· 11/11/2018 · c.kishore kumar, m.sc., m.phil., m.ed., m.phil., m.sc (yoga)., b.a (hindi)., pg asst in botany, govt.hr.sec.school, thattapparai, gudiyattam, vellore district

C.KISHORE KUMAR, M.Sc., M.Phil., M.Ed., M.Phil., M.Sc (YOGA)., B.A (HINDI)., PG ASST IN BOTANY, GOVT.HR.SEC.SCHOOL, THATTAPPARAI, GUDIYATTAM, VELLORE DISTRICT. CELL : 9894807882. Page 1

myF - 4 jhtu cs;sikg;gpay; ,uz;L kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;:- 1. NtWghL miljy; vd;why; vd;;d? Mf;Fj;jpR MdJ epiyj;j jpRthf khWk; epfo;r;rp NtWghL miljy; vdg;gLk;. 2. Vud;ifkh my;yJ fhw;W ghud;ifkh vd;why; vd;;d? v:fh jUf? 1.fhw;W epuk;gpa ghud;ifkh Vud;ifkh vdg;gLk;. 2.,J jhtuk; ePupy; kpjf;f cjTfpwJ. 3.v:fh:- i`l;upy;yh, epk;/igah 3. Nkf;Nuh ];fpsPiuLfs; my;yJ Nfhy; nry;fs; vd;why; vd;d? v:fh jUf? 1.Nfhy; tbtj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; ];;fpsPiuLfs; Nkf;Nuh ];fpsPiuLfs; my;yJ Nfhy; nry;fs; vdg;gLk;. 2.v:fh:- FNuhl;lNyhpah 4. NfNyh]; vd;why; vd;d? ry;yil jl;Lfspy; cs;s Jisfs; NfNyh]; vd;Dk; nghUshy; milf;fg;gLfpwJ. 5. biuf;Nfhgpsh];Lfs; vd;why; vd;d? Ntwpd; Gwj;Njhypy; fhzg;gLk; Fl;il nry;fs; biuf;Nfhgpsh];Lfs; vdg;gLk;. 6. fhg;G nry;fs; vd;why; vd;d? ,iy Jisfis #o;e;J fhzg;gLk; ,uz;L rpwg;ghd nry;fs; fhg;G nry;fs; vdg;gLk;. 7. Mf;Fj;jpR vd;why; vd;d? njhlHe;J gFg;gilAk; xj;j msTila nry;fs; Mf;Fj;jpR vdg;gLk; 8. epiyj;jj;jpR vd;why; vd;d? Mf;F jpR gy;NtW khw;wk; mile;J epiyj;j jpRthf khWfpwJ 9. gf;f Mf;F jpR vd;why; vd;d? jz;L kw;Wk; Nthpd; gf;fthl;by; fhzg;gLk; Mf;F jpR gf;f Mf;Fj;jpR vdg;gLk; 10. vspa jpR kw;Wk; $l;Lj;jpRf;fspd; tiffs; ahit? vspa jpRf;fs;:- 1.ghud;ifkh 2.Nfhyd;ifkh 3.];fpsPud;ifkh $l;Lj;jpRf;fs;:- 1.iryk; 2.GNshak 11. ];nly;Nyl; my;yJ el;rj;jpu ghud;ifkh vd;why; vd;d? 1.el;rj;jpu tbt ghud;ifkh nry;fs; ];nly;Nyl; ghud;ifkh vdg;gLk;. 2.v:fh:- thio kw;Wk; fy;thioapd; ,iyf; fhk;G 12. FNsud;ifkh vd;why; vd;d? gRq;fzpfj;Jld; fhzg;gLk; ghud;ifkh FNsud;ifkh vdg;gLk; 13. Nfhzf;Nfhyd;ifkh, ,ilntspf;Nfhyd;ifkh NtWgLj;Jf?

Nfhzf;Nfhyd;ifkh ,ilntspf;Nfhyd;ifkh 1. nry;Rth; Nfhzq;fspy;

jbg;Gw;W fhzg;gLk; nry;Rth; ,ilntsp jbg;Gw;W fhzg;gLk

2. v:fh:- Gifapiy v:fh:- Ig;Nghkpah 14. ];fpiuLfs; ehh;fspy; ,Ue;J NtWg;gLj;Jf?

];fpiuLfs; ehh;fs; 1. ,it Fl;ilahdit ,it ePskhdit 2. ,jpy; mjpfkhd Fopfs; fhzg;gLk; ,jpy; Fiwe;j Fopfs; fhzg;gLk;

15. gpNuf;fp ];fpspiuLfs; my;yJ fy; nry;fs; vd;why; vd;d? v:fh jUf? 1.rkmsTila ];fpspiuLfs; gpNuf;fp ];fpspiuLfs; vdg;gLk; 2.v:fh:- Nghpf;fhapd; jsj;jpRg; gFjp 16. Nkw;gug;G ehh;fs; vd;why; vd;d? tpij ciwapy; ,Ue;J Njhd;Wk; ehh;fs; Nkw;gug;G ehh;fs; vdg;gLk;. 17. fh];ghhpad; gl;il vd;why; vd;d? mfj;Njhypy; Rghhpd; vd;w nghUshy; Md jbg;Gfs; fzg;gLk;. ,it fh];ghhpad; gl;il vdg;gLk;. 18. topr;nry;fs; vd;why; vd;d? GNuhl;Nlhiryf; $WfSf;F vjphpy; cs;s mfj;Njhy; nry;fspy; fh];ghhpad; gl;ilfs; fhzg;gLtJ ,y;iy. ,it topr;nry;fs; vdg;gLk;. 19. iuNrhnlHkp]; vd;why; vd;d? Nthpd; ntspg;Gw mLf;F iuNrhnlh;kp]; vdg;gLk;.

