Upload
douglas-jones
View
222
Download
5
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
11-2
Chapter 11
Corporations: Organization, Stock Transactions, Dividends, and Retained Earnings
Learning Objectives
After studying this chapter, you should be able to:
1. Identify the major characteristics of a corporation.
2. Record the issuance of common stock.
3. Explain the accounting for treasury stock.
4. Differentiate preferred stock from common stock.
5. Prepare the entries for cash dividends and stock dividends.
6. Identify the items reported in a retained earnings statement.
7. Prepare and analyze a comprehensive stockholders’ equity section.
11-4
An entity separate and distinct from its owners.
Classified by Purpose
Not-for-Profit
For Profit
Classified by Ownership
Publicly held
Privately held
► McDonald’s► Nike► PepsiCo► Google
► Salvation Army► American Cancer
Society
► Cargill Inc.
The Corporate Form of Organization
LO 1 Identify the major characteristics of a corporation.
11-5
Separate Legal Existence
Limited Liability of Stockholders
Transferable Ownership Rights
Ability to Acquire Capital
Continuous Life
Government Regulations
Additional Taxes
Corporate Management
Characteristics that distinguish corporations from
proprietorships and partnerships.
LO 1 Identify the major characteristics of a corporation.
Advantages
Disadvantages
Characteristics of a Organization
11-6
Separate Legal Existence
Limited Liability of Stockholders
Transferable Ownership Rights
Ability to Acquire Capital
Continuous Life
Government Regulations
Additional Taxes
Corporate Management
LO 1 Identify the major characteristics of a corporation.
Corporation acts under its own name rather than in the name of its stockholders.
Characteristics that distinguish corporations from
proprietorships and partnerships.
Characteristics of a Organization
11-7
Separate Legal Existence
Limited Liability of Stockholders
Transferable Ownership Rights
Ability to Acquire Capital
Continuous Life
Government Regulations
Additional Taxes
Corporate Management
LO 1 Identify the major characteristics of a corporation.
Limited to their investment.
Characteristics that distinguish corporations from
proprietorships and partnerships.
Characteristics of a Organization
11-8
Separate Legal Existence
Limited Liability of Stockholders
Transferable Ownership Rights
Ability to Acquire Capital
Continuous Life
Government Regulations
Additional Taxes
Corporate Management
LO 1 Identify the major characteristics of a corporation.
Shareholders may sell their stock.
Characteristics that distinguish corporations from
proprietorships and partnerships.
Characteristics of a Organization
11-9
Separate Legal Existence
Limited Liability of Stockholders
Transferable Ownership Rights
Ability to Acquire Capital
Continuous Life
Government Regulations
Additional Taxes
Corporate Management
LO 1 Identify the major characteristics of a corporation.
Corporation can obtain capital through the issuance of stock.
Characteristics that distinguish corporations from
proprietorships and partnerships.
Characteristics of a Organization
11-10
Separate Legal Existence
Limited Liability of Stockholders
Transferable Ownership Rights
Ability to Acquire Capital
Continuous Life
Government Regulations
Additional Taxes
Corporate Management
LO 1 Identify the major characteristics of a corporation.
Continuance as a going concern is not affected by the withdrawal, death, or incapacity of a stockholder, employee, or officer.
Characteristics that distinguish corporations from
proprietorships and partnerships.
Characteristics of a Organization
11-11
Separate Legal Existence
Limited Liability of Stockholders
Transferable Ownership Rights
Ability to Acquire Capital
Continuous Life
Government Regulations
Additional Taxes
Corporate Management
LO 1 Identify the major characteristics of a corporation.
Characteristics that distinguish corporations from
proprietorships and partnerships.
Characteristics of a Organization
11-12
Separate Legal Existence
Limited Liability of Stockholders
Transferable Ownership Rights
Ability to Acquire Capital
Continuous Life
Government Regulations
Additional Taxes
Corporate Management
LO 1 Identify the major characteristics of a corporation.
Corporations pay income taxes as a separate legal entity and in addition, stockholders pay taxes on cash dividends.
Characteristics that distinguish corporations from
proprietorships and partnerships.
