legislative branchd0. the presidente0. certain, shared beliefs


60. Which of the following do not contribute to the legitimacy of government action?

a0. shared political valuesb0. technological innovationsc0. customs and traditionsd0. crises such as warse0. depressions


70. Which of the following do not contribute to the legitimacy of government action?

a0. shared political valuesb0. technological innovationsc0. customsd0. the actions of political elitese0. traditions

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80. "If many people believe that crime is the result of individual failure rather than social forces, then there is no reason for government." This statement illustrates one factor that affects the legitimacy of government actions, namely,

a0. the weight of custom.b0. changes in the way in which political elites think and talk about

politics.c0. shared political values.d0. the impact of critical events.e0. the weight of tradition.


90. In this country, the scope of things that government may legitimately do has, over time,

a0. increased steadily.b0. stayed about the same.c0. decreased slightly.d0. decreased greatly.e0. rarely been an issue of importance or concern.


Chapter 15: The Policy-Making Process 249

Type: ConceptualAns: APage: 436

100. An interesting psychological characteristic associated with the concept of legitimacy is that most people

a0. accept what government does as legitimate.b0. challenge as illegitimate much of what government does.c0. are unaffected by most of what government does.d0. have little concept of what is best for them.e0. have little concern for personal rights and liberties.

Type: ConceptualAns: DPage: 436

110. The actions of Republican Presidents Eisenhower and Nixon illustrate the fact that the expansion of government

a0. can be controlled.b0. is closely tied to party affiliation.c0. is avoidable.d0. is a nonpartisan process.e0. is not likely, if a president truly desires otherwise.


120. The president under whom federal payments to farmers grew to six times what they had been a decade before he took office was

a0. Franklin Roosevelt.b0. Ronald Reagan.c0. Lyndon Johnson.d0. Richard Nixon.e0. Jimmy Carter.


130. Which of the following is incorrect?

a0. A Republican, Richard Nixon, imposed peacetime wage and price controls.

b0. A Republican, Richard Nixon, proposed a guaranteed annual income for every family, working or not.

c0. A Republican, Dwight Eisenhower, sent federal troops into Little Rock, Arkansas, to enforce school-desegregation.

d0. Under the administration of Ronald Reagan (a Republican), federal payments to farmers grew six times larger than they had been in the 1970’s.

e0. None of these.


140. Which of the following occurred during a Republican presidential administration?

a0. president-imposed peacetime wage and price controls.b0. a presidential proposal for a guaranteed annual income for

every family, working or not.c0. a presidential order for federal troops to go into Little Rock,

Arkansas, to enforce school-desegregation.d0. an increase in federal payments to farmers that was six times

larger than they had been in the previous decade.e0. all of these.




150. Popular views on the legitimate scope of government action are affected by crises such as wars and depressions. Why should this be the case?

a0. because crises such as these tend to weaken the influence of shared political values

b0. because crises such as these tend to weaken the power of political elites

c0. because during times of crisis people will accept what government has customarily done

d0. because during times of crisis people expect government to take action

e0. because courts rarely interfere with the political process in such times and Congress is stifled


160. Both occupational safety and urban poverty legislation were enacted at a time when

a0. the problems treated had been getting better.b0. the public perceived a crisis at hand.c0. the public was unaware of the crisis at hand.d0. the problems treated had been growing steadily worse.e0. both were considered top priorities by the American public.

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170. The difference between the expansion of government in general during the depression years of the 1930s and the expansion of government regulation of car safety after 1966 is that

a0. the economy was improving in the early depression years.b0. car safety had been improving and there was no public demand

for action.c0. advertisers shifted their attention to car safety in 1966.d0. surprisingly, there was little popular concern over the economy

in the 1930s.e0. car safety problems became more severe and the government

only acted because of public demand.


180. In an effort to understand why the government adds new issue to its agenda and adopts new programs when there is little public demand, the text looks to

a0. groups.b0. institutions.c0. the media.d0. all of these.e0. none of these.




190. Organized labor favored federal legislation for safety in the workplace in the 1970s because it

a0. knew that the situation was getting worse.b0. was unaware that the situation was getting better.c0. was experiencing a sense of relative deprivation.d0. needed a popular cause to put on its agenda.e0. had data to support widespread public support for its cause.

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200. The text notes that a remarkably large number of the blacks who rioted in U.S. cities during the 1960s were

a0. poorly educated.b0. unemployed.c0. recent migrants from the South.d0. A and B.e0. None of these.

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210. A generally (but not completely) accurate explanation of why government adds new programs to its agenda, despite the absence of public demand for them, is the

a0. effect of cost-benefit studies.b0. role of individual, far-sighted entrepreneurs.c0. behavior of special-interest groups.d0. political culture.e0. the lack of a conscious agenda.


220. A situation once thought normal but now viewed as intolerable, despite improving conditions, is called

a0. optimism.b0. incongruity.c0. relative deprivation.d0. frustration.e0. reciprocity.


230. Riots by blacks during the mid-1960s, in which a large percentage of rioters were employed and relatively well educated, illustrate the principle of

a0. teleological suspension.b0. shared political values.c0. the professionalism of reform.d0. client politics.e0. relative deprivation.




240. To have a change in policy toward previously accepted conditions of relative deprivation, there must be

a0. a major economic upheaval such as a depression.b0. improving economic standards.c0. a new generation of voters.d0. a general change in people's beliefs.e0. decreased awareness of social circumstances.


250. Which of the following institutions has not played an increasingly important role in the agenda-setting process in government?

a0. the Senateb0. the Housec0. the mass mediad0. the courtse0. All of these


260. The courts can play an important role in policy making because

a0. courts have the power to set new standards for public and private institutions.

b0. courts are less impartial and more activist than other policy-making institutions.

c0. judges are especially well educated and their power is loosely defined.

d0. courts are more impartial and less activist than other policy-making institutions.

e0. judges are compelled by oath to remain impartial and free from partisan bias.


270. The courts can play an important role in policy making because

a0. courts make decisions that force action by other branches of government.

b0. courts are less impartial and more activist than other policy-making institutions.

c0. judges are especially well educated and their power is loosely defined.

d0. courts are more impartial and less activist than other policy-making institutions.

e0. judges are compelled by oath to remain impartial and free from partisan bias.


280. The bureaucracy has acquired new power in policy making because

a0. bureaucrats are highly public-spirited.b0. it has the confidence of the people.c0. now it frequently acts as an independent source of policy

proposals.d0. it responds well to problems identified by others.e0. it is rarely inefficient or slow moving.




290. Daniel Patrick Moynihan has described the new role of the bureaucracy in policy making as

a0. the creation of demands.b0. the codification of flux.c0. the logic of collective action.d0. entrepreneurial politics.e0. the professionalization of reform.


300. The Great Society programs, unlike the New Deal programs, were developed primarily by

a0. the president.b0. nongovernmental experts.c0. Congress.d0. bureaucrats.e0. courts.