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20. GNuhl;Nlhiry ,ilntsp vd;why; vd;d? xUtpj;jpiy jhtu jz;by; KjpHe;j th];FyhH fw;iwapy; GNuhl;Nlhiryk; rpijtile;J Xh; ,ilntsp Vw;gLj;JfpwJ. ,J GNuhl;Nlhliry ,ilntsp vdg;gLk;. 21. A+];By; vd;why; vd;d? 1.th];Fyhh; fw;iw gpj;ijr; #o;e;J xU tisakhf fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,J a+];By; vdg;gLfpwJ. 2.v:fh:- ,Utpj;jpiy jhtu jz;L 22. i`g;Nghnlh;kp]; vd;why; vd;d? Gwj;NjhYf;F cl;Gwkhf fhzg;gLk; gFjp i`g;Nghnlh;kp]; vdg;gLk;. 23. Nky; fPo; ,iy vd;why; vd;d? v:fh jUf? 1.,iy ,ilj;jpR ghypNrl; ghud;ifkh, ];ghQ;rp ghud;ifkh vd NtWgl;L fhzg;gLk;. 2.,J Nky; fPo; ,iy vdg;gLk;. 3.v:fh:- #hpafhe;jp 24. ,Ugf;fKk; xj;j mikg;Gila ,iy vd;why; vd;d? 1.,iyapilj;jpR ghypNrl; ghud;ifkh, ];ghQ;rp ghud;ifkh vd NtWglhky; ,Ue;jhy; 2.mJ ,Ugf;fKk; xj;j mikg;Gila ,iy vdg;gLk;. 3.v:fh:- Gy; 25. ,iyapilj;jpR vd;why; vd;d? Nky;Gwj;NjhYf;Fk;, fPo;Gwj;NjhYf;Fk; ,ilNa fhzg;gLk; jsj;jpR ,iyapilj;jpR vdg;gLk;. 26. ,iyj;Jisfs; my;yJ Gwj;Njhy; Jisfs; vd;why; vd;d? ,iyapd; Gwj;Njhypy; fhzg;gLk; kpf rpwpa Jisfs; ,iyj;Jisfs; my;yJ Gwj;Njhy; Jisfs; vdg;gLk;. 27. ,iyj;Jisfspd; gzp ahJ? ePuhtpg;Nghf;F kw;Wk; thA ghpkhw;wj;jpw;F cjTfpwJ. 28. ghypNrl; ghud;ifkhit, ];ghQ;rp ghud;ifkhtpy; ,Ue;J NtWgLj;Jf?

ghypNrl; ghud;ifkh ];ghQ;rp ghud;ifkh 1. ,it ePz;l cUis tbtk; nfhz;lit ,it xOq;fw;w tbtk; nfhz;lit 2. ,it mjpf vz;zpf;ifapy; fhzg;gLk; ,it Fiwe;j vz;zpf;ifapy; fhzg;gLk; 3. nry;fs; neUf;fkhf fhzg;gLk; nry;fs; neUf;fkpd;wp fhzg;gLk;

29. ,iyj;Jis fPo; miw my;yJ Rthr miw vd;why; vd;d? ,iyj;Jisf;F cl;Gwkhf fhzg;gLk; fhw;W miw Rthr miw my;yJ ,iyj; Jis fPo; miw vdg;gLk;. 30. vy;iyg;ghud;ifkh my;yJ fw;iw ciw vd;why; vd;d? th];Fyhh; fw;iwia #o;e;J fhzg;gLk; ghud;ifkh nry;fshy; Md ciw vy;iyg;ghud;ifkh my;yJ fw;iw ciw vdg;gLk;. 31. ,iy euk;Gfspd; gzpfs; ahit? 1.,it ,iyapd; vYk;Gf;$lhf cs;sJ. 2.,it jpRf;fSf;F ePiuAk;, fdpkq;fisAk; flj;JfpwJ. 32. M];bNah ];fpsPiuLfs; my;yJ vYk;G nry;fs; vd;why; vd;d? v:fh jUf? 1.mfd;w Nfhy; tbt ];;fpsPiuLfs;; M];bNah ];fpsPiuLfs; my;yJ vYk;G nry;fs; vdg;gLk;. 2.v:fh:- gl;lhzpapd; tpij ciw 33. GNuhrd;ifkh vd;why; vd;d? 1.ePz;;l, $u;;ikahd Kid kw;Wk; rw;W jbj;j Rth;fis nfhz;l ghud;ifkh GNuhrd;ifkh vdg;gLk;. 2.,J jhtuq;fSf;F jhq;F jpwid mspf;fpwJ. 34. M];bNuh ];fpsPiuLfs; vd;why; vd;d? 1.,it el;rj;jpu tbt ];fpsPiuLfs; MFk;. ,iy kw;Wk; ,iyf;fhk;gpy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. 2.v.fh: Njapiy, epk;igah. 35. biuf;Nfh ];fpspiuLfs; vd;why; vd;d? 1.,it nky;ypa kapupio Nghd;w ];fpspiuLfs;. ePH jhtuq;fspd; jz;L kw;Wk; ,iyfspy; fhzg;gLfpwJ. v.fh: epk;igah. 36. E}y; ];fpspiuLfs; vd;why; vd;d? 1.,it 1kp.kP ePsKs;s ePz;l ehu;fs; Nghd;wit 2.,it Xypah ANuhg;gpah vd;w jhtuj;jpd; ,iyj;jhspy; fhzg;gLfpwJ. 37. tisaf; Nfhyd;ifkh tiuaW. 1.,it tisa tbt nry; cs;ntsp nfhz;lit 2.,it musp jhtuj;jpd; ,iyf;fhk;gpy; fhzg;gLfpwJ

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38. ,bNahgpsh];l;fs; vd;why; vd;d? rpy ghud;ifkh nry;fs; gprpd;, Nldpd;, fhy;rpak; fhHgNdl; kw;Wk; fhy;rpak; Mf;]Nyl; Nghd;w gbfq;fis Nrkpj;J itf;fpd;wd. ,it ,bNahgpsh];l;fs; vdg;gLk;. 39. Mf;Fj; jpRf;fs;, epiyj;j jpRf;fs; NtWgLj;Jf?

