Upload
hafsah-wita-kusuma
View
221
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
7/27/2019 1111_3393_Art Lucas SDG Biodiversity Sustainability-06-00193
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/11113393art-lucas-sdg-biodiversity-sustainability-06-00193 1/24
Sustainability 2014, 6 , 193-216; doi:10.3390/su6010193
sustainabilityISSN 2071-1050
www.mdpi.com/journal/sustainability
Article
Integrating Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services in thePost-2015 Development Agenda: Goal Structure, Target Areasand Means of Implementation
Paul L. Lucas 1,*, Marcel T.J. Kok 1, Måns Nilsson 2,3 and Rob Alkemade 1
1 PBL Netherlands Environment Assessment Agency, Postbus 303, 3720 AH, Bilthoven,
The Netherlands; E-Mails: [email protected] (M.T.J.K.); [email protected] (R.A.)2 Stockholm Environment Institute, Linnégatan 87 D, Stockholm 115 23, Sweden;
E-Mail: [email protected] KTH Royal Institute of Technology, School of Architecture and the Built Environment, Division of
Environmental Strategies Research, Drottning Kristinas väg 30, Stockholm 100 44, Sweden
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [email protected];
Tel.: +31-030-274-4549.
Received: 1 November 2013; in revised form: 16 December 2013 / Accepted: 17 December 2013 / Published: 27 December 2013
Abstract: The United Nations’ discussions on defining a new set of post-2015
development goals focus on poverty eradication and sustainable development. Biodiversity
and ecosystem services are essential for poverty eradication, which is also one of the
foundations of the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity of the Convention on Biological
Diversity (CBD). Based on an assessment of current proposals of goals and targets, and a
quantitative pathway analysis to meet long term biodiversity and food security goals, this paper discusses how biodiversity and ecosystem services can be integrated into a broad set
of goals and targets, and concludes with relevant target areas and means of implementation
for which specific targets need to be defined. Furthermore, it responds to the call of the
CBD to consider the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity and the related Aichi biodiversity
targets in the post-2015 development agenda. The paper’s analysis identifies three
overlapping but also supplemental ways to integrate biodiversity and ecosystem services in
the post-2015 agenda: integrated goals, goals addressing earth system functioning and goals
addressing environmental limits. It further concludes seven target areas to be included
under the goals to address biodiversity and ecosystem services in the context of food andagriculture: access to food, demand for agricultural products, sustainable intensification,
ecosystem fragmentation, protected areas, essential ecosystem services and genetic
OPEN ACCESS
7/27/2019 1111_3393_Art Lucas SDG Biodiversity Sustainability-06-00193
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/11113393art-lucas-sdg-biodiversity-sustainability-06-00193 2/24
7/27/2019 1111_3393_Art Lucas SDG Biodiversity Sustainability-06-00193
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/11113393art-lucas-sdg-biodiversity-sustainability-06-00193 3/24
7/27/2019 1111_3393_Art Lucas SDG Biodiversity Sustainability-06-00193
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/11113393art-lucas-sdg-biodiversity-sustainability-06-00193 4/24
7/27/2019 1111_3393_Art Lucas SDG Biodiversity Sustainability-06-00193
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/11113393art-lucas-sdg-biodiversity-sustainability-06-00193 5/24
7/27/2019 1111_3393_Art Lucas SDG Biodiversity Sustainability-06-00193
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/11113393art-lucas-sdg-biodiversity-sustainability-06-00193 6/24
7/27/2019 1111_3393_Art Lucas SDG Biodiversity Sustainability-06-00193
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/11113393art-lucas-sdg-biodiversity-sustainability-06-00193 7/24
7/27/2019 1111_3393_Art Lucas SDG Biodiversity Sustainability-06-00193
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/11113393art-lucas-sdg-biodiversity-sustainability-06-00193 8/24
7/27/2019 1111_3393_Art Lucas SDG Biodiversity Sustainability-06-00193
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/11113393art-lucas-sdg-biodiversity-sustainability-06-00193 9/24
7/27/2019 1111_3393_Art Lucas SDG Biodiversity Sustainability-06-00193
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/11113393art-lucas-sdg-biodiversity-sustainability-06-00193 10/24
7/27/2019 1111_3393_Art Lucas SDG Biodiversity Sustainability-06-00193
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/11113393art-lucas-sdg-biodiversity-sustainability-06-00193 11/24
7/27/2019 1111_3393_Art Lucas SDG Biodiversity Sustainability-06-00193
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/11113393art-lucas-sdg-biodiversity-sustainability-06-00193 12/24
