1123_indxprecast Seismic Design of Reinforced

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Index

Index Terms Links

Analysis

analysis process summary 146

analyzing the wall design process 561 562 563 564

beam column 292 293 294 295 296

cast-in-place frame beam 144 145 146

example analysis, cast-in-place frame

beam 149 150 151 152 153

154 155 156 157 158

159 160 161 162 163objective 147 148

thin shear wall 397

Acceleration

impact of strength on experienced

accelerations 569 570 571

maximum 11

response 12

Base shearcode development basis 375

coefficients 43

comparison of strength and

displacement-based for shear walls 376 377 378 379 380

381 382

impact on drift of frame braced

buildings 782

related to displacement 40

spectrum 21

Beams

cast-in-place frame beams 93166

behavior idealizations, stiffness 97 98 99 100 101

102 103

curvature, estimated 111 112

curvature, observed 106depth of the compressive stress

block 96

detailing the plastic hinge region 116 117 118 119 120

156 157 158 159 160developing a flexural reinforcing

program 153 154 155 156

ductility 103 133 134 135

estimating the probable postyield

concrete strain state 111 112

experimentally based conclusions 95 96 97 98 99

100 101 102 103 104

105 106 107

experimentally deduced concrete

strain limit states 107

general 93

Copyright 2003 John Wiley & Sons Retrieved from: www.knovel.com
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Index Terms Links

hysteretic behavior 96

idealized yield strength (Pyi ) 98

impact of shear and confinement 112 113 114 115 116importance of detailing 116 117 118 119 120

inelastic curvature model 101 109

measured curvatures 104 105 106 107

modeling considerations 120 121 122

overstrength factor 98 99

plastic hinge length 107 109

postyield behavior, cast-in place

frame beam 163 164 165 166

postyield behavior, flexure 95

postyield deformation model 109

postyield rotation demand 794

predicting postyield behavior 163 164 165 166

strength 95

strength and stiffness degradation 104

composite beam system, seeComposite

frame beams

coupling beams, seeCoupling beams

precast concrete beams 166173 167 168 169 170

171 172 173 185244DDC beam, seeDDC system

Beams (continued)