Mf;Fj; jpRf;fs; epiyj;j jpRf;fs; 1. nry;fs; kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; gFg;gilfpd;wd nry;fs; gFg;giltjpy;iy 2. NtWghL mw;w nry;fs; NtWghL cila nry;fs; 3. nry; ,ilntsp fhzg;gLtjpy;iy nry; ,ilntsp fhzg;gLfpd;wd

40. ePu;r;Rug;gpfs; my;yJ i`lhNjhLfs; vd;why; vd;d? caH jhtuq;fspy; fhzg;gLk; xU tifahd Gwj;Njhy; Jisfs; i`lhNjhLfs; my;yJ ePu;r;Rug;gpfs; vdg;gLk;. 41. ePu;tbjy;(Guttation) tiuaW. ePu;r;Rug;gpfs; ,iyapy; cs;s ePiuAk; fiu nghUl;fisAk; jput epiyapy; ntspNaw;Wk; epfo;rp ePu;tbjy;(Guttation) vdg;gLk;. v.fh: Gw;fs;. 42. Jisf;fl;il (m) td;fl;il, Jisfsw;w fl;il (m) nkd;fl;il NtWgLj;Jf.

Jisf;fl;il (m) td;fl;il Jisfsw;w fl;il (m) nkd;fl;il 1. Jisfis cilaJ Jisfs; mw;wJ 2. MQ;rpNah];ngu;k;fspy; fhzg;gLfpwd [Pk;Ndh];ngu;k;fspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd 3. iryf; Foha;fis nfhz;lJ iryf; Foha;fs; mw;wJ.

43. tre;jfhy (m) Kd;gUtf; fl;il, FspHfhy (m) gpd;gUtf; fl;il NtWgLj;Jf. tre;jfhy (m) Kd;gUtf; fl;il FspHfhy (m) gpd;gUtf; fl;il 1. iryf; Foha;fs; mstpy; nghpait iryf; Foha;fs; mstpy; rpwpait 2. iryf; $Wfs; nky;ypa RtH nfhz;lit iryf; $Wfs; jbj;j RtH nfhz;lit 3. ntspwpa epwj;Jld; fhzg;gLk; fUikahd epwj;Jld; fhzg;gLk;

44. Mz;L tisaq;fs; my;yJ tsu;r;rp tisaq;fs; vd;why; vd;d? Kd;gUtf; fl;ilAk;, gpd;gUtf; fl;ilAk; nfhz;l njhFg;G Mz;L tisaq;fs; my;yJ tsu;r;rp tisak; vdg;gLk;. 45. kutajpay; (Dendrochronology) tiuaW xU kuj;jpd; taij Mz;L tisaq;fspd; vz;zpf;iffisf; nfhz;L cWjp nra;ag;gLtJ kutajpay;(Dedrochronology) vdg;gLk;. 46. kuf;fhy epiyapay; (Dendroclimatology) Fwpg;G tiuf. jhtuj;jpd; tsHr;rp kw;Wk; fle;j fhy gUtepiy khw;wq;fis Mz;L tisaq;fisf; nfhz;L MuhAk; kutajpaypd; xU gphpT kuf;fhy epiyapay; vdg;gLk;. 47. ilNyhnr];;(Tyloses) Fwpg;G tiuf. ,Utpj;jpiyj; jhtuq;fspd; iryk; ghud;ifkh nry;fspd; cl;Gw gFjpfspy; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gLk; gY}d; Nghd;w milg;Gfs; ilNyh];fs; vdg;gLk;. 48. guty; Jisf;fl;ilf;Fk; tisaj; Jisf;fl;ilf;Fk; ,ilNaAs;s NtWghl;il vOJf.

guty; Jisf;fl;il tisaj; Jisf;fl;il 1. xNu rPuhd fhyepiyapy; Njhd;Wfpd;wd NtWgl;l fhyepiyapy; Njhd;Wfpd;wd 2. iryf; Foha;fs; rkmsTf; nfhz;lit iryf; Foha;fs; NtWgl;l msTf;nfhz;lit 3. ,it fl;ilapy; rPuhf gutpAs;sd ,it fl;ilapy; rPuhf guTtjpy;iy

49. rhw;Wf;fl;il (m) my;gu;dk;, ituf;fl;il (m) bA+unkd; NtWgLj;Jf. rhw;Wf;fl;il (m) my;gu;dk; ituf;fl;il (m) bA+unkd; 1. ,it fl;ilapd; capUs;s gFjp ,it fl;ilapd; capuw;w gFjp 2. ,it fl;ilapd; ntspg;gFjp ,it fl;ilapd; ikag;gFjp 3. ,it ntspwpa epwj;Jld; fhzg;gLk; ,it mlHe;j epwj;Jld; fhzg;gLk;

50. gl;ilj;Jis (m) nyd;bnry; tiuaW. jz;L kw;Wk; Ntupd; gl;ilapd; Gwg;gug;gpypUe;J Njhd;Wk; Jisfs; gl;ilj;Jis my;yJ nyd;bnry; vdg;gLk;. 51. epug;gpr; nry;fs; (m) epug;gpj;jpR vd;why; vd;d? gl;ilj;Jisapy; neUf;fkpd;wp, nky;ypa Rtiuf; nfhz;L fhzg;gLk; ghud;ifkh nry;fSf;F epug;gpr; nry;fs; my;yJ epug;gpj;jpR vd;W ngaH.