7/27/2019 1111_3393_Art Lucas SDG Biodiversity Sustainability-06-00193
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/11113393art-lucas-sdg-biodiversity-sustainability-06-00193 13/24
7/27/2019 1111_3393_Art Lucas SDG Biodiversity Sustainability-06-00193
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/11113393art-lucas-sdg-biodiversity-sustainability-06-00193 14/24
Sustainability 2014, 6 206
Target area 2b on ecosystem fragmentation can benefit from Aichi target 5 on habitat loss, while target
area 2c on protected areas can benefit from the Aichi targets under Goal C on safeguarding
ecosystems, species and genetic diversity (Aichi targets 11 and 12). The pathway analysis does not
directly address the third tier, global public goods. However, this tier could be addressed by targets
regarding earth system functioning and/or by including targets on environmental limits. The first
option — earth system functioning — includes targets on essential ecosystem services (Aichi targets 14
and 15), and targets on genetic diversity (Aichi target 13). The second option — environmental
limits — could be addressed by Aichi targets 4 and 6.
Figure 2. Target areas for biodiversity and ecosystem services in the post-2015
development agenda, with a focus on food and agriculture.
Source: Adapted from Nilsson, et al . [62].
The question of whether the proposed target areas should be part of a headline goal or incorporated
into other goals is a critical discussion. Experience with the MDGs suggests that a separate goal on
environmental sustainability is not conducive to an integrated approach on poverty eradication and
sustainability development. How to deal with these inter-linkages in a pragmatic way is not clear.
As discussed in Section 3, possibilities for goal architecture include separate or integrated goals, goals
addressing the earth system functioning and goals addressing environmental limits and resource limits.
As these three options are partly overlapping but also supplemental, a mixed approach might also be
considered, where an integrated goal on food security and sustainable use is complemented with a
headline goal that addresses the earth system functioning and/or resource limits and environmental
limits. The integrated goal then includes the proposed target areas grouped under human well-being
and the resource base, while the headline goal specifically includes the target areas that are grouped
under global public goods. Such an approach is applied in many of the recent proposals [35,38,40 – 42].
It should be noted that besides food and agriculture there are many other thematic areas to which
biodiversity and ecosystem services are related, including water, oceans, energy, climate, forests,
health, etc. [4]. Although some of these themes might be included under the third tier — global public
goods, addressing essential ecosystem services and genetic diversity — most require additional target
areas. Furthermore, cultural ecosystem services are not addressed in the analysis, while they are very
relevant for human well-being, both in rich and poor countries [17]. A third omission is the role of
7/27/2019 1111_3393_Art Lucas SDG Biodiversity Sustainability-06-00193
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/11113393art-lucas-sdg-biodiversity-sustainability-06-00193 15/24
Sustainability 2014, 6 207
biodiversity in the provision of micro-nutrients as an important part of food security [63,64]. On all
these issues there is a long strand of literature, which should be taken into account when designing the
full set of goals and targets. Nevertheless, the seven target areas included in Figure 2 provide a basis
for this. Several target areas, especially those addressing access and sustainable intensification, are also
applicable to other themes beyond food security and agriculture, especially energy and water.
5.2. Means of Implementation — Enabling Conditions for Delivery
It can often be difficult to establish targets that can be measured and monitored for complex goals
such as alternative consumption patterns or sustainable intensification of agriculture. When ultimate
goals are hard to measure, one can monitor accomplishments within the means of implementation
instead, as the necessary enabling conditions for achieving the goals [14]. Here, the Strategic Goals
and Aichi targets may offer potential, as several means of implementation are actually encapsulated in
Strategic Goals A (mainstreaming biodiversity) and E (enhancing implementation). Generally, goalsand targets on means of implementation are qualitative in nature and concern the implementation of
certain measures according to a certain time table. They may be disaggregated as interim targets over
time, into a number of steps of preparation and implementation. Below are some illustrative examples.