general 166 167 168

hybrid beam, seeHybrid beam system

moment transfer mechanism 168 169 170 171 172

shear transfer 172 173

Beam columns 244296

analyzing the beam column 292 293 294 295 296

balanced axial load 245balanced moment 248

balanced strain state 245

boundary columns 245 729 730 731 732

733 734 735 736 737

800 801 802

conceptual design 264

concrete strain state, spalling 261

constructability 270

curvature, estimating 293

design relationships 250 251

design process summary 276

details 287

developing an interaction diagram 247 248 249 250

ductile limit state 250 270

effective moment of inertia 264

estimate of reinforcing required 251

estimating probable levels of demand 264 265 266 267 268

269 270

evaluating column behavior 800example designs 278

experimentally based conclusions 251263

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Index Terms Links

experimentally determined shear stress

limit state 254

experimentally determined strain states 255flexural strength demand 244 245

impact of column spacing 268 269 270

impact of high modes 245

interaction diagram 246

observed behavior 257 258

overturning moment 267 268 269 270

postspalling behavior 262

response of irregular frame 802 803 804 805 806

sizing the beam column 270 271 272 273 274

275

sizing the column for axial loads 250

sizing the column for flexural loads 250

story mechanism 265 275

strain limit state confined core 263

strain state, estimating 293 294 295

strength of the confined core 262

strength limit states 245 246 247 248 249

250

transverse reinforcing 280 281 282 283 284285 286 287 288 289

290 291 292

transverse reinforcing program, base

level 281

Beam-column joints

cast-in-place frames 296322

behavior mechanisms 296348

biaxially loaded joints 301

bond considerations 300bond deterioration 314 315 316 317 318

cast-in-place subassembly 309

conceptual design 124 125 126

design example 321

eccentric beams 301


307 308 309 310

exterior joints 301

forces imposed on an interior

beam-column joint 299

impact of axial load 307 308

impact of high-strength concrete 310 311 312

impact of joint reinforcing 312 313mechanisms of shear transfer,

interiorjoint 297

minimum joint reinforcement 306

recommended design procedures 314 315 316 317 318319 320 321

strength limit states, suggested by

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Index Terms Links

others 299

suggested strength limit state 318

precast concrete beam-column joints 322348

DDC system 322334

design procedures 332 333 334

experimentally based conclusions

DDC 322332

hoop tie strains, observed 329 330


load flow 326 327 328 329 330

331

strain in ductile rod 326

hybrid system 335348

bond penetration 336

corner conditions 345 346 347 348

design procedure, exterior

beam-column joint 344 345

design procedure, interior

beam-column joint 341 342 343 344


340 341hysteretic behavior 341

interior beam column joint 335344

Bolted precast concrete systems 216244

See alsoDDC system

Bond

bar development length 241

bond stress in beam-column joint 300

deterioration in a beam-column joint 314

hybrid beam-column joint, debondlength 336

implied bond stress 241

Capacity-based design

of the beam-column joint 296 298 299

definition 52

developed using inelastic time history

analysis 800 801 802

developed using sequential yield

analysis, seeShear walls; Frame

design

example 36

of the frame beam 156 157 158 159 160

of the frame column 270 274 275 283

general 24 25

objective 244

overview 758

Columns, seeBeam columns

Composite frame beams 173185

Compression reinforcing, effectiveness 300 314 315 316 317connector 175

developing the objective strength 177 178 179 180

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Index Terms Links


photo 176

sizing the beam-column joint 180 181Concrete strain, see alsospecific system

analytically developed 355 356 357 358 363

cast-in-place walls reported 362

estimating postyield strain state in a

cast-in-place frame beam 111 112

estimating concrete strain in columns 259 260 261 262 263

experimentally determined limit state

cast-in-place beams 107

experimentally determined limit state

columns 255

T wall section 372

Confining pressure

impact of confinement on behavior 112 113 114 115 116

impact on cast-in-place wall strength 370 371

impact on component strain limit state 54 263

impact on component strength 54 116 262

impact on concrete strength 54 55 56 57 58

59

impact on precast wall strength 499 500 501 502 503504 505

quantification 56 57

Confining reinforcing, see alsomember

category

codification objectives 55

detailing in cast-in-place wall 396 454

detailing objectives 57 58

detailing in precast walls 489 529

detailing at support of steel couplingbeam 434

developing transverse reinforcing

program 182

high-strength concrete 59 60 61 62 63

64

high-strength reinforcing 62 63

objective 54 55

objective pressures 56 57

Conjugate beam models 107 108 109 110 111

Coupled shear walls, seeShear walls

Coupling beams

analytical models 405411 417425

assumed compressive strut width 406

compression diagonal 406

design conclusions 424 425

design procedures 425

diagonally reinforced 426

flexural behavior model 425

steel coupling beams 429truss reinforced coupling beam 428

detailing steel coupling beams 434 435 436 437

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Index Terms Links

diagonally reinforced coupling beam 407 408 409 410 411

422

effective moment of inertia 420 422 423diagonally reinforced couplingbeams 422

Coupling beams (continued)

flexural model 420

steel coupling beams 423

example design, steel coupling beam 435 436 437

447 448 449 450 451

452 453 454

flexural behavior model 403 404 405 406 407

general 402 403limiting the shear stress 420

link beam length 416

modeled using a strut and tie 403 404 405

objective peak shear 407

observed behavior 415 433

shear rotation relationships 408 409 410 412 417

steel coupling beams 414

traditional flexural model 405

truss reinforcing program 410 411 412 413 414Curvature, see alsospecific component