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%d;W kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;:- 1. ghud;ifkh jpRit glk; tiue;J ghfj;ij Fwp? thf;FNahy;

epAf;spa];

nry;,ilntsp 2. Nrkpg;G ghud;ifkh (m) FNshud;ifkh glk; tiue;;J ghfj;ijf; Fwp?

];lhHr; Jfs;fs;

3. Vud;ifkh glk; tiue;J ghfj;ijf; Fwp?

fhw;wiw

4. ghypNrl; ghud;ifkh glk; tiue;J ghfj;ijf; Fwp?

gRq;fzpfk;

5. Nfhzf;Nfhyd;ifkh glk; tiue;J ghfj;ijf; Fwp?

thf;FNahy;

epAf;spa];

nry;RtH

6. mLf;Ff; Nfhyd;ifkh glk; tiue;J ghfj;ijf; Fwp?

nry;RtH jbg;G

7. ,ilntspf; Nfhyd;ifkh glk; tiue;J ghfj;ijf; Fwp?

nry; ,ilntsp

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8. gpNuf;fp ];fpsPiuLfs; glk; tiue;J ghfj;ijf; Fwp?

vspa Fop

nry; miw

9. Nkf;Nuh ];fpsPiuLfs; glk; tiue;J ghfj;ijf; Fwp?

nry;RtH

nry; miw

10. M];bNah ];fpsPiuL glk; tiue;J ghfe;iff; Fwp?

nry;RtH

nry; miw

11. iryk; ehhpd; glk; tiue;J ghfj;ij Fwp?

nry;RtH

nry; miw 12. ilNyhnr];;(Tyloses) glk; tiue;J ghfj;ij Fwp? iryf;Foha;; ilNyhnr]; iryk; ghud;ifkh 13. gl;ilj;Jis (m) nyd;bnry; glk; tiue;J ghfj;ij Fwp? gl;ilj;Jis epug;gpr;nry;fs; fhHf; (/ngy;yk;) fhHf; Nfk;gpak; (/ngy;Nyh[d;) nghpnlHk;; ,uz;lhk; epiy Gwzp (/ngy;NyhnlHk;)

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14. ,Ug;gplj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; Mf;Fj;jpRf;fspd; tiffis glj;Jld; tpthp? ,Ug;gplj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; Mf;Fj;jpR %d;W tifg;gLk;. 1.Edp Mf;Fj;jpR 2.,il Mf;Fj;jpR 3.gf;f Mf;Fj;jpR 1.Edp Mf;Fj;jpR:- 1.jz;L, NtH Edpapy; fhzg;gLfpwJ. jhtuj;jpd; ePs;Nghf;F tsHr;rpf;F cjTfpwJ. 2.GNuhNlhnlHk; - Gwj;Njhy; jpR, GNuhNfk;gpak; - Kjy;epiy th];FyhH jpR, jsMf;Fj;jpR - Gwzp, Gwj;Njhiy cUthf;;FfpwJ. 2.,il Mf;Fj;jpR:- 1.,J fZg;gFjpapy; fhzg;gLfpwJ. 2.,it Edp Mf;F jpRtpy; ,Ue;J cUthfpwJ 3.fZtpilg;gFjpia ePl;rpailar; nra;fpwJ. v:fh:- Gy; 3.gf;f Mf;Fj;jpR:- 1.jz;L, Nthpd; gf;fthl;by; fhzg;gLfpwJ 2.,it jz;L, Nthpd; FWf;fsit mjpfhpf;f nra;fpwJ 3.v:fh:- th];FyhH Nfk;gpak; kw;Wk; fhHf; Nfk;gpak; (ngy;Nyh[d;). Edp Mf;Fj;jpR ,ilahf;Fj;jpR gf;f Mf;Fj;jpR 15. Gwj;Njhy; jpRj;njhFg;gpd; gzpfs; ahit? 1.cl;Gwj; jpRf;fis ghJfhf;fpwJ 2.fdp, tpij guTjypy; cjTfpd;wJ 3.ePuiAk;, fdpk cg;Gf;fisAk; cwpQ;Rfpd;wd 4.ePuhtpf;Nghf;F, thA ghpkhw;wj;jpy; <LgLfpwJ 5.mjpfg;gbahd ePH ntspNaWtij jilnra;fpwJ 16. Mf;Fj;jpR nry;fspd; gz;Gfis vOJf? 1.Kl;il kw;Wk; gy Nfhz tbtk; cilaJ 2.nry;fs; ,ilntsp ,d;wp neUf;fkhf fhzg;gLk; 3.nky;ypa nry;Rtuhy; MdJ 4.nry; RtH nry;YNyh]pdhy; MdJ 5.nry;ypy; cl;fU, irl;Nlhgpshrk; fhzg;gLk;. 17. xUtpj;jpiyj jhtu NtUf;Fk; ,Utpj;jpiy jhtu NtUf;Fk; ,ilNa cs;s cs;sikg;gpay; NtWg;ghLfis vOJf?

xUtpj;jpiyj jhtu NtH ,Utpj;jpiy jhtu NtH 1. gpj; fhzg;gLfpwJ gpj; fhzg;gltpy;iy 2. gy Kid iryk; ehd;F Kid iryk; 3. iryk; tl;l tbtkhdJ iryk; gy Nfhz tbtkhdJ 4. ,uz;lhk;epiytsHr;rp fhzg;gLtjpy;iy ,uz;lhk;epiy tsHr;rp fhzg;gLfpwJ 5. ,izg;G jpR ];fpsPud;ifkhthy; MdJ ,izg;G jpR ghud;ifkhthy; MdJ