Building capacity and knowledge is the most fundamental means. Here, targets could be set for
building capacities for data collection and monitoring, performance measurement, and organized
knowledge exchange. These issues are in fact addressed by Aichi target 1 on creating awareness and
Aichi targets 17 – 19 on traditional and biodiversity knowledge. The issue of knowledge exchange is
particularly salient: often it is not a lack of data that is the main problem, but the tendency to isolate
and hold on to data, and interpret it with a narrow organizational mandate and frame. Because of its
place-based character in biodiversity and ecosystems, the issue of local knowledge systems, including
indigenous knowledge, is especially relevant. The recently established IPBES that will serve the
science-policy interface will need to play an important role in, particularly, broader constituencies in
key sectors like agriculture, forestry and fisheries and across different scales (from local to
international). Implementation would not necessarily be national in scale, but would rather reflect the
build-up of local to national to international and interagency knowledge systems. In addition to expert
knowledge systems, a particular field of intervention is to enhance the knowledge base among citizens
about food consumption choices and their impacts on biodiversity.
Enabling institutions and governance is the next level of implementation. Here, focus could be on
the establishment of rule systems for agriculture, forestry and food production. Such aspects are not
included under the Aichi targets. The emerging trend of business and biodiversity may provide a good
entry point to establish new normative, institutional and governance frameworks that go beyond
traditional governmental policies. Examples include systems that limit the use of certain crops and
inputs in certain vulnerable zones as well as direct land use control through zoning and permitting.
Integrated land-use planning is required, where biodiversity and ecosystem services are taken into
account. Here, landscape approaches could provide an important perspective to bring together food
production, water use and nature conservation at higher levels of aggregation, to develop institutionalmechanisms that are able to deal with the many competing claims on the land [65]. Biodiversity
7/27/2019 1111_3393_Art Lucas SDG Biodiversity Sustainability-06-00193
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/11113393art-lucas-sdg-biodiversity-sustainability-06-00193 16/24
7/27/2019 1111_3393_Art Lucas SDG Biodiversity Sustainability-06-00193
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/11113393art-lucas-sdg-biodiversity-sustainability-06-00193 17/24
7/27/2019 1111_3393_Art Lucas SDG Biodiversity Sustainability-06-00193
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/11113393art-lucas-sdg-biodiversity-sustainability-06-00193 18/24
7/27/2019 1111_3393_Art Lucas SDG Biodiversity Sustainability-06-00193
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/11113393art-lucas-sdg-biodiversity-sustainability-06-00193 19/24
Sustainability 2014, 6 211
8. Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). COP 6 Decision VI/26: Strategic Plan for the
Convention on Biological Diversity; Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity:
The Hague, The Netherlands, 2002.
9. Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). Global Biodiversity Outlook 3; Secretariat of the
Convention on Biological Diversity: Montréal, QC, Canada, 2010.
10. United Nations Development Group (UNDG). Thematic Paper on MDG 7: Environmental
Sustainability; UNDG and MDG Task Force: New York, NY, USA, 2010.
11. Carrière, S.M.; Rodary, E.; Méral, P.; Serpantié, G.; Boisvert, V.; Kull, C.A.; Lestrelin, G.;
Lhoutellier, L.; Moizo, B.; Smektala, G.; et al . Rio+20, biodiversity marginalized. Conserv. Lett.
2013, 6 , 6 – 11.
12. Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). Biodiversity and Sustainable Development — the
Relevance of the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011 – 2020 and the Aichi Biodiversity Targets for
the post-2015 Development Agenda and Sustainable Development Goals; Secretariat of the
Convention on Biological Diversity: Montréal, QC, Canada, 2013.
13. PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency. Roads from Rio+20: Pathways to Achieve
Global Sustainability Goals by 2050; PBL: Den Haag/Bilthoven, The Netherlands, 2012.
14. Nilsson, M.; Lucas, P.L.; Yoshida, T. Towards an integrated framework for SDGs: Ultimate and
enabling goals for the case of energy. Sustainability 2013, 5, 4124 – 4151.
15. Sustainable Development Solutions Network (SDSN). Solutions for Sustainable Agriculture and
Food Systems: Technical Report for the post-2015 Development Agenda; Prepared by the
Thematic Group on Sustainable Agriculture and Food Systems of the Sustainable Development
Solutions Network; SDSN: Paris, France, New York, NY, USA, 2013. 16. The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity (TEEB). The Economics of Ecosystems and
Biodiversity in National and International Policy Making ; Earthscan: London, UK, Washington,
DC, USA, 2011.
17. Alcamo, J.; Bennett, E.M. Ecosystems and Human Well-being: A Framework for Assessment ;
Island Press: Washington, DC, USA, 2003.
18. PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency. Rethinking Global Biodiversity Strategies;
PBL: Den Haag/Bilthoven, The Netherlands, 2010.
19. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). Global Environment Outlook IV: Environment
for Development ; United Nations Environment Programme: London, UK, 2007.
20. Sachs, J.D.; Baillie, J.E.M.; Sutherland, W.J.; Armsworth, P.R.; Ash, N.; Beddington, J.;
Blackburn, T.M.; Collen, B.; Gardiner, B.; Gaston, K.J.; et al . Biodiversity conservation and the
millennium development goals. Science 2009, 325, 1502 – 1503.
21. Mace, G.M.; Norris, K.; Fitter, A.H. Biodiversity and ecosystem services: A multilayered
relationship. Trends Ecol. Evol. 2012, 27 , 19 – 26.
22. De Groot, R.S.; Alkemade, R.; Braat, L.; Hein, L.; Willemen, L. Challenges in integrating the
concept of ecosystem services and values in landscape planning, management and decision
making. Ecol. Complex. 2010, 7 , 260 – 272.
23. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). Save and Grow — A
Policymaker’s Guide to the Sustainable Intensification of Smallholder Crop Production; FAO:
Rome, Italy, 2011.
7/27/2019 1111_3393_Art Lucas SDG Biodiversity Sustainability-06-00193
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/11113393art-lucas-sdg-biodiversity-sustainability-06-00193 20/24
7/27/2019 1111_3393_Art Lucas SDG Biodiversity Sustainability-06-00193
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/11113393art-lucas-sdg-biodiversity-sustainability-06-00193 21/24
7/27/2019 1111_3393_Art Lucas SDG Biodiversity Sustainability-06-00193
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/11113393art-lucas-sdg-biodiversity-sustainability-06-00193 22/24
Sustainability 2014, 6 214
55. Ozkaynak, B.; Pinter, L.; van Vuuren, D.P.; Bizikova, L.; Christensen, V.; Floerke, M.;
Kok, M.T.J.; Lucas, P.L.; Mangalagiu, D.; Alkemade, R.; et al . Scenarios and Sustainability
Transformation. In Global Environmental Outlook V ; United Nations Environment Programme
(UNEP): Nairobi, Kenya, 2012.
56. United Nations. Road Map towards the Implementation of the United Nations Millennium
Declaration: Report of the Secretary-General. In Proceedings of the Fifty-sixth session of the
General Assembly of the United Nations, New York, NY, USA, 6 September 2001.
57. Van Meijl, H.; van Rheenen, T.; Tabeau, A.; Eickhout, B. The impact of different policy
environments on agricultural land use in Europe. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 2006, 114, 21 – 38.
58. Bouwman, A.F.; Kram, T.; Klein Goldewijk, K. Integrated Modelling of Global Environmental
Change; An Overview of IMAGE 2.4; Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency (MNP):
Bilthoven, The Netherlands, 2006.
59. Hilderink, H.B.M.; Lucas, P.L. Towards a Global Integrated Sustainability Model ; GISMO 1.0
Status Report; PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency: Den Haag/Bilthoven,
The Netherlands, 2008.