experimentally determined

cast-in-place beam 106

experimentally determined in walls 507

precast beams 170 171

Damping 15 16 17 18 19

20

cast-in-place concrete wall 512

equivalent structural 15 16 17 18

hybrid wall system 512

impact on behavior 52

DDC system 216244

assembling 231

beam flexural reinforcement ratios 239

connection detail 219 235

design procedure 232

detailing the frame beam 240 241 242 243 244

estimating strain in the ductile rod 243 244example design 233244

experimental confirmation 222231

forged ductile rod 218

hardware dimensions 235

isometric view 217

load transfer mechanisms 220 221 222

postyield strain 231

shear capacity development 239 240

test specimen 223 224 225used in hybrid shear wall 519

vertical orientation 236

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Index Terms Links

Deflection, see alsoDrift; specific system

experimental limit state, cast-in-place

beam 96 103predicting limit state in cast-in-place

frame beam 107 108 109 110 111

Design, see alsospecific component or

system

confirmation 763807

developing the design moment 148

example designs cast-in-place frame

beams 135144

impact of dead and live loads 136 137

process overview 757

process summary cast-in-place frame

beams 135

recommended approach 759

Detailing

cast-in-place beam column 287

cast-in-place beams 126 127 128

DDC beam-column joint 323 326

diaphragms 754 755

exterior beam-column joint 302 303hybrid beam 199 200

hybrid system, corner condition 345 346 347 348

hybrid system, exterior beam-column

joint 345

importance of 116 117 118 119 120

Diaphragm 738757

alternative load paths in a reinforced

diaphragm 756

composite diaphragms 753creating a design response spectrum 742

deep beam models 7282

design approach 738 739

development of diaphragm load paths 751

effective moment of inertia 739

establishing the strength limit state 746

estimating response 740

fundamental frequency 739

load paths 88 89 90

postyield distress in a diaphragm 757

precast concrete diaphragms, general 753pretopped precast concrete

diaphragms 754

probable maximum inertial force 743

Direct displacement-based design, see also

Displacement-based design

example design, shear wall braced

building 557 558 559 560

Displacementbeam and column subassembly 663

diaphragms 746 747 748 749

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Index Terms Links

single story frame 29

Displacement-based design 26 27 28 29 30

31 32 33constant spectral velocity method 551 552 553 554 555

definition 52

direct displacement 31 32 33

direct displacement-based design 555 556 557 558 559

560 561

displacement constant region 48

equal displacement 28 29 30 31

equal displacement-based design 539551

general 9

recommended procedure 44 45 46 47 48

49 571 572 573 574

575 576

Drift

details 235

estimating the drift of frame braced

building 672 673 683 684

estimating the drift of shear wall braced

buildings 391 392 393

objective limits 28standard forging 218

Ductile rods

assemblies used in composite

construction 175

stressstrain curves 176

Ductility


general 7

impact on damping 15 16 17 18 1920

impact on system response 12 20 21 22

member ductility, as related to system

ductility 37 38 39 40

overview 758

reduction factors used in design 40 41 42

related to member stiffnesses 40

rotation demand irregular frames 803 804 805 806

system behavior enhancer 8 9 10 11 12

13 14

system ductility, frame braced

structures 680 681 682

system ductility, general 3344 52

Dynamic response of

single-degree-of-freedom system 922

Dynamic characteristics of a building, see

alsospecific system

discussion 52 53

Earthquake

ground motions used in analyses 766 767

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Index Terms Links

Elastic

time history analysis, examples 768807

Energy,see also

Dampingdesign methodologies, general 9

dissipated 17

Equal displacement-based design, see also


applied to frame braced buildings 680691

applied to shear wall braced buildings 539555

definition 51

recommended procedure 44

single story example 28 29 30 31

testing the equal displacement

hypothesis 768776

Example designs

cast-in-place frame beam 149163

concrete coupling beam 449 450

composite beam system 174185

DDC system 233244

hybrid beam 196216

precast hybrid wall system 519529

shear wall, capped shear wall 456471shear wall, coupled shear walls with

stacked openings 437447

shear wall, thin wall 389402

shear wall, 12-inch thick wall 379389

steel coupling beam 435 436 437 447 448

449

Example designs (continued)