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18. ,Utpj;jpiy jhtu ,iyapd; FWf;F ntl;L Njhw;wj;ij glk; tiue;J ghfj;ij Fwp? Nkw;Gwj;Njhy; ghypNrl; ghud;ifkh fw;iw ciw iryk; GNshak; ];ghQ;rp ghud;ifkh fPo;Gwj;Njhy; Rthr miw Ie;J kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;:- 1. iryk; jpRit gw;wp xU fl;Liu tiuf? 1.iryk; ePiuAk;, fdpk cg;Gf;fisAk; flj;JfpwJ 2.iryk; ehd;F tifg;gLk; iryj;jpd; ehd;F tiffs;:- 1.iryk; buf;fPLfs; 2.iryk; Foha;fs; 3.iryk; ehHfs; 4.iryk; ghud;ifkh 1.iryk; buf;fPLfs;;:- 1.,it capuw;wit Fopfs; 2.,it ePskhdit 3.,it kOq;fpa Kid cilait 4.,it gy tif jbg;Gfshy; Mdit 5.,jd; nry; RtH ypf;dpd; vd;Dk; nghUshy; Mdit 2.iryk; Foha;fs;:- 1.,it capuw;wit 2.,it Fl;ilahdit Fopfs; 3.,it kOq;fpa Kid cilait 4.xw;iw Jis jl;L fhzg;gLk; v:fh:- khQ;rpnguh ,d;bfh 5.gy Jis jl;L fhzg;gLk; v:fh:- ypupNahnld;l;uhd; 3.iryk; ehHfs;:- 1.,it capuw;wit 2.,it ePskhdit nry;RtH 3.,jd; nry; RtH ypf;dpd; vd;Dk; nghUshy; Mdit 4.iryk; jpRTld; fhzg;gLk; ehHfs; iryk; ehHfs; vdg;gLk; nry; miw 5.iryk; ehHfs; “ypg;upghHk; ehHfs;” vdg;gLk; 4.iryk; ghud;ifkh:- 1.,it capUs;sit 2.,it Fl;ilahdit 3.,jd; nry; RtH nry;YNyhrpdhy; MdJ 4.iryk; jpRTld; fhzg;gLk; ghud;ifkh iryk; ghud;ifkh vdg;gLk; irl;Nlhgpshrk; cl;fU 2. GNshak; jpRit gw;wp xU fl;Liu tiuf? 1.GNshak; czit flj;JfpwJ 2.GNshak;; ehd;F tifg;gLk; GNshaj;jpd; ehd;F tiffs;:- 1.ry;yil Foha; $Wfs; 2.Jiz nry;fs; 3.GNshak; ghud;ifkh 4.GNshak; ehHfs;

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1.ry;yil Foha; $Wfs;:- 1.,it capUs;sit 2.,jd; nry; RtH nry;YNyhrpdhy; MdJ 3.,jpy; cl;fU fhzg;glhJ 4.,it nrq;Fj;jhf mike;jit 5.ry;yilj; jl;Lf;fspy; cs;s Jisfs; NfNyh]; vd;Dk; nghUshy; milf;fg;gLfpd;wd 2.Jiz nry;fs;;:- 1.,it capUs;sit 2.,jd; nry; RtH nry;YNyhrpdhy; MdJ 3.,jpy; cl;fU fhzg;gLk; 4.,it nrq;Fj;jhf mike;jit 3.GNshak; ghud;ifkh:- 1.,it capUs;sit 2.,jd; nry; RtH nry;YNyhrpdhy; MdJ 3.,jpy; cl;fU fhzg;gLk; 4.GNshak; jpRTld; fhzg;gLk;; ghud;ifkh GNshak; ghud;ifkh vdg;gLk; 5.,it ];lhHr; kw;Wk; nfhOg;ig Nrkpf;fpwJ 4.GNshak; ehHfs;:- 1.,it capuw;wit 2.,it ePskhdit 3.,jd; nry;RtH ypf;dpd; vd;Dk; nghUshy; MdJ 4.GNshak; jpRTld; fhzg;gLk;; ehHfs; “gh];L ehHfs;” vdg;gLk; GNshak; ghud;ifkh NfNyh]; nry;RtH Jiz nry;fs;; ry;yil Foha; nry; miw ry;yil jl;L 3. th];FyhHjpR njhFg;ig gw;wp glj;Jld; tpthp? iryk; GNsak; NrHe;j jpR njhFg;G th];FyhH fw;iw MFk; 1.jpwe;j th];FyhH fw;iw:- iryj;jpw;Fk; GNshaj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapy; Nfk;gpak; fhzg;gLk;

GNshak; Nfk;gpak; iryk; 2.Kba th];FyhH fw;iw:- iryj;jpw;Fk; GNshaj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapy; Nfk;gpak; fhzg;glhJ

GNshak; iryk; 3.Mug;Nghf;F mikT:- iryKk; GNshaKk; ntt;NtW Muq;fspy; mike;jpUf;Fk;

GNshak; iryk;

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4.fd;[hz;l; th];Fyhh; fw;iw:- iryKk; GNshaKk; xNu Muq;fspy; mike;jpUf;Fk; 5.xUq;fike;j th];Fyhh; fw;iw:- GNshak; ntspGwj;ij Nehf;fp fhzg;gLk; 6.,Ugf;f xUq;fike;j th];FyhH fw;iw:- iryj;jpw;F cs;gf;fKk; ntspgf;fKk; GNshak; fhzg;gLk; v:fh:- Ff;fHgpl;Nlrp

GNshak;

Nfk;gpak; iryk; GNshak; 7.GNshak; #o; th];FyhH fw;iw:- iryj;ij KOtJk; #o;e;J GNshak; fhzg;gLk; v:fh:- ghypNghbak; GNshak; iryk; 8.iryk; #o; th];FyhH fw;iw:- GNshaj;ij KOtJk; #o;e;J iryk; fhzg;gLk; v:fh:- mNfhu]; iryk; GNshak; 9.cs;Nehf;F iryk;:- GNuhl;Nlh iryk; ikaj;ij Nehf;fpAk; nkl;lh iryk; ntspGwj;ij Nehf;fpAk; fhzg;gLk; 10.ntspNehf;F iryk;:- GNuhl;Nlh iryk; ntspGwj;ij Nehf;fpAk; nkl;lh iryk; ikaj;ij Nehf;fpAk; fhzg;gLk;. 4. xUtpj;jpiy jhtu (kf;fhr;Nrhs) Nthpd; Kjy; epiy mikg;ig gw;wp glj;Jld; tpthp?