60. Alkemade, R.; van Oorschot, M.; Miles, L.; Nellemann, C.; Bakkenes, M.; Ten Brink, B.
GLOBIO3: A framework to investigate options for reducing global terrestrial biodiversity loss.
Ecosystems 2009, 12, 374 – 390.
61. Den Elzen, M.G.J.; Lucas, P.L. The FAIR model: A tool to analyse environmental and costs
implications of regimes of future commitments. Environ. Model. Assess. 2005, 10, 115 – 134.
62. Kok, M.T.J.; Brons, J.; Witmer, M. A Global Public Goods Perspective on Environment and
Poverty Reduction. Implications for Dutch Foreign Policy; PBL Netherlands EnvironmentalAssessment Agency: Den Haag/Bilthoven, The Netherlands, 2011.
63. The Platform for Agrobiodiversity Research (PAR); Food and Agriculture Organization of the
United Nations (FAO). Biodiversity for Food and Agriculture — Contributing to Food Security
and Sustainability in a Changing World ; PAR/FAO: Rome, Italy, 2011.
64. Burlingame, B.; Dernini, S. Sustainable Diets and Biodiversity — Directions and Solutions for
Policy, Research and Action. In Proceedings of the International Symposium Biodiversity and
Sustainable Diets United against Hunger, Rome, Italy, 3 – 5 November 2010.
65. Holmgren, P. A Sustainable Development Goal on Landscapes: Setting the agenda at COP19 in
Warsaw. Available online: http://blog.cifor.org/19350/a-sustainable-development-goal-on-landscapes-
setting-the-agenda-at-cop19-in-warsaw#.UrNoMfTuJIQ (accessed on 1 November 2013)
66. Chandra, A.; Idrisova, A. Convention on biological diversity: A review of national challenges and
opportunities for implementation. Biodivers. Conserv. 2011, 20, 3295 – 3316.
67. Convention on biological diversity (CBD). Report of the High-Level Panel on Global Assessment
of Resources for Implementing the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011 – 2020; CBD: Montréal,
QC, Canada, 2012.
68. Parker, C.; Cranford, M.; Oakes, N.; Leggett, M. The Little Biodiversity Finance Book ; Global
Canopy Programme: Oxford, UK, 2012.
69. Kettunen, M.; D’Amato, D.; ten Brink, P.; Mazza, L.; Malou, A.; Withana, S. Potential of
Sectoral Resource Mobilisation to Implement the Aichi Targets in Developing Countries; Institute
for European Environmental Policy (IEEP): Brussels, Belgium, 2013.
7/27/2019 1111_3393_Art Lucas SDG Biodiversity Sustainability-06-00193
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/11113393art-lucas-sdg-biodiversity-sustainability-06-00193 23/24
Sustainability 2014, 6 215
Appendix
Table A1. The Aichi Biodiversity Targets.
Strategic Goal A: Address the underlying causes of biodiversity loss by mainstreaming biodiversity
across government and society
Target 1By 2020, at the latest, people are aware of the values of biodiversity and the steps they can
take to conserve and use it sustainably.
Target 2
By 2020, at the latest, biodiversity values have been integrated into national and local
development and poverty reduction strategies and planning processes and are being
incorporated into national accounting, as appropriate, and reporting systems.
Target 3
By 2020, at the latest, incentives, including subsidies, harmful to biodiversity are eliminated,
phased out or reformed in order to minimize or avoid negative impacts, and positive
incentives for the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity are developed and
applied, consistent and in harmony with the Convention and other relevant international
obligations, taking into account national socio economic conditions.
Target 4
By 2020, at the latest, Governments, business and stakeholders at all levels have taken steps
to achieve or have implemented plans for sustainable production and consumption and have
kept the impacts of use of natural resources well within safe ecological limits.
Strategic Goal B: Reduce the direct pressures on biodiversity and promote sustainable use
Target 5By 2020, the rate of loss of all natural habitats, including forests, is at least halved and where
feasible brought close to zero, and degradation and fragmentation is significantly reduced.