Characteristics of a Organization
11-13
Separate Legal Existence
Limited Liability of Stockholders
Transferable Ownership Rights
Ability to Acquire Capital
Continuous Life
Government Regulations
Additional Taxes
Corporate Management
LO 1 Identify the major characteristics of a corporation.
Separation of ownership and management prevents owners from having an active role in managing the company.
Characteristics that distinguish corporations from
proprietorships and partnerships.
Characteristics of a Organization
11-14 LO 1 Identify the major characteristics of a corporation.
Stockholders
Chairman and Board of Directors
President andChief Executive
Officer
General Counsel and
Secretary
Vice PresidentMarketing
Vice PresidentFinance/Chief
Financial Officer
Vice PresidentOperations
Vice PresidentHuman
Resources
Treasurer Controller
Illustration 11-1 Corporation organization chart
Characteristics of a Organization
11-15
Formed by grant of a state charter.
Corporation develops by-laws.
Initial Steps:
LO 1 Identify the major characteristics of a corporation.
Companies generally incorporate in a state whose laws are
favorable to the corporate form of business (Delaware, New
Jersey).
Corporations expense organization costs as incurred.
Forming a Corporation
11-17
1. Vote in election of board of directors and on actions that require stockholder approval.
Stockholders have the right to:
LO 1 Identify the major characteristics of a corporation.
2. Share the corporate earnings through receipt of dividends.
Illustration 11-3
Ownership Rights of Stockholders
11-18
3. Keep the same percentage ownership when new shares of stock are issued (preemptive right*).
LO 1 Identify the major characteristics of a corporation.
* A number of companies have eliminated the preemptive right.
Illustration 11-3
Ownership Rights of Stockholders
Stockholders have the right to:
11-19
4. Share in assets upon liquidation in proportion to their holdings. This is called a residual claim.
LO 1 Identify the major characteristics of a corporation.
Illustration 11-3
Ownership Rights of Stockholders
Stockholders have the right to:
11-20 LO 1
Class A COMMON STOCK
Class A COMMON STOCK
PAR VALUE $1 PER SHARE
PAR VALUE $1 PER SHARE
Stock CertificateStock Certificate
Name of corporation
Stockholder’s name
Class
Shares
Signature of corporate official
PrenumberedIllustration 11-4
Ownership Rights of Stockholders
11-21 LO 1 Identify the major characteristics of a corporation.
Charter indicates the amount of stock that a corporation
is authorized to sell.
Number of authorized shares is often reported in the
stockholders’ equity section.
Authorized Stock
Stock Issue Considerations
11-22 LO 1 Identify the major characteristics of a corporation.
Corporation can issue common stock directly to investors
or indirectly through an investment banking firm.
Factors in setting price for a new issue of stock:
1. Company’s anticipated future earnings.
2. Expected dividend rate per share.
3. Current financial position.
4. Current state of the economy.
5. Current state of the securities market.
Issuance of Stock
Stock Issue Considerations
11-23 LO 1 Identify the major characteristics of a corporation.
Stock of publicly held companies is traded on organized
exchanges.
Interaction between buyers and sellers determines the
prices per share.
Prices tend to follow the trend of a company’s earnings and
dividends.
Factors beyond a company’s control, may cause day-to-
day fluctuations in market prices.
Market Value of Stock
Stock Issue Considerations
11-25 LO 1 Identify the major characteristics of a corporation.
Years ago, par value determined the legal capital per
share that a company must retain in the business for the
protection of corporate creditors.
Today many states do not require a par value.
No-par value stock is quite common today.
In many states the board of directors assigns a stated
value to no-par shares.
Par and No-Par Value Stock
Stock Issue Considerations
11-26
Paid-in CapitalPaid-in CapitalPaid-in CapitalPaid-in Capital
Retained EarningsRetained EarningsAccountAccount
Retained EarningsRetained EarningsAccountAccount
Paid-in Capital in Paid-in Capital in Excess of ParExcess of Par
AccountAccount
Paid-in Capital in Paid-in Capital in Excess of ParExcess of Par
AccountAccount
Two Primary Sources of
Equity
Common StockCommon StockAccountAccount
Common StockCommon StockAccountAccount
Preferred StockPreferred StockAccountAccount
Preferred StockPreferred StockAccountAccount
Paid-in capital is the total amount of cash and other assets paid in to the corporation by stockholders in exchange for capital stock.