310. During what period did the Senate serve as an important incubator of liberal national policies?

a0. prior to 1960 onlyb0. in the 1960s onlyc0. in both the 1960s and 1980sd0. in the 1980s onlye0. in the 1990s only


320. What would be the most likely response of the Founders to the growing importance of the Senate as a source of political innovation and change?

a0. Surprise—they saw the Senate as a moderating rather than an innovating force.

b0. Surprise—they thought that constitutional limits on senatorial power would prevent any attempts at activism on the Senate's part.

c0. No surprise—they saw the Senate as a force for change rather than moderation.

d0. No surprise—they expected each branch of government to play a major role in political change.

e0. No surprise—they assumed the Senate would generally dominate American politics.


330. The media plays a major role in the creation of public policy by

a0. creating new programs.b0. leading by example.c0. choosing which of thousands of proposals to cover.d0. choosing government activists as reporters.e0. choosing government activists as editors.




340. The media can help determine the nation's political agenda. One way they do this, according to the text, is by

a0. choosing government activists as reporters.b0. forming alliances with senators and their staffs.c0. serving as a major source of political innovation and change.d0. publicizing those issues placed on the agenda by others.e0. choosing government activists as editors.


350. The text observes a “close correlation” between Senate attention to new safety standards for industry coal mines and automobiles and the amount space devoted to those questions in

a0. Congressional Quarterly.b0. The Washington Times.c0. Presidential Studies Quarterly.d0. Legislative Studies Quarterly.e0. the New York Times.


360. Compared to mass attitudes, elite attitudes to the political agenda tend to be

a0. more consistent.b0. less significant.c0. less ideological.d0. more volatile.e0. less partisan.


370. Which of the following factors is least likely to bring about a change in the nation's political agenda?

a0. changes in popular attitudesb0. critical events such as a race riotc0. elite interestsd0. customs and traditionse0. A and C


380. One likely cost of a program to put an end to homelessness in the United States would be

a0. a shift in taxation from the federal to the local level.b0. probable monetary satisfaction, such as a genuine tax

reduction.c0. money taken away from other worthwhile social programs.d0. an increase in the number of homeless who vote in elections.e0. an increase in the number of homeless candidates for elective

offices.




390. Which of the following would be an example of a benefit of a proposed government policy?

a0. probable monetary satisfaction, such as a genuine tax reductionb0. a nonmonetary satisfaction that people erroneously think they

will enjoy, such as the satisfaction of driving communists out of Central America

c0. an illusory monetary advantage, such as displacing taxes onto corporations, which will recoup them by raising prices to consumers

d0. all of thesee0. none of these


400. Essential to the definition of a benefit of a proposed policy is that the program must

a0. bring satisfaction to someone.b0. involve a monetary gain by some group.c0. involve a contract to some group.d0. contribute to the nation's general welfare.e0. involve a payment or subsidy to some group.


410. When considering the costs and benefits of a policy, it is important to remember that it is usually the ________ that most affects politics.

a0. actual dollar amounts of costs and benefitsb0. perception of costs and benefitsc0. degree of guilt or pleasure involvedd0. influence of special-interest groupse0. influence of iron triangles


420. Why was government's provision of financial aid to women and orphans in the early twentieth century not controversial?

a0. because it was considered legitimate for those groups to benefitb0. because it was considered politically advantageous to support

these two groupsc0. because so few citizens were aware of economic costs of this

aidd0. because no special-interest group stepped forward to support

this aide0. because the aid was not solicited and involved relatively little

money


430. Aid to mothers with dependent children is controversial today, whereas earlier in the century it was not. This shows that people take into account not only who benefits from a program, but also

a0. who actually pays for a program.b0. the effect of a program on the nation’s economy.c0. how many other groups benefit from a program.d0. how the money is actually paid out for a program.e0. whether it is legitimate for that group to benefit.




440. The text argues that ideas are at least as important as interests in determining political outcomes because

a0. ideas must be examined before they can be enacted.b0. interests by themselves tend to be self-defeating.c0. most interests follow explicit ideologies.d0. beliefs about the rightness of policies are matters of opinion.e0. interests are rarely as solidified as ideas.


450. An astute politician seeking election promises programs to people in a way that suggests that the programs

a0. are in the national interest.b0. will distribute costs evenly across the working people.c0. will be self-supporting and self-renewing.d0. will distribute costs evenly among all the constituents.e0. will benefit the constituents but be paid for by others.


460. Which of the following types of proposed programs is most likely to receive the greatest popular support?

a0. those whose benefits are both vital and long termb0. those whose costs are immediate rather than remote in timec0. those whose costs are borne by someone elsed0. those that are proposed in response to a crisise0. those that are widespread and expensive


470. Politicians are most likely to support programs whose costs are

a0. accurately estimated.b0. small.c0. immediate.d0. borne by everybody.e0. large.



a0. accurately estimated.b0. remote in time.c0. immediate.d0. borne by everybody.e0. large.



a0. accurately estimated.b0. borne by someone else.c0. immediate.d0. borne evenly by everybody.e0. large.




500. A high rate of crime can be categorized as a

a0. widely distributed cost.b0. narrowly concentrated cost.c0. widely distributed benefit.d0. narrowly concentrated benefit.e0. None of these.


510. Requiring all couples applying for a marriage license to pay to be tested for AIDS would be an example of

a0. concentrated benefits.b0. widespread costs.c0. widespread costs and benefits.d0. concentrated costs.e0. None of these.


520. Which of the following best illustrates a program that offers narrowly concentrated benefits?

a0. a program that increases aid to families living below the poverty level

b0. a program that subsidizes farmers for producing fewer cattlec0. a program that increases funds available to fight drug

traffickingd0. a program that places restrictions on doctors participating in

the Medicare programe0. A and D


530. Which of the following best illustrates a program that offers widely distributed benefits?

a0. a program that increases funds available to fight drug trafficking

b0. a program that places restrictions on doctors participating in the Medicare program

c0. a program that subsidizes farmers for producing fewer cattled0. a program that protects the automobile industry from

competition from foreign car manufacturerse0. C and D


540. Which of the following statements about the perceived distribution of costs and benefits of a proposed program is most likely to be true?

a0. It will determine who wins and who loses the battle to enact the program.

b0. It will equate well with the actual costs and benefits of the program.

c0. It will shape the kinds of political coalitions that form around the program.

d0. It will be immune from the influence of the media and courts.e0. It will be immune from the influence of the legislature.




550. A proposed environmental protection program offers benefits and costs that will be shared by a large number of people. The type of politics that will most likely be involved is

a0. entrepreneurial politics.b0. client-centered politics.c0. interest group politics.d0. majoritarian politics.e0. egalitarian politics.


560. Interest groups do not generally play key roles in the enactment of majoritarian policies because of

a0. the expenses involved.b0. their lack of political power.c0. the free-rider problem.d0. their preference for entrepreneurial politics.e0. their narrow focus and intense opposition.