unequal spans, cast-in-place system 140 141 142 143 144

Factored dead and live loads 136Force-based design, see also

Strength-based design

code procedure 22 42

general 8 9

Frame design 662737

analysis

building model approach 680 681 682 683 684

685 686 687 688 689

consequences of alternative strengths 729

DDC frame 694

design evaluation by sequential yield

analysis 711737

design objective 662


696 697 698 699 700

701 702

displacement-based design, see


equal displacement-based design 680691estimating building period 672

hybrid frame 700

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Index Terms Links

irregular frames 704

behavior 733

subassemblies 706lower level mechanisms 669

mechanism approach 666

P concerns and modeling

assumptions 713

precast concrete frame 691704

precast frame beam designs 702

precast frame system behavior 735

postyield drift distribution 680

response to ground motion

design/behavior reconciliation 797

distribution of postyield

deformations 794

elastic/perfectly plastic model 780 781 782 783 784

impact of design strength 780794

impact of modeling assumptions 784794

P effects 786

residual drift 782 783 787response of precast concrete

framesDDC 806 807

slip control model 785

stiffness degrading model 785

single-degree-of-freedom model

approach 689 690 691

stability 807 808 809 810

stiffness 671 688 690

strength-based design 669679

strength-based design procedure 669

subassembly stiffness 663

two-story building mechanism 666

what constitutes good behavior 712

Frequency, seeNatural frequency

Height

effective, Blue Book development 541 543 545 547

effective, linear mode shape basis 542 543

High-strength concrete 59 60 61 62 63

64ductility available 61 62 63 64

Hybrid beam system 185216

analysis 203

balanced moment 209 210 211 212

design procedures, beam-column joints 341 342 343 344 345

346 347 348

design process 195

detailing 199 200

developing a flexural reinforcementprogram 205

developing the design moment 203 204 205

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Index Terms Links

estimating steel stresses 188 189 190 191 192

193 194

experimental support 185195minimum reinforcing objectives

207 208

overstrength 201

probable strength 194

reinforcement ratios 200 201

stiffness 188 189

strain evaluation 188 189 190 191 192

193 194 214 215 216

Hybrid frame system, seeFrame design

Hybrid wall system, seeShear walls;

Precast concrete system

Hysteretic response

DRAIN-2DX model 120 121 122

IDARC2D model 121 122 123

impact on damping 16 17 18

partially full 18

Idealized behavior, see alsoShear walls

beam yield 98 99 100 565frames 716 717 718 719 720

721

SDOF system 25

system behavior 566 716 721 735

Inelastic behavior

impact on system response 20 21 22

inelastic response spectrum 20 21 22

time history examples 768807

Limit states

cast-in-place concrete 107

experimentally deduced concrete strain

limit states 107

Mass

effective height 542 544

effective height, linear mode shape

basis 544

effective mass 535 542

effective mass, linear mode shapebasis 543

Mechanism

frames 666

impact of dead and live loads 179 180

irregular frame 709

lower level mechanisms, how to avoid 669

most critical mechanism 245

story 275

two-story example 666 667 668 669use of in design 177 178 179 180

Member behavior

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Index Terms Links

beam column 255 256 257 258

beam-column joint 298 299 300

cast-in-place beam 95116Member modeling

considerations 120

first yield of steel 100 101

inelastic curvature model 101 102

modeling considerations 120

Modal analysis

based on linear mode shape 543

elastic mode shape basis 545

inelastic mode shape basis 545

modal analysis 542 543 544 545 546

547

modal mass 542

Modeling

DRAIN-2DX model 120 121 122

hysteretic behavior 790 791

IDARC2D model 121 122 123

Moment of inertia, see alsospecific

member or system

required/effective 29Moment redistribution 137 141 142

Moment transfer, precast beams

general 168 169 170 171 172

Natural frequency, see alsoPeriod

development; specific system

determining objective 28

ductile structure 32

single-degree-of-freedom system 11Neutral axis

beam 101

hybrid wall 449504

wall 362

Nominal strength, seeMember category

Overstrength

material 211

member

frame beams 98 99 689

shear walls 352 361 495 566

567 568 569 570

system 25 30

cast-in-place frame 162

walls 352 361

Participation factor 542

linear mode shape 543

P

definition 51design impact 718 719 720 721 722

723

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Index Terms Links

effect on building response 13 14

impact on system stability 807 808 809 810

modeling considerations, frames 713 714 715 716 717718

Period development 21 22

capped shear walls 458 459

coupled shear walls 442 443 444 445

Period development (continued)

