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Synchronously operated regions in Europe

1.1 Characteristics of interconnected operation 1.1.1

UCTENORDELIPS / UPSGB

CENTREL

COMELEC

BG/RO

TESIS

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Advantages of the interconnected operation

1.1.21.1 Characteristics of interconnected operation

Opening of the energy market

- Long-term sales and purchase contracts

- Short-term power exchange

Pooling of generation

- Reduction of total generation cost

- Use of scale effects

Pooling of load- Significant equalization effects in respect of system load

Common provision of reserve power

- Savings in primary reserve power

- Savings in secondary reserve power Improvement of supply quality

- Constancy of voltage and frequency

- High reliability of supply

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-60

-40

-20

0

20

40

60

80

B D E F GR I SLO HR JIEL L NL A P CH

UCTE SystemPower exchange (exchange saldo) between UCTE-countries and third countries in 2000

TWh

Export

Import

-4,3 -2,1 -4,4

69,4

0,0

-44,3

-4,0 -3,1-5,7

-18,9

1,3

-0,9

7,01,4

1.1 Characteristics of interconnected operation 1.1.2 /1

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Load flows (night) on 20.01.99 at 03:00 in MW

1.1 Characteristics of interconnected operation 1.1.2 /2

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Load flows (day) on 20.01.99 at 11:00 in MW

1.1 Characteristics of interconnected operation 1.1.2 /3

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Economic dispatch of power

1.1.2 /41.1 Characteristics of interconnected operation

Economic dispatch of power can be achieved by

calculating incremental cost curves for each

generator in a system. The minimum overallproduction cost is realised when the generating

units are operated in such a way that the

incremental power obtained from each unit has

the same cost. The minimum-cost operating point

is easily found by moving a horizontal line up anddown along the cost curves until the sum of the

generated powers matches the sum of the loads.

In the example shown, in going from total output

power P3 to P3, the least cost is achieved when

generators No.1 and No.3 pick up most of the

incremental load.

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1.1 Characteristics of interconnected operation 1.1.2 /5

Scale Effects

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Weakly load characteristic of an industrial company (one-shift-work)

1.1.2 /61.1 Characteristics of interconnected operation

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Weakly load characteristic of an industrial company (three-shift-work)

1.1.2 /71.1 Characteristics of interconnected operation

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Weakly load characteristic of a farm

1.1.2 /81.1 Characteristics of interconnected operation

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1.1.2 /91.1 Characteristics of interconnected operation

Load Characteristic of an Electric Arc Furnace

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1.1 Characteristics of interconnected operation 1.1.2 /10

Representative load curves

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Frequency UCPTE-System

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Frequency histogram of the UCPTE system

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Reliability of Supply

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