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11.1
LEARNING OBJECTIVESLEARNING OBJECTIVES
• EXPLAIN HOW ORGANIZATION CAN EXPLAIN HOW ORGANIZATION CAN DEVELOP SUITABLE INFO SYSTEMSDEVELOP SUITABLE INFO SYSTEMS
• IDENTIFY CORE ACTIVITIES IN IDENTIFY CORE ACTIVITIES IN SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT PROCESSPROCESS
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MANAGEMENT CHALLENGESMANAGEMENT CHALLENGES
• OVERVIEW OF SYSTEMS OVERVIEW OF SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENTDEVELOPMENT
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CHALLENGES:CHALLENGES:• RISKS AND UNCERTAINTIES IN SYSTEMS RISKS AND UNCERTAINTIES IN SYSTEMS
DEVELOPMENTDEVELOPMENT
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INFORMATION SYSTEMS PLANINFORMATION SYSTEMS PLAN
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DIRECTION OF SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT:DIRECTION OF SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT:• RATIONALERATIONALE• CURRENT SITUATIONCURRENT SITUATION• MANAGEMENT STRATEGYMANAGEMENT STRATEGY• IMPLEMENTATION PLANIMPLEMENTATION PLAN• BUDGETBUDGET
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INFORMATION SYSTEMS PLANINFORMATION SYSTEMS PLAN
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INFORMATION SYSTEMS PLANINFORMATION SYSTEMS PLAN
1. PURPOSE OF THE PLAN:1. PURPOSE OF THE PLAN:• OVERVIEW OF PLAN CONTENTSOVERVIEW OF PLAN CONTENTS• CHANGES IN CURRENT SITUATIONCHANGES IN CURRENT SITUATION• FIRM’S STRATEGIC PLANFIRM’S STRATEGIC PLAN• CURRENT ORGANIZATIONCURRENT ORGANIZATION• MANAGEMENT STRATEGYMANAGEMENT STRATEGY
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INFORMATION SYSTEMS PLANINFORMATION SYSTEMS PLAN
2. STRATEGIC BUSINESS PLAN:2. STRATEGIC BUSINESS PLAN:• CURRENT SITUATIONCURRENT SITUATION• CURRENT ORGANIZATIONCURRENT ORGANIZATION• CHANGING ENVIRONMENTCHANGING ENVIRONMENT• MAJOR GOALS OF PLANMAJOR GOALS OF PLAN
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INFORMATION SYSTEMS PLANINFORMATION SYSTEMS PLAN
3. CURRENT SYSTEMS:3. CURRENT SYSTEMS:• MAJOR SYSTEMS SUPPORTING BUSINESS MAJOR SYSTEMS SUPPORTING BUSINESS
FUNCTIONSFUNCTIONS• MAJOR CURRENT CAPABILITIESMAJOR CURRENT CAPABILITIES
– HARDWARE– SOFTWARE– DATABASE– TELECOMMUNICATIONS
• DIFFICULTIES MEETING REQUIREMENTSDIFFICULTIES MEETING REQUIREMENTS• ANTICIPATED FUTURE DEMANDSANTICIPATED FUTURE DEMANDS
**11.9
INFORMATION SYSTEMS PLANINFORMATION SYSTEMS PLAN
4. NEW DEVELOPMENTS:4. NEW DEVELOPMENTS:• NEW SYSTEM PROJECTSNEW SYSTEM PROJECTS
– PROJECT DESCRIPTIONS– BUSINESS RATIONALE
• NEW CAPABILITIES REQUIREDNEW CAPABILITIES REQUIRED– HARDWARE– SOFTWARE– DATABASE– TELECOMMUNICATIONS
**11.10
INFORMATION SYSTEMS PLANINFORMATION SYSTEMS PLAN
5. MANAGEMENT STRATEGY5. MANAGEMENT STRATEGY• ACQUISITION PLANSACQUISITION PLANS• MILESTONES & TIMINGMILESTONES & TIMING• ORGANIZATIONAL REALIGNMENTORGANIZATIONAL REALIGNMENT• INTERNAL REORGANIZATIONINTERNAL REORGANIZATION• MANAGEMENT CONTROLSMANAGEMENT CONTROLS• MAJOR TRAINING INITIATIVESMAJOR TRAINING INITIATIVES• PERSONNEL STRATEGYPERSONNEL STRATEGY
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IMPROVING INFORMATION IMPROVING INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY OUTCOMESTECHNOLOGY OUTCOMES
• Assessing Project RiskAssessing Project Risk
• Assessing Portfolio RiskAssessing Portfolio Risk
• Management of RiskManagement of Risk
FACTORS IN ASSESSINGFACTORS IN ASSESSINGIT PROJECT RISKIT PROJECT RISK
• SizeSize• StructureStructure• Experience With TechnologyExperience With Technology
– Within Company– Anywhere
• Commitment/CultureCommitment/Culture
• InterdependenceInterdependence
• Completion IntervalCompletion Interval
PORTFOLIO RISKPORTFOLIO RISK• Where Are You in Your Industry?Where Are You in Your Industry?