estimates of 22 42 43

frame braced structure 672

idealized 27

shear wall 391 392 393

Plastic design 177180 666 667 668 669

see alsoMechanism

Plastic hinges

length


columns 255 256 257 258

hybrid walls 498 499 514

walls 356 506 507

precast beams 170 171 172

Plastic truss analogytheory 66

used to develop capacity of a DDC

beam-column joint 331

used to identify shear strength in

cast-in-place beam 113 114 115

Post-tensioned systems, see alsoHybrid

beam system; Shear walls, precast

concrete

experimental support 185195general 185

hybrid beam system 185216Postyield behavior, seespecific memberor system

Precast concrete system

beam-column joints 322348

precast concrete beams 166244

See alsoComposite frame beams; DDC

system; Hybrid beam system

precast concrete walls, seeShearwalls

time history response of frames to

ground motion 806 807

PRESSS program 640

shear wall elevation, test building 493

Pushover analysis, seeSequential yield

analysis

Reinforcement

developing a flexural reinforcing

program for the cast-in-place frame

beam 148

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Index Terms Links

developing a transverse reinforcing

program for the cast-in-place frame

beam 148effectiveness of compression bars 134

hoop ties 119

restraining force 119

spacing 127

stability 116 117 118 119 120

Reinforcement ratio

maximum 133 134 135

Response spectrum 14 15 16 17 18

19 20 21 22

acceleration-displacement response

spectra 548

definition 51

Restoring force impact on response 12

Sequential yield analysis, see alsospecific

system

coupled shear walls 600 601

frame braced buildings 716 719 720 721 729738

shear wall braced systems 556 582 585 586 587Shear

arching action 71 74

beam shear model 65

capacity-based demand beam 129 130 131

compression diagonal modeling 76

demand, columns 131 132 133

deep beams 73

diaphragm load paths 88 89 90

ductility 77 78 79 80 8182

impact on behavior 112 113 114 115 116

limit states 67 68 69 70

columns 254

need for effective development 7

node development 75 76 754

passively activated shear friction 86 87 754 755 756

plastic truss analogy 66 113 114

pure friction 82 83

shear friction 83 84 85

shear span, impact on strength 71 72

shear strength 6577

squat shear walls 76 77

transfer across concrete discontinuities 82 83 84 85 86

87 88 86 90 172

173

truss analogy 65

Shear walls

design, general 534576constant spectral velocity method 551 552 553 554 555

curvature distribution 507

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Index Terms Links


560 561

equal displacement-based design 540555estimating strain states 355 356 357 358 363

idealized stiffness 536

impact of confined core 370 371 372

impact of system strength 567 568 569 570 571

modal analysis 542 543 544 545 546

547

mode participation 538

modeling shear walls of equivalent

stiffness 534 535 536

period development 391 392 393

preparing alternative designs 561

reported strain states 362

sequential yield analysis examples 565 566 567 568 569

570 571

stability of the compression flange 366 367 368 369 370

T walls 367 368 369

design summary

design objective is to limit building

drift 573design requires the adoption of a

substitute structure 574

wall characteristics are a

precondition 572

precast concrete 484529 615661

base details 489

carbon fiber system 485

concrete strains

estimated 504 505experimentally inferred 514

reported 492 498

cracking experienced 486

curvature distribution emulative wall 507

design assumptions 506

design procedures, hybrid wall 514 515 516 517 518

519

detailing 524 525 526 527 528

529

emulative system 485

example design, hybrid wall 519529

experimental efforts 485514

hybrid T wall design solutions 646

hybrid wall system 615661

constant velocity equal

displacement 622639


direct displacement-based 639 640 641 642 643

644 645 646equal displacement-based 621639

PRESSS test wall 493

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Index Terms Links

prestressed (only) wall assembly 485 486 487 488 489

490 491 492

reinforced base 487stiffness 495

structural damping 512

vertically joined wall panels 648661

response to ground motion, see also

Time history analysis

hysteretic response in the plastic

hinge region 770

impact of design strength on

response 776784

period shift 778


hypothesis 768776 782 783 784

shear wall braced buildings 534661

shear walls with openings 402484

capped shear wall system 457468

idealized behavior 469

mechanism shear 460 461 462 463 464

465 466

period development 458 459probable strain states 466 467 468

coupled shear walls with stacked

openings 437455

compression side pier 453

coupling beam design 447 448 449 450 451

452 453 454

See alsoCoupling beams

design confirmation 597614

design process and example 437 438 439 440 441442 443 444 445 446

447

estimating the period 601

estimating strain states 608

period development 442 443 444 445

postyield deformation demand 453

postyield rotational demand on

coupling beams 453

sequential yield analysis 600

strength criterion for the shear

piers 450

shear walls of varying lengths 576597

displacement-based approach 578 579 580 581 582

583 584 585

force-based design procedures 576 577 578

secant stiffness 587

Shear walls (continued)