570. The free-rider problem described by the text refers to the reluctance of people to

a0. support policies and programs whose benefits will be enjoyed by everybody.

b0. join an interest group if the policy that group supports benefits everybody.

c0. support policies and programs whose costs will be shared by everybody.

d0. join an interest group if the policy that group supports benefits a narrow constituency.

e0. join an interest group if there are no costs and a low level of perceptible benefits.


580. The politics of a majoritarian issue is usually conducted by

a0. finding compromises among conflicting interest groups.b0. appealing to a mass-membership interest group.c0. appealing to nonvoters.d0. appealing to large blocs of voters.e0. appealing to legal scholars.


590. Controversies that arise in majoritarian politics are most likely to be

a0. between rival interest groups.b0. over who should benefit.c0. over matters of cost or ideology.d0. over the legitimacy of client claims.e0. between special interests with institutional support.




600. Controversies that arise in majoritarian politics are most likely to be over matters of cost or ideology rather than between rival interest groups. Why?

a0. because of the free-rider problemb0. because costs and benefits are generally long termc0. because benefits are widespread and costs are narrowly

concentratedd0. because interest groups have difficulty getting media attentione0. because of laws which restrict interest group activity


610. Interest group politics must involve

a0. benefits to small groups, costs to large groups.b0. costs to small groups, benefits to large groups.c0. legal conflicts without specific benefits.d0. widespread costs and benefits.e0. two or more small, identifiable groups.


620. An example of interest group politics is

a0. a vote on a Social Security payment increase.b0. a march by U.S. Nazis through a Jewish neighborhood.c0. the debate over military aid to El Salvador.d0. the campaign to abolish smoking in all public places.e0. A and D.


630. Of the following, the best example of interest group politics is

a0. a vote on Social Security payment increases.b0. a fight over automobile imports from Japan.c0. the debate over military aid to El Salvador.d0. the campaign to abolish smoking in public places.e0. the debate over aid to the former Soviet Union.


640. What sort of issue is most likely to involve interest group politics?

a0. one in which cost and ideology are the prevailing concernsb0. one in which costs are widespread and benefits are narrowly

concentratedc0. one in which benefits are widespreadd0. one in which benefits are widespread and costs are narrowly

concentratede0. one in which certain small groups benefit while others pay


650. What distinguishes client politics from interest group politics?

a0. the fact that ideology plays a larger role in client politicsb0. the fact that client politics does not involve interest groupsc0. the fact that only one group benefits in client politicsd0. the fact that costs are widely distributed in client politicse0. the fact that client politics are rarely partisan




660. What distinguishes client politics from interest group politics?

a0. the absence of an organized, opposing interest groupb0. the absence of narrowly concentrated benefitsc0. the absence of government involvementd0. the absence of ideological and cost considerationse0. the fact that client politics are rarely partisan


670. The clients in client politics might be any of the following except

a0. farmers seeking price supports.b0. airlines seeking regulation.c0. the public seeking tax relief.d0. localities seeking new roads.e0. trucking companies seeking regulation.


680. An example of client politics is

a0. agricultural price supports.b0. Social Security policies.c0. environmental protection legislation.d0. a national health insurance program.e0. All of these.


690. “Logrolling” is the equivalent of saying,

a0. “what goes around comes around.”b0. “carry a big stick.”c0. “more is better.”d0. “forgive, but do not forget.”e0. “you scratch my back and I’ll scratch yours.”


700. An example of client politics is

a0. social welfare.b0. labor legislation.c0. a dairy subsidy.d0. antitrust legislation.e0. None of these.


710. A proposed agricultural support program will benefit the lumber industry but increase the cost of paper nationwide. What type of politics is most likely to be involved?

a0. entrepreneurial politicsb0. client-centered politicsc0. interest group politicsd0. majoritarian politicse0. egalitarian politics




720. An example of pork-barrel politics is when Congress

a0. chooses committee chairmanships on the basis of seniority.b0. enacts election laws that favor incumbents.c0. passes laws that distribute benefits and costs to the great

majority of the people.d0. enacts a program that benefits a single member's district.e0. enacts a program that benefits a group of Senators but not the

entire Senate.


730. When Congress enacts a program that benefits a particular member's district, it is an example of

a0. entrepreneurial legislation.b0. pork-barrel legislation.c0. a trustee project.d0. logrolling.e0. legislative courtesy.


740. A proposed highway bill gathers enough votes in Congress to pass because the pet projects of so many individual members of Congress are included in the bill. This is an example of

a0. entrepreneurial legislation.b0. pork-barrel legislation.c0. a trustee project.d0. logrolling.e0. legislative courtesy.


750. The process by which legislation can be enacted only for projects (such as new dams or irrigation systems) affecting several congressional districts is called

a0. entrepreneurial politics.b0. social welfare.c0. economic rationality.d0. legislative courtesy.e0. logrolling.


760. Welfare recipients cost the typical taxpayers a(n) ______ amount each year.

a0. smallb0. moderatec0. moderately larged0. very largee0. exceptionally large




770. Tobacco price supports are less popular today than they were thirty years ago primarily because of

a0. increased costs of such supports.b0. increased international competition.c0. decreased need for supports.d0. decreased support for tobacco growing.e0. increased support for agriculture.


780. A proposed bill that would abolish tariffs on imported cheese, thereby hurting the dairy industry while benefiting U.S. cheese eaters, would most likely involve

a0. entrepreneurial politics.b0. client-centered politics.c0. interest group politics.d0. majoritarian politics.e0. plutocracy politics.


790. A proposed bill that would force producers of alcoholic beverages to place additional medical warning labels on their bottles would most likely involve

a0. entrepreneurial politics.b0. client-centered politics.c0. interest group politics.d0. majoritarian politics.e0. plutocracy politics.


800. The Founders decreased the likelihood of successful entrepreneurial politics when they

a0. denied legitimacy to policy entrepreneurs.b0. fostered a participatory political culture.c0. enabled minorities to block legislation.d0. created a federal system of government.e0. created a dual court system.


810. A key figure in the adoption of policies that benefit a large number of people a small amount, but that place their costs on a single small group, is the

a0. politician with new ideas.b0. academic economist.c0. policy entrepreneur.d0. corporation executive.e0. part-time legislator.




820. Policy entrepreneurs may or may not represent the wishes of the general public, but they do have the ability to

a0. shift costs from interest groups to the public.b0. assume power and redirect resources.c0. appear nonpartisan.d0. assume the leadership of an existing majority.e0. dramatize an issue convincingly.


830. When is entrepreneurial politics possible without one or more policy entrepreneurs?

a0. neverb0. when a president steps in to fill the voidc0. when the populace is inattentive to an issued0. when voters suddenly get upset about the cost of a benefite0. in almost any circumstance, or set of circumstances


840. Which of the following statements about entrepreneurial politics is correct?

a0. It is of greatest use to liberals attacking conservative special interests.

b0. It almost non-existent in today’s political environment.c0. It is of greatest use to conservatives attacking liberal special

interests.d0. It has become less common in recent years.e0. It can be used by either liberals or conservatives.