– About To Go Under– Major Growth Opportunity
• Management ProfileManagement Profile– Risk Adverse (Willingness to Be Left Behind)– Risk Takers (Willingness to Be It All)
• Timing (How Much, How Fast)Timing (How Much, How Fast)
ENTERPRISE ANALYSISENTERPRISE ANALYSIS(BUSINESS SYSTEMS PLANNING) (BUSINESS SYSTEMS PLANNING)
ORGANIZATION-WIDE INFORMATION NEEDS ORGANIZATION-WIDE INFORMATION NEEDS IN TERMS OF:IN TERMS OF:
• ORGANIZATIONAL UNITSORGANIZATIONAL UNITS• FUNCTIONSFUNCTIONS
• PROCESSESPROCESSES• DATA ELEMENTSDATA ELEMENTS
HELPS IDENTIFY KEY ENTITIES & HELPS IDENTIFY KEY ENTITIES & ATTRIBUTES IN ORGANIZATION’S DATAATTRIBUTES IN ORGANIZATION’S DATA
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• SYSTEMS ANALYSISSYSTEMS ANALYSIS
• SYSTEM DESIGNSYSTEM DESIGN
• PROGRAMMINGPROGRAMMING
• TESTINGTESTING
• CONVERSIONCONVERSION
• PRODUCTION & MAINTENANCEPRODUCTION & MAINTENANCE
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SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT PROCESSSYSTEM DEVELOPMENT PROCESS
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ANALYSIS OF PROBLEM TO BE ANALYSIS OF PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED WITH AN INFORMATION SOLVED WITH AN INFORMATION
SYSTEMSYSTEM
FEASIBILITY STUDY: CAN FEASIBILITY STUDY: CAN PROBLEM BE SOLVED WITHIN PROBLEM BE SOLVED WITHIN CONSTRAINTS?CONSTRAINTS?
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SYSTEMS ANALYSISSYSTEMS ANALYSIS
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FEASIBILITYFEASIBILITY• TECHNICAL:TECHNICAL: Assess hardware, software, Assess hardware, software,
technical resourcestechnical resources• ECONOMIC: Will benefits outweigh costsECONOMIC: Will benefits outweigh costs• OPERATIONAL:OPERATIONAL: Is solution desirable Is solution desirable
within existing conditions?within existing conditions?• INFORMATION REQUIREMENTS:INFORMATION REQUIREMENTS:
Detailed statement of new system needsDetailed statement of new system needs
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SYSTEM DESIGNSYSTEM DESIGN
DETAILS HOW SYSTEM WILL MEET NEEDS:DETAILS HOW SYSTEM WILL MEET NEEDS:
• LOGICAL DESIGN:LOGICAL DESIGN: Components, Components, data as needed by applicationsdata as needed by applications
• PHYSICAL DESIGN:PHYSICAL DESIGN: PhysicalPhysical location of components and datalocation of components and data
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DESIGN SPECIFICATIONSDESIGN SPECIFICATIONS• OUTPUTOUTPUT
– MEDIUM; CONTENT; TIMING• INPUTINPUT
– ORIGINS; FLOW; DATA ENTRY• USER INTERFACEUSER INTERFACE
– SIMPLICITY; EFFICIENCY; LOGIC– FEEDBACK; ERRORS
• DATABASE DESIGNDATABASE DESIGN– LOGICAL DATA RELATIONS– VOLUME, SPEED REQUIREMENTS– FILE ORGANIZATION & DESIGN– RECORD SPECIFICATIONS
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• PROCESSINGPROCESSING– COMPUTATIONS– PROGRAM MODULES– REQUIRED REPORTS– TIMING OF OUTPUTS
• MANUAL PROCEDURESMANUAL PROCEDURES– WHAT ACTIVITIES– WHO PERFORMS THEM– HOW– WHERE
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DESIGN SPECIFICATIONSDESIGN SPECIFICATIONS
• CONTROLSCONTROLS
– INPUT
– PROCESSING
– OUTPUT
– PROCEDURAL
• SECURITYSECURITY
– ACCESS CONTROLS
– CATASTROPHE PLANS
– AUDIT TRAILS
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DESIGN SPECIFICATIONSDESIGN SPECIFICATIONS
• CONVERSIONCONVERSION
– TRANSFER FILES
– INITIATE NEW PROCEDURES
– SELECT TESTING MODULES
– CUT OVER TO NEW SYSTEM
• TRAININGTRAINING
– SELECT TRAINING TECHNIQUES