Corporate Capital
LO 1 Identify the major characteristics of a corporation.
11-27
Paid-in CapitalPaid-in CapitalPaid-in CapitalPaid-in Capital
Retained EarningsRetained EarningsAccountAccount
Retained EarningsRetained EarningsAccountAccount
Two Primary Sources of
Equity
Common StockCommon StockAccountAccount
Common StockCommon StockAccountAccount
Preferred StockPreferred StockAccountAccount
Preferred StockPreferred StockAccountAccount
Retained earnings is net income that a corporation retains for future use.
Corporate Capital
LO 1 Identify the major characteristics of a corporation.
Paid-in Capital in Paid-in Capital in Excess of ParExcess of Par
AccountAccount
Paid-in Capital in Paid-in Capital in Excess of ParExcess of Par
AccountAccount
11-28
Comparison of the owners’ equity (stockholders’ equity)
accounts reported on a balance sheet for a proprietorship,
and a corporation.
Illustration 11-6
Corporate Capital
LO 1 Identify the major characteristics of a corporation.
11-30
Primary objectives:
1) Identify the specific sources of paid-in capital.
2) Maintain the distinction between paid-in capital and
retained earnings.
LO 2 Record the issuance of common stock.
Other than consideration received, the issuance
of common stock affects only paid-in capital
accounts.
Accounting for Common Stock Issues
11-31
Illustration: Assume that Hydro-Slide, Inc. issues 2,000 shares of $1 par value common stock. Prepare Hydro-Slide’s journal entry if (a) 1,000 share are issued for $1 per share, and (b) 1,000 shares are issued for $5 per share.
Cash 1,000
Common stock (1,000 x $1)
1,000Cash 5,000
Common stock (1,000 x $1)
1,000Paid-in capital in excess of par value
4,000
a)
b)
LO 2 Record the issuance of common stock.
Accounting for Common Stock Issues
Issuing Par Value Common Stock for Cash
11-32 LO 2 Record the issuance of common stock.
Illustration 11-7
Accounting for Common Stock Issues
11-33
Illustration: Assume that instead of $1 par value stock, Hydro-Slide, Inc. has $5 stated value no-par stock and the company issues 5,000 shares at $8 per share for cash.
Cash 40,000
Common stock
25,000
Paid-in capital in excess of stated value
15,000
LO 2 Record the issuance of common stock.
Accounting for Common Stock Issues
Issuing No-Par Common Stock for Cash
11-34
Illustration: What happens when no-par stock does not have a stated value?
Cash 40,000
Common stock
40,000
LO 2 Record the issuance of common stock.
Accounting for Common Stock Issues
Issuing No-Par Common Stock for Cash
11-35
Corporations also may issue stock for:
Services (attorneys or consultants).
Noncash assets (land, buildings, and equipment).
LO 2 Record the issuance of common stock.
Cost is either the fair market value of the consideration given up, or the fair market value of the consideration received, whichever is more clearly determinable.
Accounting for Common Stock Issues
Issuing Common Stock for Services or Noncash Assets
11-36
Illustration: Attorneys have helped Jordan Company incorporate. They have billed the company $5,000 for their services. They agree to accept 4,000 shares of $1 par value common stock in payment of their bill. At the time of the exchange, there is no established market price for the stock. Prepare the journal entry for this transaction.
Organizational expense 5,000
Common stock (4,000 x $1) 4,000
Paid-in capital in excess of par 1,000
LO 2 Record the issuance of common stock.
Accounting for Common Stock Issues
11-37
Illustration: Athletic Research Inc. is an existing publicly held corporation. Its $5 par value stock is actively traded at $8 per share. The company issues 10,000 shares of stock to acquire land recently advertised for sale at $90,000. Prepare the journal entry for this transaction.
Land (10,000 x $8) 80,000
Common stock (10,000 x $5) 50,000
Paid-in capital in excess of par 30,000
LO 2 Record the issuance of common stock.