850. A consumer advocate who is a good example of a policy entrepreneur is

a0. John Sherman.b0. Thurman Arnold.c0. Karl Marx.d0. Ralph Nader.e0. Edward Barth.


860. The Superfund program illustrates entrepreneurial politics in action concerning the issue of

a0. the cost of gasoline.b0. the effects of smog.c0. hazardous wastes.d0. beach erosion.e0. the effects of television violence.




870. One reason that entrepreneurial politics has become more important in recent years is

a0. the relaxation of many federal regulations.b0. increased competition among special-interest groups.c0. the enlarged political role of the media.d0. the declining role of consumer activists.e0. decreased competition among special-interest groups.



a0. the relaxation of many federal regulations.b0. increased competition among special-interest groups.c0. the decentralization of Congress.d0. the declining role of consumer activists.e0. decreased competition among special-interest groups.



a0. the relaxation of many federal regulations.b0. increased competition among special-interest groups.c0. a change in the attitudes of many citizens.d0. the declining role of consumer activists.e0. decreased competition among special-interest groups.


900. The very existence of large corporations may be a threat to popular rule for all the following reasons except that

a0. wealth can be used to buy influence.b0. politicians and business leaders come from similar

backgrounds.c0. elected officials must defer to corporate leaders to keep the

economy healthy.d0. a pluralistic society depends on plural corporate interests.e0. A and C.


910. The very existence of large corporations may be a threat to popular rule for several reasons. One reason cited by the text is that

a0. corporations typically have unfair access to media.b0. majoritarian politics gives corporations the advantage in

decisions involving the distribution of costs.c0. corporate wealth can be used to buy influence.d0. a pluralistic society depends on plural corporate interests.e0. government is rarely sensitive to the interests of corporations.






decisions involving the distribution of costs.c0. politicians and business leaders come from similar

backgrounds.d0. a pluralistic society depends on plural corporate interests.e0. government is rarely sensitive to the interests of corporations.




decisions involving the distribution of costs.c0. elected officials must defer to corporate leaders to keep the

economy healthy.d0. a pluralistic society depends on plural corporate interests.e0. government is rarely sensitive to the interests of corporations.


940. Business leaders are most likely to believe that a market economy and ________ are necessary to each other.

a0. personal freedomb0. tariffsc0. big governmentd0. labor unionse0. commercial restraints


950. Business leaders often fear that politicians will try to curry votes by

a0. arguing that politics is subservient to economics.b0. moving political appointees into key union positions.c0. advising against government regulation.d0. blaming business for all social and economic ills.e0. attacking unions with economic concerns.


960. The Grange was an organization of outspoken

a0. big businessmen.b0. factory workers.c0. school teachers.d0. lawyers.e0. farmers.




970. The Sherman Act of 1890 was an example of

a0. entrepreneurial politics.b0. interest-group politics.c0. majoritarian politics.d0. client politics.e0. plutocratic politics.


980. Antitrust legislation is an example of an attack on corporations by a vague majority without much opposition. This type of politics is called

a0. entrepreneurial politics.b0. client politics.c0. majoritarian politics.d0. interest group politics.e0. plutocratic politics.


990. A criticism of the Sherman Act of 1890 cited by the text is that it

a0. was too specific in its definitions of monopolization.b0. was too specific in the industries it covered.c0. failed to make restraining or monopolizing trade a crime.d0. was too specific in its definition of restraint of trade.e0. failed to deal with the issue of enforcement.


1000. Why did corporations not fight harder to prevent adoption of the Sherman Act of 1890?

a0. because the act applied to so few industriesb0. because the act was so vaguec0. because enforcement of the act was left to local government,

which was controlled by the corporationsd0. because the act covered only price discrimination and not

restraint of tradee0. because the act applied to so few practices


1010. What piece(s) of legislation substantially strengthened the Sherman Act of 1890?

a0. the Taft-Hartley Actb0. the Hale-Hess Monopoly Actc0. the Wagner Actd0. the Federal Communications Acte0. the Federal Trade Commission Act and Clayton Act




1020. Which of the following is NOT an example of anti-trust legislation?

a0. the Federal Trade Commission Actb0. the Hatch Actc0. the Sherman Actd0. the Clayton Acte0. C and D


1030. When the Clayton and the Federal Trade Commission Acts came before Congress, they were

a0. passed by slim majorities.b0. passed by large majorities.c0. narrowly defeated.d0. overwhelmingly defeated.e0. delayed, then defeated.


1040. Antitrust politics has not been dominated by interest groups because

a0. businesses are not unified either for or against antitrust measures.

b0. businesses are so strongly and uniformly opposed to antitrust legislation.

c0. interest groups lack the financial resources to tackle antitrust politics.

d0. so little money is involved in antitrust politics.e0. so little money is wielded by groups who are interested in

antitrust politics.


1050. The amount of money that the federal government devotes to antitrust enforcement and the direction of those efforts are determined primarily by _______ than interest group pressures.

a0. political ideologyb0. personal convictionsc0. court ordersd0. flexibility in statutese0. A and B


1060. The Reagan administration decided to pursue the breaking up of

a0. both AT&T and IBM.b0. IBM but not AT&T.c0. AT&T but not IBM.d0. neither AT&T nor IBM.e0. AT&T, at first, and then IBM.




1070. The fact that the Reagan administration elected to pursue the breaking up of AT&T but not IBM illustrates the importance of ________ in antitrust enforcement decisions.

a0. client politicsb0. interest group pressuresc0. Federal Trade Commission (FTC) provisionsd0. political ideology and personal convictionse0. PAC money and court orders


1080. Labor-management conflict best illustrates ________ politics.

a0. entrepreneurialb0. clientc0. majoritariand0. interest groupe0. oligarchic


1090. The Wagner and the Taft-Hartley Acts were examples of

a0. majoritarian politics.b0. entrepreneurial politics.c0. client politics.d0. interest group politics.e0. oligarchic politics.


1100. As with is the case with most majoritarian politics, antitrust regulation tends to reflect _____________ more than interest group activity.

a0. neo-institutional constraintsb0. individual experiencesc0. legislative procedured0. limitations of the executive branche0. broad philosophies of governance


1110. In Congress, winners and losers in labor legislation are largely determined by

a0. business expenditures.b0. labor expenditures.c0. labor caucuses.d0. the partisan composition of Congress.e0. business caucuses.


1120. A major determinant of the outcome of the congressional struggles over the Wagner, Taft-Hartley, and Landrum-Griffin Acts was the

a0. partisan composition of Congress.b0. overriding influence of majoritarian politics.c0. involvement of numerous consumer-activist groups.d0. fear of court action if the laws were not passed.e0. demands of the federal bureaucracy.




1130. A major determinant of the outcome of the congressional struggles over the Wagner, Taft-Hartley, and Landrum-Griffin Acts was the

a0. existence of economic conditions that affected public opinion.b0. overriding influence of majoritarian politics.c0. involvement of numerous consumer-activist groups.d0. fear of court action if the laws were not passed.e0. demands of the federal bureaucracy.