1.iuNrhnlHkp]; 1.Nthpd; ntspGw mLf;F 2.ghud;ifkh nry;fshy; MdJ

2.Gwzp 3.,J ghud;ifkh nry;fshy; MdJ 4.,jd; gzp Nrkpj;jy; MFk;

3.mfj;Njhy; 5.Gwzpapd; filrp mLf;F mfj;Njhy; MFk; 6.mfj;Njhypy; topr;nry;fs; fhzg;gLk; 7.mfj;Njhypy; fh];ghhpad; gl;il fhzg;gLk;

4.];by; 8.mfj;NjhYf;F cl;Gwkhf fhzg;gLk; jpRf;fs; ];by; vdg;gLk; 5.nghpirf;fps; 9.];bypd; ntspGw mLf;F nghpirf;fps; MFk; 6.th];FyhH fw;iw 10.Mug;Nghf;F mikT 11.ntspNehf;F iryk; 12.gy Kid iryk; 7.gpj; 13.Nthpd; ika gFjp gpj; vdg;gLk; 14.gpj; fhzg;gLfpwJ

NtHJ}tp iuNrhnlHkp]; mfj;Njhy; iryk; GNshak; gpj; Gwzp

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5. ,Utpj;jpiy jhtu (mtiu) Nthpd; Kjy; epiy mikg;ig gw;wp glj;Jld; tpthp?

1.iuNrhnlHkp]; 1.Nthpd; ntspGw mLf;F 2.ghud;ifkh nry;fshy; MdJ

2.Gwzp 3.,J ghud;ifkh nry;fshy; MdJ 4.,jd; gzp Nrkpj;jy; MFk;

3.mfj;Njhy; 5.Gwzpapd; filrpmLf;F mfj;Njhy; MFk; 6.mfj;Njhypy; topr;nry;fs; fhzg;gLk; 7.mfj;Njhypy; fh];ghhpad; gl;il fhzg;gLk;

4.];by; 8.mfj;NjhYf;F cl;Gwkhf fhzg;gLk; jpRf;fs; ];by; vdg;gLk; 5.nghpirf;fps; 9.];bypd; ntspGw mLf;F nghpirf;fps; MFk; 6.th];FyhH fw;iw 10.Mug;Nghf;F mikT 11.ntspNehf;F iryk; 12.ehd;F Kid iryk; 7.gpj; 13.Nthpd; ika gFjp gpj; vdg;gLk; 14.gpj; fhzg;gltpy;iy

NtHJ}tp iuNrhnlHkp]; mfj;Njhy; ,izg;Gj;jpR nkl;lhiryk; GNshak; Gwzp 6. xUtpj;jpiy jhtu jz;bw;Fk; ,Utpj;jpiy jhtu jz;bw;Fk; ,ilNa cs;s cs;sikg;gpay; NtWghl;il vOJf? xUtpj;jpiy jhtu jz;L ,Utpj;jpiy jhtu jz;L 1. i`g;NghnlHkp]; ];fpspud;ifkh

nry;fshy; MdJ i`g;NghnlHkp]; Nfhyd;ifkh nry;fshy; MdJ

2. jsj;jpR xU njhlHr;rpahd NtWghL milahj ghud;ifkh jpRthy; MdJ

jsj;jpR, Gwzp,mfj;Njhy;, nghpirf;fps;, gpj; vd NtWgl;L fhzg;gLfpwJ

3. ];lhHr; mLf;F fhzg;gltpy;iy ];lhHr; mLf;F fhzg;gLfpwJ 4. gpj; fhzg;gltpy;iy gpj; fhzg;gLfpwJ 5. nghpirf;fps; ,y;iy nghpirf;fps; cz;L 6. nkLy;yhp fjpHfs; ,y;iy nkLy;yhp fjpHfs; cz;L 7. th];FyhH fw;iw Kbait th];FyhH fw;iw jpwe;jit 8. th];FyhH fw;iw jsj;jpRtpy;

rpjwpf; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ th];FyhH fw;iw xU tisakhf mike;jit

9. fw;iw ciw fhzg;gLfpwJ fw;iw njhg;gp fhzg;gLfpwJ 10. GNuhl;Nlhiry ,ilntsp fhzg;gLfpwJ GNuhl;Nlhiry ,ilntsp fhzg;gltpy;iy 11. GNshak; ghud;ifkh fhzg;gltpy;iy GNshak; ghud;ifkh fhzg;gLfpwJ 7. xUtpj;jpiy jhtu (kf;fhr;Nrhs) jz;bd; Kjy; epiy mikg;ig gw;wp glj;Jld; tpthp? 1.i`g;NghnlHkp]; ];fpspud;ifkh nry;fshy; MdJ 2.jsj;jpR xU njhlHr;rpahd NtWghL milahj ghud;ifkh jpRthy; MdJ 3.th];FyhH fw;iw jsj;jpRtpy; rpjwpf; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ 4.];lhHr; mLf;F fhzg;gltpy;iy 5.gpj; fhzg;gltpy;iy 6.nghpirf;fps; ,y;iy Gwj;Njhy; 7.nkLy;yhp fjpHfs; ,y;iy i`g;NghnlHkp]; 8.th];FyhH fw;iw Kbait th];FyhH fw;iwfs; 9.fw;iw ciw fhzg;gLfpwJ jsj;jpR 10.GNuhl;Nlhiry ,ilntsp fhzg;gLfpwJ 11.GNshak; ghud;ifkh fhzg;gltpy;iy