Accounting for Common Stock Issues
11-38
Total take: $1.7 million
ANATOMY OF A FRAUD
The president, chief operating officer, and chief financial officer of SafeNet, a software encryption company, were each awarded employee stock options by the company’s board of directors as part of their compensation package. Stock options enable an employee to buy a company’s stock sometime in the future at the price that existed when the stock option was awarded. For example, suppose that you received stock options today, when the stock price of your company was $30. Three years later, if the stock price rose to $100, you could “exercise” your options and buy the stock for $30 per share, thereby making $70 per share. After being awarded their stock options, the three employees changed the award dates in the company’s records to dates in the past, when the company’s stock was trading at historical lows. For example, using the previous example, they would choose a past date when the stock was selling for $10 per share, rather than the $30 price on the actual award date. In our example, this would increase the profit from exercising the options to $90 per share.
The Missing Control
Independent internal verification. The company’s board of directors should have ensured that the awards were properly administered. For example, the date on the minutes from the board meeting could be compared to the dates that were recorded for the awards. In addition, the dates should again be confirmed upon exercise.
11-39
Paid-in CapitalPaid-in CapitalPaid-in CapitalPaid-in Capital
Retained EarningsRetained EarningsAccountAccount
Retained EarningsRetained EarningsAccountAccount
Paid-in Capital in Paid-in Capital in Excess of ParExcess of Par
AccountAccount
Paid-in Capital in Paid-in Capital in Excess of ParExcess of Par
AccountAccount
Less:Less:Treasury StockTreasury Stock
Account
Less:Less:Treasury StockTreasury Stock
Account
Two Primary Sources of
Equity
Common StockCommon StockAccountAccount
Common StockCommon StockAccountAccount
Preferred StockPreferred StockAccountAccount
Preferred StockPreferred StockAccountAccount
LO 3 Explain the accounting for treasury stock.
Accounting for Treasury Stock
11-40
Treasury stock - corporation’s own stock that it has
reacquired from shareholders, but not retired.
Corporations purchase their outstanding stock:
1. To reissue the shares to officers and employees under
bonus and stock compensation plans.
2. To enhance the stock’s market value.
3. To have additional shares available for use in the acquisition
of other companies.
4. To increase earnings per share.
LO 3 Explain the accounting for treasury stock.
Accounting for Treasury Stock
11-41
Purchase of Treasury Stock
Debit Treasury Stock for the price paid to reacquire the
shares.
Treasury stock is a contra stockholders’ equity
account, not an asset.
Purchase of treasury stock reduces stockholders’
equity.
LO 3 Explain the accounting for treasury stock.
Accounting for Treasury Stock
11-42
Treasury stock (4,000 x $8) 32,000
Cash 32,000
Illustration: On February 1, 2014, Mead acquires 4,000 shares of its stock at $8 per share.
LO 3 Explain the accounting for treasury stock.
Illustration 11-8
Accounting for Treasury Stock
11-43 LO 3 Explain the accounting for treasury stock.
Stockholders’ Equity with Treasury stock
Both the number of shares issued (100,000), outstanding (96,000), and the number of shares held as treasury (4,000) are disclosed.
Illustration 11-9
Accounting for Treasury Stock
11-45
Sale of Treasury Stock
Above Cost
Below Cost
Both increase total assets and stockholders’ equity.
LO 3 Explain the accounting for treasury stock.
Accounting for Treasury Stock
Disposal of Treasury Stock
11-46
Treasury stock
8,000
Illustration: On July 1, Mead sells for $10 per share 1,000
shares of its treasury stock, previously acquired at $8 per share.
LO 3 Explain the accounting for treasury stock.
July 1
Paid-in capital treasury stock
2,000
Cash 10,000
A corporation does not realize a gain or suffer a loss from stock transactions with its own stockholders.
Accounting for Treasury Stock Above Cost
11-47
Paid-in capital treasury stock 800
Illustration: On Oct. 1, Mead sells an additional 800 shares of
treasury stock at $7 per share.
LO 3 Explain the accounting for treasury stock.