sequential yield analysis 585593 586 587 588 589

590 591 592 593suggested design approach 593

shear walls with randomly placed

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Index Terms Links

openings 471484

design conclusions 481

design objectives 474experimental efforts 471481

multiple openings 481

shear fan development 475

strut and tie model 481 482 483 484

tall thin walls 349402

code design strength 376 377 378

concrete strain limit states 372

conclusions developed from

experimental efforts 373 374

curvature 362

curvature ductility factor 357 371design, direct displacement-

based

(DBD) 555561design, displacement-based

approach 376 377 378 379 380

381 382 383 384 385

386design, equal displacement-

based(EBD) 540555

design example 389402


elastic deflection 356experimentally based

conclusions 349374

influence of shear on period 392 393

period determination 379 380

plastic hinge length 356

sequential yield analysis 565 566 567 568 569

570 571

stability limit states 366

stiffness 353 361

stiffness, T walls 369

strain profiles 359 360 361 362

T sections 367

Spectral acceleration 15

Spectral displacement 15 20Spectral velocity 15 19 20 28 31

Spectrum

base shear 375

creating a design spectrum 14 15 16 20 21

22

design response spectrum 765

matched spectrum 763 764 765 766

scaled ground motion spectra 763 764 765 766

single-degree-of-freedom 375Stability index 809

Stability

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Index Terms Links

system 13

tall thin walls 366 367 368 369

Steelductile rod 218

reinforcement index 212

stressstrain diagram for prestressing

steel and mild steel bar 211

used as coupling beam, seeCoupling

beams

Stiffness

columns 263

cast-in-place concrete shear walls 352 361 508

diaphragms 739

effective stiffness of the substitute

structure 644

design

effective height 542

effective height, linear mode shape

basis 544

selecting compatible length of shear

wall 551

determining objective stiffness 28ductile structure 26

hybrid system 340 341

precast concrete shear walls 495

secant stiffness 587

strength and stiffness degradation


subassembly 663

subassembly stiffness, cast-in-place

subassembly 340 341substitute structure 644

T walls 369

Strain


columns 255264

confined core 263

estimating postyield strain states 163 164 165 166

estimating postyield strain state in a

cast-in-place frame beam 111 112

example cast-in-place frame beam 160

experimentally deduced concrete strain

limit states 107

hybrid beams 190 191 192 193 194

213 214 215 216

hybrid walls 498 504 505

postyield behavior cast-in-place frame

beam 163 164 165 166

prestressing strand in shear walls 490Strength

degradation 13

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Index Terms Links

design 40 46

developable 40

impact on response 567 568 569 570 571776 777 778 779 780

781 782 783 784

objective 8 22 49

required 30

strength and stiffness degradation


Strength-based design, see alsospecific

system

definition 52

example 42

general 22

Structural systems

behavior, seespecific system

design, seespecific system

response to ground motion 14 15 16 17 18

19 20 21 22

Strut and tie modeling, see alsoCoupling

beams; Diaphragm; Plastic truss

analogybeam shear transfer 65 66 67

compressive strut width 406

deep beams 73 74

node development 75 754 755

precast wall panels 77

squat shear walls 76

used to development diaphragm 756

used to estimate shear deformation 77

System behaviorductile structures 8

elastic, seeTime history analysis

idealization 8

inelastic, seeSequential yield analysis;

Time history analysis

System stability 807

Time history analysis 763807

elastic/inelastic response compared 768 769 772 778 803

807

ground motions 763 764 765 766 767

impact of modeling on response 784794

impact of strength on response 776784

inelastic response 782 783 792

modeling hysteretic behavior 790 791

objectives 763

plastic hinge distribution 795 796 797 798 799

800 801 802 803response of frame braced buildings 780807

response of shear wall braced 768780

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Index Terms Links

buildings


hypothesis 768776 782 783 784Torsion 810 811 812 813 814

Walls, seeShear walls
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Documents

1123_indxprecast Seismic Design of Reinforced