1140. Which of the following statements is correct with respect to the struggles over the Wagner, Taft-Hartley, and Landrum-Griffin Acts?

a0. Republicans tended to support business.b0. Southern Democrats tended to support business.c0. Northern Democrats tended to support labor.d0. All of these.e0. None of these.


1150. On assuming office, a president cannot replace the entire National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) because

a0. members serve five-year terms.b0. the Senate must confirm all nominations.c0. management and labor each appoint one member to the NLRB.d0. the NLRB is not part of the executive branch.e0. the NLRB is appointed by the Speaker of the House.


1160. A decision by the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) would be influenced most strongly by whether

a0. a large or small business is affected.b0. a public-sector or private-sector union is involved.c0. a Democratic or Republican president made a majority of the

appointments to the NLRB.d0. the interests on either side are concentrated or distributed.e0. a northern or a southern state is affected.


1170. Unlike antitrust policy, labor legislation is dominated by interest group activity because

a0. business gets low-wage workers and labor gets cheap products.b0. the media focus primarily on major corporations.c0. consumers benefit directly.d0. this is the fairest way to decide labor-management

disagreements.e0. business bears direct costs and unions get direct benefits.




1180. The winning interest on the debate over the creation of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) was

a0. the health-care lobby.b0. management.c0. labor.d0. government.e0. state government.


1190. President Reagan's replacement of President Carter's appointee as head of the labor-created Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) changed the agency's policies accordingly. This illustrates

a0. majoritarian politics.b0. interest group politics.c0. client politics.d0. entrepreneurial politics.e0. reciprocal politics.


1200. Agency capture is most likely when a(n)

a0. agency faces no well-organized opponent.b0. agency is suspected of disorganization.c0. policy benefits many at the cost of a few.d0. agency is caught in an interest group crossfire.e0. policy benefits a few at the cost of many.


1210. An example of a business regulation that directly benefits existing businesses is

a0. health legislation.b0. the licensing of taxi drivers.c0. malpractice legislation.d0. labor legislation.e0. safety legislation.


1220. An example of a business regulation that directly benefits existing businesses is

a0. safety legislation.b0. the licensing of beauticians.c0. malpractice legislation.d0. labor legislation.e0. health legislation.


1230. The 1996 plan to lure farmers into a free market economy was met by ____________ in farmer subsidies from 1996 to 2001.

a0. a substantial decreaseb0. a slight decreasec0. a stabilizationd0. an increasee0. a complete halt




1240. In 2002, President Bush signed a new farm bill which did away with the 1996 law and

a0. brought a complete halt to subsidies.b0. offered billions of dollars in new subsidies to farmers.c0. provided subsidies only for wheat farmers.d0. provided subsidies only for cattle farmers.e0. ensured that only the “little farmers” would receive subsidies.


1250. The text suggests farm subsidies are a byproduct of

a0. a fair assessment of the market.b0. tradition, or the legacy of the Great Depression.c0. the fact that most Americans are farmers.d0. politics, since farmers are key and changeable voters.e0. B and D.


1260. The Dairy Division of the Agriculture Marketing Service was created to stabilize the dairy industry by

a0. controlling the price of milk.b0. limiting the supply of milk.c0. expanding the expertise of dairy farmers.d0. marketing dairy products nationally.e0. all of these.


1270. Efforts in Congress to cut milk subsidies and lower milk prices have been

a0. never seriously mounted.b0. completely unsuccessful.c0. only partially successful.d0. quite successful.e0. been consistently squelched.


1280. Although dairy-industry legislation drives up the costs that consumers pay for dairy products, consumers have been slow to organize in opposition because

a0. the costs are borne by relatively few people.b0. consumers generally sympathize with farmers.c0. the costs cannot be estimated.d0. the overall cost is quite low.e0. consumers see milk as a necessity.




1290. Sugar from Brazil and the Philippines is cheaper than sugar from Louisiana, yet quotas are set on imported sugar, and U.S. consumers are forced to buy the higher-priced domestic product. Why don't they complain?

a0. because of their sympathy for domestic sugar producersb0. because they are unaware of the nonregulated price of sugarc0. because the overall cost to consumers is quite low (less than

$20 million annually)d0. because of the higher quality of domestic sugare0. because domestic sugar producers are not organized


1300. Consumer- and environmental-protection laws were passed during the 1960s and 1970s largely as a result of ________ politics.

a0. majoritarianb0. interest groupc0. clientd0. entrepreneuriale0. flexible-option


1310. Which of the following statements about policy entrepreneurs is correct?

a0. Their motives may be self-serving.b0. They typically represent small, special-interest groups.c0. They are bureaucrats.d0. The policies they embrace are always good.e0. They are members of Congress.


1320. Which of the following statements about policy entrepreneurs is correct?

a0. The policies they embrace may be bad.b0. They typically represent small, special-interest groups.c0. They are bureaucrats.d0. Their motives must be public spirited.e0. They are members of Congress.


1330. All of the following laws are examples of entrepreneurial politics except

a0. the Securities and Exchange Act.b0. the Sherman Act.c0. the Pure Food and Drug Act.d0. the Clean Air Act.e0. C and D.




1340. Which of the following is most likely to make the job of the policy entrepreneur easier?

a0. a president who enjoys majority support in Congressb0. the aid of a powerful, economic interest groupc0. a client with deep pockets and access to the mediad0. a client with deep pocketse0. some crisis or scandal that focuses attention on the issue


1350. Public support for automobile-safety measures in the 1960s increased greatly when

a0. Ralph Nader announced highway fatality figures.b0. automobile prices increased sharply.c0. Lyndon Johnson entered the battle.d0. General Motors was caught in an attempted frame-up.e0. gasoline prices rose and automobile accidents increased.


1360. Passage of the Meat Inspection Act was spurred by a policy entrepreneur and by the book

a0. You Are What You Eat.b0. Octopus.c0. The Jungle.d0. An American Tragedy.e0. Parerga and Paralipomena


1370. Policy entrepreneurs are most likely to portray their adversaries as devils because the

a0. adversaries stand for undesirable values.b0. entrepreneurs lack interest group support.c0. entrepreneurs lack sophistication.d0. media expect such behavior.e0. media are resistant to fair characterizations.


1380. What transpired when, in the early 1970s, Ralph Nader attacked Edmund Muskie's air-pollution bill as not being tough enough?

a0. Muskie ignored him.b0. The bill was toughened.c0. Muskie retaliated in kind.d0. The antipollution lobby failed.e0. Nader lost influence on the issue.




1390. To overcome business opposition to his air-pollution bill, Senator Muskie

a0. entered into logrolling activities with business.b0. relied on fellow party members.c0. made use of environmental catastrophes to dramatize his

position.d0. portrayed business in moralistically hateful terms.e0. produced data to support a dispassionate position.