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8. ,Utpj;jpiy jhtu (#hpafhe;jp) jz;bd; Kjy; epiy mikg;ig gw;wp glj;Jld; tpthp? 1.i`g;NghnlHkp]; Nfhyd;ifkh nry;fshy; MdJ 2.jsj;jpR Gwzp mfj;Njhy; nghpirf;fps; gpj; vd NtWgl;L fhzg;gLfpwJ 3.];lhHr; mLf;F fhzg;gLfpwJ 4.gpj; fhzg;gLfpwJ 5.nghpirf;fps; cz;L 6.nkLy;yhp fjpHfs; cz;L 7.th];FyhH fw;iw jpwe;jit 8.th];FyhH fw;iw xU tisakhf mike;jit 9.fw;iw njhg;gp fhzg;gLfpwJ 10.GNuhl;Nlhiry ,ilntsp fhzg;gltpy;iy 11.GNshak; ghud;ifkh fhzg;gLfpwJ Gwj;Njhy; Jtp Gwj;Njhy; th];FyhH fw;iw gpj; Gwzp 9. xUtpj;jpiy jhtu (Gy;) ,iyapd; FWf;F ntl;L Njhw;wij glj;Jld; tpthp? 1.Gwj;Njhy; 1.,iyapd; ntspGw mLf;F. ,it ghud;ifkh nry;fshy; MdJ

2.Nky; Gwj;Njhypy; fpAl;bfpshy; Md ciw fhzg;gLfpwJ 3.fPo; Gwj;Njhypy; ,iyj;Jis fhzg;gLfpwJ 4.,iyj;Jis rg;shf;fl;il tbt fhg;G nry;fshy; #og;gl;Ls;sJ 5.Nky; Gwj;Njhypy; ,af;f (m) Gy;yp/ghh;k; nry;fs; fhzg;gLfpwd

2.,iyapilj; jpR 6.,it Nky; Gwj;NjhYf;Fk; fPo; Gwj;NjhYf;Fk; ,ilapy; fhzg;gLk; 7.,iyapilj;jpR ghypNrl; ghud;ifkh kw;Wk; ];ghQ;rp ghud;ifkh vd NtWgl;L fhzg;gLtjpy;iy 8.fPo;Gwj;Njhypy; Rthr miw fhzg;gLfpwJ

3.th];FyhH fw;iw 9.%ba th];FyhH fw;iw 10.xUq;fike;j kw;Wk; fz;[hapz;l; th];FyhH fw;iw 11.fw;iw ciw fhzg;gLfpwJ 12.iryk; Nkw;Gwj;NjhiyAk;, GNshak; fPo;Gwj;NjhiyAk; Nehf;fp mike;Js;sd.

Nkw;Gwj;Njhy; Gy;yp/ghh;k; nry;fs; fw;iw ciw ,iyj;Jis iryk; GNshak; fw;iw ciw Rthr miw fPo;Gwj;Njhy; Gy; ,iyapd; FWf;F ntl;Lj; Njhw;wk;

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10. ,Utpj;jpiy jhtu (#hpafhe;jp) ,iyapd; FWf;F ntl;L Njhw;wij glj;Jld; tpthp? 1.Gwj;Njhy; 1.Gwj;Njhy; ,iyapd; ntspGw mLf;F MFk;

2.,it ghud;ifkh nry;fshy; MdJ 3.Nky; Gwj;Njhypy; fpAl;bfpshy; Md ciw fhzg;gLfpwJ 4.fPo; Gwj;Njhypy; ,iyj;Jis fhzg;gLfpwJ

2.,iyapilj; jpR 5.,it Nky; Gwj;NjhYf;Fk; fPo; Gwj;NjhYf;Fk; ,ilapy; fhzg;gLk; 6.,iyapilj;jpR ghypNrl; ghud;ifkh kw;Wk; ];ghQ;rp ghud;ifkh vd NtWgl;L fhzg;gLfpwJ 7.fPo;Gwj;Njhypy; Rthr miw fhzg;gLfpwJ

3.th];FyhH fw;iw 8.%ba th];FyhH fw;iw 9.xUq;fike;j kw;Wk; fz;[hapz;l; th];FyhH fw;iw 10.fw;iw ciw fhzg;gLfpwJ 11.iryk; Nkw;Gwj;NjhiyAk;, GNshak; fPo;Gwj;NjhiyAk; Nehf;fp mike;Js;sd.

Nkw;Gwj;Njhy; ghypNrl; ghud;ifkh fw;iw ciw iryk; ];ghQ;rp ghud;ifkh Rthr miw GNshak; fPo;Gwj;Njhy; #hpafhe;jp ,iyapd; FWf;F ntl;Lj; Njhw;wk; 11. xUtpj;jpiy jhtu (kf;fhr;Nrhs) Nthpd; Kjy; epiy mikg;ig glk; tiue;J ghfj;ij Fwpf;fTk;. NtHJ}tp iuNrhnlHkp]; Gwzp topr;nry;fs; fh];ghhpad; gl;il nghpirf;fps; gpj; nkl;lhiryk; GNshak; GNuhl;Nlhiryk; kf;fhr;Nrhs Nthpd; FWf;F ntl;Lj; Njhw;wk;