Target 6
By 2020 all fish and invertebrate stocks and aquatic plants are managed and harvested
sustainably, legally and applying ecosystem based approaches, so that overfishing is
avoided, recovery plans and measures are in place for all depleted species, fisheries have nosignificant adverse impacts on threatened species and vulnerable ecosystems and the impacts
of fisheries on stocks, species and ecosystems are within safe ecological limits.
Target 7By 2020 areas under agriculture, aquaculture and forestry are managed sustainably, ensuring
conservation of biodiversity.
Target 8By 2020, pollution, including from excess nutrients, has been brought to levels that are not
detrimental to ecosystem function and biodiversity.
Target 9
By 2020, invasive alien species and pathways are identified and prioritized, priority species
are controlled or eradicated, and measures are in place to manage pathways to prevent their
introduction and establishment.
Target 10By 2015, the multiple anthropogenic pressures on coral reefs, and other vulnerableecosystems impacted by climate change or ocean acidification are minimized, so as to
maintain their integrity and functioning.
Strategic Goal C: To improve the status of biodiversity by safeguarding ecosystems, species and
genetic diversity
Target 11
By 2020, at least 17 percent of terrestrial and inland water, and 10 percent of coastal and
marine areas, especially areas of particular importance for biodiversity and ecosystem
services, are conserved through effectively and equitably managed, ecologically
representative and well-connected systems of protected areas and other effective area-based
conservation measures, and integrated into the wider landscapes and seascapes.
Target 12 By 2020 the extinction of known threatened species has been prevented and theirconservation status, particularly of those most in decline, has been improved and sustained.
7/27/2019 1111_3393_Art Lucas SDG Biodiversity Sustainability-06-00193
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/11113393art-lucas-sdg-biodiversity-sustainability-06-00193 24/24
Sustainability 2014, 6 216
Table A1. Cont.
Strategic Goal C: To improve the status of biodiversity by safeguarding ecosystems, species and
genetic diversity
Target 13
By 2020, the genetic diversity of cultivated plants and farmed and domesticated animals and
of wild relatives, including other socio-economically as well as culturally valuable species, is
maintained, and strategies have been developed and implemented for minimizing genetic
erosion and safeguarding their genetic diversity.
Strategic Goal D: Enhance the benefits to all from biodiversity and ecosystem services
Target 14
By 2020, ecosystems that provide essential services, including services related to water, and
contribute to health, livelihoods and well-being, are restored and safeguarded, taking into
account the needs of women, indigenous and local communities, and the poor and vulnerable.
Target 15
By 2020, ecosystem resilience and the contribution of biodiversity to carbon stocks has been
enhanced, through conservation and restoration, including restoration of at least 15 per cent
of degraded ecosystems, thereby contributing to climate change mitigation and adaptation
and to combating desertification.
Target 16
By 2015, the Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable
Sharing of Benefits Arising from their Utilization is in force and operational, consistent with
national legislation.
Strategic Goal E: Enhance implementation through participatory planning, knowledge
management and capacity building
Target 17
By 2015 each Party has developed, adopted as a policy instrument, and has commenced
implementing an effective, participatory and updated national biodiversity strategy and
action plan.
Target 18
By 2020, the traditional knowledge, innovations and practices of indigenous and localcommunities relevant for the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity, and their
customary use of biological resources, are respected, subject to national legislation and
relevant international obligations, and fully integrated and reflected in the implementation of
the Convention with the full and effective participation of indigenous and local communities,
at all relevant levels.
Target 19
By 2020, knowledge, the science base and technologies relating to biodiversity, its values,
functioning, status and trends, and the consequences of its loss, are improved, widely shared
and transferred, and applied.
Target 20
By 2020, at the latest, the mobilization of financial resources for effectively implementing
the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011 – 2020 from all sources, and in accordance with theconsolidated and agreed process in the Strategy for Resource Mobilization, should increase
substantially from the current levels. This target will be subject to changes contingent to
resource needs assessments to be developed and reported by Parties.
© 2013 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article
distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).