1400. The greatest risk faced by successful policy entrepreneurs is that

a0. their new laws will never be enforced.b0. the courts may restrain their behavior through mandates.c0. their new laws will be reversed by later Congresses.d0. the courts may rule against them.e0. the agency in charge will be captured by the regulated industry.


1410. An agency that is captured is one in which

a0. the agency falls victim to the partisan politics of Congress or the president.

b0. reciprocal politics results in overly rigid enforcement of rules by those who are without knowledge or expertise.

c0. bureaucratic red tape makes the enforcement of agency regulations tedious and inefficient.

d0. client politics shifts the focus away from enforcement and toward internal politics.

e0. the agency develops an uncritical relationship with the industry it is supposed to be regulating.


1420. Some critics consider newer consumer and environmental protection agencies to be especially vulnerable to capture by those they regulate. One reason this may not be the case is that

a0. new agencies have much more discretion in adjusting standards and postponing deadlines than older agencies have.

b0. new agencies regulate many different industries.c0. many public-interest lobbies have recently been weakened

through legislation.d0. many public-interest lobbies have recently lost their

sympathetic allies in the media.e0. new agencies have a narrow focus and little power.






b0. public-interest lobbies have recently been strengthened.c0. new agencies regulate a single industry.d0. many public-interest lobbies have recently lost their

sympathetic allies in the media.e0. new agencies have a narrow focus and little power.




b0. public-interest lobbies have recently acquired many sympathetic allies in the media.

c0. new agencies tend to regulate a single industry.d0. many public-interest lobbies have recently been weakened

through legislation.e0. new agencies have a narrow focus and little power.




b0. it has become easier for groups to use the federal courts to put pressure on the regulatory agencies.

c0. new agencies tend to regulate a single industry.d0. many public-interest lobbies have recently been weakened

through legislation.e0. new agencies have a narrow focus and little power.


1460. What have public-interest groups used most effectively to bring pressure on agencies to regulate businesses stringently?

a0. the Justice Departmentb0. Congressc0. state supreme courtsd0. their own research facilitiese0. the federal courts




1470. What constitutes benefits and costs is a matter of opinion. Which of the following is most likely to be true because of this?

a0. Controversial policies can rarely be categorized.b0. Benefits and costs tend to be defined strictly in monetary

terms.c0. Objective political science sets opinions aside.d0. Designations of costs and benefits are changeable.e0. Benefits are rarely as popular as costs.


1480. A struggle to make one definition of costs and benefits prevail over another describes, in large measure, a

a0. power transfer.b0. majoritarian issue.c0. political conflict.d0. class interest.e0. jurisprudential debate.


1490. Conflict over some policy may involve any or all of the following except

a0. conflicting decisions.b0. conflicting beliefs.c0. conflicting interests.d0. differing perceptions of costs and benefits.e0. B and D.


1500. When people react to proposed policies, they tend to give the greatest weight to the anticipated

a0. costs.b0. benefits.c0. utility maximization.d0. marginal utility.e0. winning minimum coalition.


1510. Most people view the results of a program in terms of their perception of

a0. the long-term advantages of the program.b0. who loses rather than who wins.c0. symbolic rather than material costs.d0. current costs and benefits.e0. the minimum winning coalition.




1520. Users of natural gas who discount the future are likely to

a0. care more about current prices than future shortages.b0. place their self-interests over their beliefs.c0. display conflicting perceptions of costs and benefits.d0. favor immediate deregulation of natural gas.e0. B and D.


1530. Most people are strongly opposed to a tax on imported oil even if the benefit gained will be to reduce our dependence on foreign oil. The text calls their argument the

a0. here-and-now argument.b0. reflex argument.c0. capture argument.d0. partisan argument.e0. cost argument.


1540. Whites who say that they want to see increased opportunities for blacks are most likely to be expressing their

a0. perceptions.b0. sense of costs.c0. values.d0. beliefs.e0. All of these.


1550. Citizen attitudes toward opportunities for blacks and conditions in Central America are most influenced by

a0. interests.b0. information.c0. values.d0. costs.e0. data.


1560. To state that notions of right and wrong are central to politics is to qualify the view that politics are about

a0. the allocation of values.b0. the pursuit of the good society.c0. the quest for legitimacy.d0. who gets what.e0. the attainment of class leisure.




1570. Government regulation of airlines, trucking, and long-distance telephoning represented classic cases of

a0. mandate politics.b0. entrepreneurial politics.c0. interest group politics.d0. majoritarian politics.e0. client politics.


1580. Deregulation of airlines, trucking, and long-distance telephoning represented a challenge to iron triangles and to

a0. client politics.b0. entrepreneurial politics.c0. interest group politics.d0. majoritarian politics.e0. mandate politics.


1590. The impetus for government deregulation of several industries, including airlines, came from

a0. government bureaucrats.b0. Congress.c0. regulatory agencies.d0. academic economists.e0. retired bureaucrats.


1600. An important factor that contributed to the political support for deregulation of several industries, including trucking and airlines, was

a0. the perceived costs of deregulation.b0. the unpopularity of these industries.c0. opposition to deregulation on the part of academic economists.d0. public concern with safety.e0. public concern with inflation.


1610. An important factor that contributed to the political support for deregulation of several industries, including trucking and airlines, was

a0. the perceived costs of deregulation.b0. the support of regulatory agencies and consumers.c0. opposition to deregulation on the part of academic economists.d0. public concern with safety.e0. public concern with inflation.




1620. The factor that played the largest role in the reduction of subsidies to tobacco growers was

a0. the increasing costs of these subsidies.b0. opposition to these subsidies by northern Democrats.c0. public opposition to smoking.d0. the media campaign against these subsidies.e0. opposition from newspaper columnists.


1630. Recent revisions in the federal tobacco-subsidy program best illustrate

a0. the triumph of interest group politics over client politics.b0. how widely held beliefs can defeat narrow interests.c0. the limit of the power of ideas to effect changes in policy.d0. how deregulation can occur without wide public support.e0. how special interests can sway public opinion.


1640. Steps to bring governmental regulation under closer review were taken by

a0. Gerald Ford.b0. Jimmy Carter.c0. Ronald Reagan.d0. all of these.e0. none of these.


1650. To a considerable extent, the move toward deregulation reflects changes in the

a0. ideas of key political elites.b0. ideas of regulated industries.c0. structure of regulatory agencies.d0. structure of public opinion.e0. structure of the media.


1660. Rules aimed at improving consumer or worker safety and reducing environmental damage are part of what is called

a0. social deregulation.b0. process regulation.c0. social subsidization.d0. secondary costs.e0. proprietary regulation.

TRUE/FALSE QUESTIONS

Ans: FalsePage: 436

1670. Environmental and consumer protection have been active items on the country's political agenda since early in this century.



Ans: TruePage: 436

1680. Prior to the 1960s, people would have been astonished if they had been told that the national political agenda included environmental and consumer protection.

Ans: FalsePage: 436

1690. Far more debate about the legitimacy of a proposed government policy occurs today than occurred in the 1920s and 1930s.