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12. ,Utpj;jpiy jhtu (mtiu) Nthpd; Kjy; epiy mikg;ig glk; tiue;J ghfj;ij Fwpf;fTk;. NtHJ}tp iuNrhnlHkp]; Gwzp topr;nry;fs; fh];ghhpad; gl;il nghpirf;fps; nkl;lhiryk; GNshak; GNuhl;Nlhiryk; mtiu Nthpd; FWf;F ntl;Lj; Njhw;wk; 13. xUtpj;jpiy jhtu (kf;fhr;Nrhs) jz;bd; Kjy; epiy mikg;ig glk; tiue;J ghfj;ij Fwpf;fTk;. fpAl;bfps; Gwj;Njhy; FNshud;ifkh th];FyhH fw;iw jsj;jpR fw;iw ciw GNshak; nkl;lhiryk; GNuhl;Nlhiry ,ilntsp kf;fhr;Nrhsj; jz;bd; FWf;F ntl;Lj; Njhw;wk;

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14. ,Utpj;jpiy jhtu (#hpafhe;jp) jz;bd; Kjy; epiy mikg;ig glk; tiue;J ghfj;ij Fwpf;fTk;. Gwj;Njhy; J}tp fpAl;bfps; Gwj;Njhy; Nfhyd;ifkh FNshud;ifkh ghud;ifkh ];lhHr; mLf;F fw;iw njhg;gp GNshak; Nfk;gpak; nkl;lh iryk; nghpirf;fps; GNuhl;Nlh iryk; nkl;lhiryk; nkLy;yhp fjpH GNuhl;Nlhiryk; gpj;

#hpafhe;jp jz;bd; FWf;F ntl;Lj; Njhw;wk; 15. ,Utpj;jpiyj; jhtuj;jz;by; eilngWk; mfyg; Nghf;F tsHr;rp my;yJ ,uz;lhk; epiy tsh;r;rpia gw;wp tpthp. 1.jhtuj;jpd; gf;f Mf;Fj;jpRtpdhy; cz;lhd th];;FyhH Nfk;gpak; kw;Wk; fhHf; Nfk;gpaj;jpd; %yk; ,uz;lhk; epiyj; jpRf;fs; Njhd;Wfpd;wd. 2.,e;j ,uz;lhk; epiyj; jpRf;fs; jhtuj;jpd; ika cUisg;gFjp kw;Wk; Gwzpg;gFjpapy; FWf;F tsHr;rpia Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wd. ,e;jifa tsh;r;rpf;F ,uz;lhk; epiy tsHr;rp my;yJ mfyg; Nghf;F tsHr;rp vd;W ngaH. fw;iwf; Nfk;gpak;: th];FyhH fw;iwapy; iryj;jpw;Fk;, GNshaj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapy; fhzg;gLk; Nfk;gpak; fw;iwf; Nfk;gpak; vdg;gLk;. fw;iw ,ilf;Nfk;gpak;: fw;iwf; Nfk;gpaj;jpw;F ,ilapy; cs;s nkLy;yhp fjpH nry;fs; Mf;Fj;jpR jd;ikia ngw;W Nfk;gpakhf khWfpwJ. ,J fw;iw ,ilf;Nfk;gpak; vdg;gLk;. th];FyhH Nfk;;gpa tisak;: fw;iwf; Nfk;gpaKk;, fw;iw ,ilf;Nfk;gpaKk; ,ize;J xU njhlHr;rpahd tisakhfpwJ. ,J th];FyhH Nfk;gpa tisak; vdg;gLk;. ,uz;lhk; epiyj;jpRf;fs; Njhd;Wjy;: ,e;j th];FyhH Nfk;;gpa tisak; cl;Gwkhf ,uz;lhk; epiy iryj;ijAk;, ntspGwkhf ,uz;lhk; epiy GNshaj;ijAk; Njhw;Wtpf;fpwJ. fhHf; Nfk;gpak; (m) /ngy;Nyh[d:; Gwzpapd; rpy mLf;F nry;fs; Mf;Fj;jpR jd;ikia milfpwJ. ,J fhHf; Nfk;gpak; (m) /ngy;Nyh[d; vdg;gLk;. /ngy;NyhnlHk; (m) ,uz;lhk; epiy Gwzp: fhHf; Nfk;gpak; gFg;gile;J cl;Gwkhf Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gLfpd;w ghud;ifkh tifiar; rhh;e;j jpRf;fSf;F /ngy;NyhnlHk; (m) ,uz;lhk; epiy Gwzp vd;W ngaH.

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fhHf; (m) /ngy;yk;: fhHf; Nfk;gpak; gFg;gile;J ntspGwkhf Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gLfpd;w jpRf;fSf;F fhHf; (m) /ngy;yk; vd;W ngaH. ,jpy; Rghhpd; vd;w nghUs; gbe;Jf; fhzg;gLk;. nghpnlHk;: fhHf; (m) /ngy;yk;, fhHf; Nfk;gpak; (m) /ngy;Nyh[d;, /ngy;NyhnlHk; (m) ,uz;lhk; epiy Gwzp Mfpa gFjpfs; xd;W Nrh;e;J nghpnlHk;ia cUthf;Ffpd;wd. kug;gl;il: th];FyhH Nfk;gpaj;jpw;F ntspg;Gwk; fhzg;gLk; jpRf;fshd ,uz;lhk; epiy GNshak;, Gwzp, kw;Wk; nghpnlHk; Mfpait kug;gl;ilia cUthf;Ffpd;wd. gl;ilj;Jis fhHf; (/ngy;yk;) fhh;f;Nfk;gpak; (/ngy;Nyh[d;) nghpnlHk;

,uz;lhk; epiy Gwzp (/ngy;NyhnlHk;)

Kjy; epiy iryk;

,uz;lhk; epiy GNshak;

Kjy; epiy GNshak;

Mz;L tisaq;fs;

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· 11/11/2018 · c.kishore kumar, m.sc., m.phil., m.ed., m.phil., m.sc (yoga)., b.a (hindi)., pg asst in botany, govt.hr.sec.school, thattapparai, gudiyattam, vellore district