– DEVELOP TRAINING MODULES
– IDENTIFY TRAINING FACILITIES
• ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGESORGANIZATIONAL CHANGES
– TASK REDESIGN
– JOB DESIGN
– PROCESS DESIGN
– OFFICE / ORGANIZATION STRUCTURE DESIGN
– REPORTING RELATIONSHIPS
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DESIGN SPECIFICATIONSDESIGN SPECIFICATIONS
ROLE OF END USERSROLE OF END USERS
• USERS DRIVE SYSTEMS EFFORTUSERS DRIVE SYSTEMS EFFORT
• MUST HAVE SUFFICIENT CONTROL MUST HAVE SUFFICIENT CONTROL TO ENSURE SYSTEM REFLECTS TO ENSURE SYSTEM REFLECTS BUSINESS PRIORITIES, NEEDSBUSINESS PRIORITIES, NEEDS
• FUNCTIONAL USERS DRIVE FUNCTIONAL USERS DRIVE SYSTEM NEEDSSYSTEM NEEDS
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COMPLETING SYSTEM COMPLETING SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT PROCESSDEVELOPMENT PROCESS
• PROGRAMMING:PROGRAMMING: Translating Translating needs to program codeneeds to program code
• TESTING:TESTING: Does system produce Does system produce desired results?desired results?
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TESTINGTESTING
• UNIT TESTING:UNIT TESTING: Tests each unit separatelyTests each unit separately• SYSTEM TESTING:SYSTEM TESTING: Do modules function Do modules function
as planned?as planned?• ACCEPTANCE TESTING:ACCEPTANCE TESTING: Final Final
certificationcertification• TEST PLAN:TEST PLAN: Preparations for Preparations for tests tests
to be performedto be performed
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CONVERSIONCONVERSION• PARALLEL:PARALLEL: Old & new run same problems. Give same Old & new run same problems. Give same
results?results?• DIRECT CUTOVER:DIRECT CUTOVER: Risky conversion to new systemRisky conversion to new system• PILOT:PILOT: Introduce into one area. Does it work? Yes: Introduce into one area. Does it work? Yes:
introduce into other areaintroduce into other area• PHASED:PHASED: Introduce in stagesIntroduce in stages• CONVERSION PLAN:CONVERSION PLAN: Schedule for Schedule for
conversionconversion• DOCUMENTATION:DOCUMENTATION: Description of how Description of how
system workssystem works
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PRODUCTION & MAINTENANCEPRODUCTION & MAINTENANCE
• PRODUCTION:PRODUCTION: Constant review by Constant review by users & operators. Does it meet users & operators. Does it meet goals?goals?
• MAINTENANCE:MAINTENANCE: Upkeep; Update; Upkeep; Update; Corrections over timeCorrections over time
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SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENTSYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT
CORE ACTIVITYCORE ACTIVITY DESCRIPTIONDESCRIPTION
SYSTEMS ANALYSISSYSTEMS ANALYSIS IDENTIFY PROBLEM(S)SPECIFY SOLUTIONSESTABLISH INFORMATION REQUIREMENTS
SYSTEMS DESIGNSYSTEMS DESIGN CREATE LOGICAL DESIGN SPECSCREATE PHYSICAL DESIGN SPECSMANAGE TECHNICAL REALIZATION OF SYSTEM
PROGRAMMINGPROGRAMMING TRANSLATE DESIGN SPECS INTOPROGRAM CODE
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SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENTSYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT
CORE ACTIVITYCORE ACTIVITY DESCRIPTIONDESCRIPTION
TESTINGTESTING UNIT TEST SYSTEMS TEST ACCEPTANCE TEST
CONVERSIONCONVERSION PLAN CONVERSION PREPARE DOCUMENTATION TRAIN USERS & TECHNICAL STAFF
PRODUCTION &PRODUCTION & OPERATE SYSTEMMAINTENANCEMAINTENANCE EVALUATE SYSTEM
MODIFY SYSTEM
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