Ans: TruePage: 436

1700. Many items that are considered legitimate governmental concerns today would not have been legitimate fifty years ago.

Ans: TruePage: 436

1710. The scope of what is considered “legitimate” government action is always getting larger.

Ans: TruePage: 436

1720. Expansion of government has been a nonpartisan process.

Ans: TruePage: 437

1730. Popular views on the legitimate scope of government action are often changed by events such as wars and depressions.

Ans: FalsePage: 437

1740. Decisions on which issues are considered within the legitimate scope of political action are influenced by changing public opinion rather than external events.

Ans: TruePage: 437

1750. Sometimes going to the streets with an issue is the best way to get it onto the agenda.

Ans: FalsePage: 437

1760. Intense, unorganized groups that take to the streets are almost never successful in having their demands put on the national agenda.

Ans: TruePage: 438

1770. Black rioters of the 1960s were characterized by relative rather than absolute deprivation.

Ans: FalsePage: 438

1780. A sense of absolute and intolerable deprivation characterized black rioters the 1960s.

Ans: TruePage: 438

1790. The courts have become the favorite method for doing things for which there is no popular majority.

Ans: FalsePage: 439

1800. The federal bureaucracy today reacts primarily to events in society or to demands from segments of society.



Ans: TruePage: 439

1810. Today, the federal bureaucracy has become an initiator of policy concerns.

Ans: TruePage: 439

1820. The Senate is a major source of political change.

Ans: FalsePage: 439

1830. The Senate first became an incubator for developing new policies and building national constituencies in the 1940’s.

Ans: FalsePage: 439

1840. As the Senate became more conservative, in the 1980’s, it ceased to be a source of significant change in policy.

Ans: FalsePage: 439

1850. The Founders intended the Senate to be a major source of political change.

Ans: FalsePage: 439

1860. Most of the measures of Lyndon Johnson's "Great Society" in the 1960s were devised by non-government experts and intellectuals.

Ans: FalsePage: 439

1870. The media reacts to the creation of a political agenda rather than actually participating in the process.

Ans: TruePage: 439

1880. The media can play a critical role in setting the political agenda by picking and choosing which of thousands of proposals it will cover.

Ans: FalsePage: 439

1890. Perceptions about the costs of a program determine its legitimacy.

Ans: TruePage: 440

1900. Values as well as costs and benefits help determine a program's legitimacy.

Ans: FalsePage: 440

1910. Politics is adequately defined as the process of deciding who gets what.

Ans: TruePage: 440

1920. Politics is largely about deciding both who will benefit from a program and who ought to benefit.

Ans: TruePage: 440

1930. Perceived costs and benefits are often not enough to determine who wins or loses policy struggles.



Ans: FalsePage: 441

1940. The perceived distribution of costs and benefits determines who wins and who loses.

Ans: FalsePage: 441

1950. Majoritarian politics is typically dominated by the pull and haul of conflicting interest groups.

Ans: FalsePage: 441

1960. Majoritarian politics are rarely controversial with respect to costs or ideology.

Ans: FalsePage: 441

1970. Social Security is a good example of majoritarian politics at work because everyone benefits but only a few have to pay the costs.

Ans: TruePage: 442

1980. Once a new majoritarian policy is adopted, chances are it will continue and grow.

Ans: TruePage: 442

1990. Interest group politics can involve either tangible or intangible issues.

Ans: FalsePage: 442

2000. Interest group politics often produces decisions about which the public is highly informed.

Ans: FalsePage: 442

2010. Farm subsidies are an example of interest group politics.

Ans: TruePage: 443

2020. Farm subsidies for certain crops (e.g., wheat and corn) have been replaced with direct cash payments to farmers that they can use for anything, including not farming.

Ans: TruePage: 443

2030. Farm subsidies are an example of client politics because only farmers benefit directly, whereas all consumers must pay the costs.

Ans: TruePage: 443

2040. The "client" in client politics is usually a special-interest group that tends to benefit if a policy is adopted.

Ans: FalsePage: 443

2050. Successful client politics depends on a well-organized and motivated majority.

Ans: FalsePage: 443

2060. Client politics, where one group benefits at the expense of a larger group, must by nature involve economic interests.



Ans: TruePage: 443

2070. Client politics affects not just economic interests but political interests as well.

Ans: TruePage: 443

2080. Interest groups can gain and lose legitimacy depending on public attitudes about the issues they represent.

Ans: FalsePage: 443

2090. Client politics, unlike other forms of politics, is largely immune from issues of legitimacy.

Ans: FalsePage: 444

2100. Policy entrepreneurs generally work on behalf of special-interest groups.

Ans: TruePage: 444

2110. Policy entrepreneurs act on behalf of the unorganized or indifferent majority.

Ans: FalsePage: 444

2120. The text suggests the Founders deliberately arranged things so it would be easy to pass a new law.

Ans: TruePage: 444

2130. Thanks to the Founders, determined minorities usually have an excellent chance of blocking new policies.

Ans: TruePage: 444

2140. The key to successful policy entrepreneurship is dramatizing the issue.

Ans: FalsePage: 444

2150. With entrepreneurial politics, both benefits and costs are widely distributed.

Ans: TruePage: 445

2160. The mutual advantages of logrolling are not found in entrepreneurial politics.

Ans: FalsePage: 445

2170. Entrepreneurial politics frequently involves logrolling.

Ans: FalsePage: 445

2180. Most political entrepreneurs are liberals.

Ans: TruePage: 445

2190. Conservatives as well as liberals are known to play the role of political entrepreneurs.



Ans: FalsePage: 445

2200. The role of the policy entrepreneur is to represent fairly and accurately the interests of the public at large.

Ans: TruePage: 445

2210. Entrepreneurial politics has become more common in recent years.

Ans: TruePage: 446

2220. The kind of policy toward business that government adopts largely determines the kind of politics involved.

Ans: FalsePage: 446

2230. Business policies enacted by government often bear little relationship to the type of politics involved.

Ans: FalsePage: 446

2240. Antitrust legislation is characterized by majoritarian politics, whereas labor-management regulation is characterized by client politics.

Ans: TruePage: 447

2250. Enforcement of antitrust legislation is considerably more stringent today than when the laws were passed.

Ans: TruePage: 448

2260. Political ideology rather than interest group pressures seems to determine the amount of money that the federal government devotes to antitrust legislation.

Ans: FalsePage: 448

2270. Interest group pressures have determined the amount of attention the federal government devotes to antitrust enforcement.

Ans: TruePage: 448

2280. Labor-management issues are usually characterized by interest-group politics.

Ans: TruePage: 448

2290. All presidents try to affect the direction of the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) through their appointments to the NLRB.

Ans: FalsePage: 448

2300. The National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) has been largely unaffected by changes in administrations since the basic labor-management legislation was enacted.

Ans: TruePage: 448

2310. A regulation may benefit an industry.

Ans: TruePage: 449

2320. Legislation regulating entry into an occupation or seeking to control abuses often results in enabling those who are regulated to charge



higher prices than they might have otherwise.

Ans: FalsePage: 449

2330. Legislation regulating the entry into an occupation also tends to hold down costs to the consumer.

Ans: FalsePage: 449

2340. The relationship between the dairy industry and the Agriculture Marketing Service is one of entrepreneurial politics.

Ans: TruePage: 449

2350. The dairy industry is a client of the Agricultural Marketing Service because the latter helps keep the price of milk up.

Ans: FalsePage: 450

2360. Between 1996 and 2001, federal subsidies to farmers decreased significantly.

Ans: FalsePage: 450

2370. Most of the money from President Bush’s 2001 farm bill will go to “the little farmer.”

Ans: TruePage: 450

2380. Client groups struggling to keep their benefits increasingly rely on "insider politics"—that is, on dealing with key Washington decision-makers and not on building widespread public support.

Ans: FalsePage: 450

2390. Client politics programs that send money to "special interests" are on the increase.

Ans: TruePage: 450

2400. Client politics can use regulations instead of cash to help groups.

Ans: FalsePage: 451

2410. Effective policy entrepreneurs typically come from outside government.

Ans: TruePage: 451

2420. The motives of policy entrepreneurs may be either self-serving or public spirited.

Ans: FalsePage: 451

2430. A good example of client politics is the role that Upton Sinclair's book The Jungle played in the passage of the Meat Inspection Act.

Ans: TruePage: 451

2440. The role of Upton Sinclair's The Jungle in encouraging federal food legislation exemplifies the play of entrepreneurial politics.

Ans: False 2450. To be successful, entrepreneurial politics must depend on some kind



Page: 451 of dramatic event, such as a political scandal or crisis.

Ans: TruePage: 451

2460. Policy entrepreneurs led the way in passage of environment- and consumer-protection legislation during the 1960s and 1970s.

Ans: TruePage: 452

2470. Newer environmental- and consumer-protection agencies have relatively little discretion in enforcing laws that impose specific standards.

Ans: FalsePage: 453

2480. Government agencies are more vulnerable than ever to agency capture by the industries they are supposed to be regulating.

Ans: TruePage: 453

2490. Both perceptions and values play distinctive roles in politics.

Ans: FalsePage: 453

2500. A perception and a belief are basically the same thing.

Ans: TruePage: 453

2510. Political conflict is largely a struggle to make one set of beliefs about costs and benefits prevail over another.

Ans: FalsePage: 453

2520. The cost argument used by politicians to sell their policies suggests that what happens in the near future is more important to people than what happens in the distant future.

Ans: FalsePage: 453

2530. The here-and-now argument suggests that people react more sharply to what they will lose if a policy is adopted than to what they may gain.

Ans: FalsePage: 453

2540. The term interests refers to our conceptions of what is good for our community or our country.

Ans: TruePage: 454

2550. Our interests are affected not only by our perceptions and beliefs but also by our values.

Ans: TruePage: 454

2560. The airline, trucking, and long-distance telephoning industries have all been deregulated.

Ans: FalsePage: 454

2570. Deregulation of several key industries, including the airline and trucking industries, was accomplished primarily through client



politics.

Ans: FalsePage: 454

2580. Recent deregulation of certain industries started with the ideas of government bureaucrats.

Ans: TruePage: 455

2590. Under the original tobacco-subsidy program, tobacco growers were able to borrow money against unsold tobacco and not pay back the loan.

Ans: FalsePage: 455

2600. Public concern with the economic costs of tobacco subsidies finally brought an end to these subsidies.

Ans: TruePage: 455

2610. Some industries in recent years have favored deregulation because they stood to gain from it.

Ans: FalsePage: 455

2620. Not all industries favor deregulation; some fear that it would leave consumers inadequately protected.

Ans: FalsePage: 456

2630. Subsidies to dairy farmers have been terminated.

Ans: TruePage: 456

2640. Sugar subsidies are still being paid for by taxpayers.

Ans: FalsePage: 455

2650. Process regulation includes rules aimed at improving the efficiency of the bureaucracy.

SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS2660. "He who decides what politics is about runs the country." Explain why this statement is of considerable

significance.

Answer

a0. Shared beliefs determine legitimacy.

b0. Legitimacy is affected by shared political values, customs, and traditions.

c0. It illustrates the impact of events, changes in political elites.

Page: 435-439

2670. Explain why the government adds new issues to its agenda and adopts new programs when there is little public demand.

Answer

a0. Groups enlarge the scope of government by their demands



b0. Institutions, especially the courts, bureaucracy, and Senate, have forced the hand of other branches

c0. Opinions of political elites in the media place new matters on the agenda or publicize matters placed there by others

Page: 436-439

2680. Explain why people sometimes accept the fact that they are paying more than the real market value of goods, whereas at other times they organize and fight to change the costs or prices.

Answer

a0. Majoritarian versus client politics

b0. Some costs are just too diffuse, whereas other costs affect people directly

c0. Pork-barrel projects versus Social Security measures

Page: 439-444

2690. Explain the meaning of majoritarian politics, giving at least one example of a majoritarian issue.

Answer

a0. Widely shared costs

b0. Widely shared benefits

c0. Social Security Act of 1935

Page: 441-442

2700. Explain why politicians are ordinarily least motivated to engage in the type of politics here labeled entrepreneurial. What does it often take to get them into it?

Answer

a0. Widely shared and generally insignificant or symbolic benefits—so no one is very grateful

b0. Narrowly focused costs—so enemies are created

c0. A policy entrepreneur to sell the issue to them

Page: 444-446

ESSAY QUESTIONS2710. The text concludes that client politics is harder to maintain today free of challenge. Discuss the reasons for

the decline of client politics. Provide examples where appropriate.

Answer

a0. Two reasons for decline in client politics: power of new ideas and actions of recent presidents to place regulatory power under centralized control.

b0. The power of ideas has influenced perceptions and beliefs about where interests lie as well as the values that are beneficial to society.

c0. Example: airline deregulation (academics galvanized support for the ideas that regulation hurts and that it has kept prices artificially high).

d0. Example: reduction in subsidies to tobacco growers (studies alerted public to harm of smoking).

e0. President Ford: required that regulations must assess their inflationary impact.

f0.President Carter: required that agencies must consider alternative ways of achieving the goals of a regulation.



g0. President Reagan: required that no regulation could be imposed if Office of Management and Budget (OMB) determines the cost of the regulation outweighs its social benefit.

Page: 443-446

2720. Why are the new consumer and environmental protection agencies less vulnerable to "capture"?

Answer

a0. Little discretion: these agencies enforce laws that impose specific standards by timetables.

b0. New agencies regulate numerous industries and do not face unified opponents.

c0. Public-interest lobbies were strengthened by creation of agency.

d0. Lobbies can now call on sympathetic allies in media.

e0. It is now easier for groups to get to court to pressure agency.

Page: 449-451


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114572530-MC17