Oct. 1
Treasury stock
6,400
Cash 5,600
Accounting for Treasury Stock Below Cost
Illustration 11-10
11-48
Paid-in capital treasury stock 1,200
Illustration: On Dec. 1, assume that Mead, Inc. sells its
remaining 2,200 shares at $7 per share.
LO 3 Explain the accounting for treasury stock.
Dec. 1
Retained earnings 1,000
Cash 15,400
Treasury stock
17,600
Limited to
balance on hand
Accounting for Treasury Stock Below Cost
11-49
Features often associated with preferred stock.
1. Preference as to dividends.
2. Preference as to assets in liquidation.
3. Nonvoting.
LO 4 Differentiate preferred stock from common stock.
Accounting for preferred stock at issuance is similar to that for common stock.
Accounting for Preferred Stock
11-50
Illustration: Stine Corporation issues 10,000 shares of $10
par value preferred stock for $12 cash per share. Journalize
the issuance of the preferred stock.
LO 4 Differentiate preferred stock from common stock.
Cash 120,000
Preferred stock (10,000 x $10)
100,000Paid-in capital in excess of par –
Preferred stock
20,000
Preferred stock may have a par value or no-par value.
Accounting for Preferred Stock
11-51
Right to receive dividends before common
stockholders.
Per share dividend amount is stated as a percentage of
the preferred stock’s par value or as a specified
amount.
Cumulative dividend – holders of preferred stock must
be paid their annual dividend plus any dividends in
arrears before common stockholders receive dividends.
LO 4 Differentiate preferred stock from common stock.
Accounting for Preferred Stock
Dividend Preferences
11-52 LO 4 Differentiate preferred stock from common stock.
Accounting for Preferred Stock
Cumulative Dividend
Illustration: Scientific Leasing has 5,000 shares of 7%, $100 par
value, cumulative preferred stock outstanding. Each $100 share
pays a $7 dividend (.07 x $100). The annual dividend is $35,000
(5,000 x $7 per share). If dividends are two years in arrears,
preferred stockholders are entitled to receive the following
dividends in the current year.
11-53
Most preferred stocks have a preference on corporate
assets if the corporation fails.
Provides security for the preferred stockholder.
Preference to assets may be for the par value of the
shares or for a specified liquidating value.
LO 4 Differentiate preferred stock from common stock.
Accounting for Preferred Stock
Liquidation Preferences
11-54
Distribution of cash or stock to stockholders on a pro rata
(proportional) basis.
Types of Dividends:
LO 5 Prepare the entries for cash dividends and stock dividends.
1. Cash dividends.
2. Property dividends.
Dividends expressed: (1) as a percentage of the par or stated
value, or (2) as a dollar amount per share.
3. Stock dividends.
4. Scrip.
Dividends
11-55
Three dates:
LO 5 Prepare the entries for cash dividends and stock dividends.
Dividends
Illustration 11-12
11-56
For a corporation to pay a cash dividend, it must have:
1. Retained earnings - Payment of cash dividends from
retained earnings is legal in all states.
2. Adequate cash.
3. A declaration of dividends by the Board of Directors.
LO 5 Prepare the entries for cash dividends and stock dividends.
Dividends
Cash Dividends
11-57
Illustration: On Dec. 1, the directors of Media General declare a 50¢ per share cash dividend on 100,000 shares of $10 par value common stock. The dividend is payable on Jan. 20 to shareholders of record on Dec. 22.
December 1 (Declaration Date)
Cash dividends 50,000
Dividends payable 50,000
December 22 (Date of Record)
January 20 (Payment Date)
LO 5 Prepare the entries for cash dividends and stock dividends.
Dividends payable 50,000
Cash 50,000
No entry
Cash Dividends
11-58
Allocating Cash Dividends Between Preferred and Common Stock
LO 5 Prepare the entries for cash dividends and stock dividends.
Holders of cumulative preferred stock must be paid any
unpaid prior-year dividends before common stockholders
receive dividends.
Dividends
11-59 LO 5 Prepare the entries for cash dividends and stock dividends.
Illustration: On December 31, 2014, IBR Inc. has 1,000 shares of 8%, $100 par value cumulative preferred stock. It also has 50,000 shares of $10 par value common stock outstanding. At December 31, 2014, the directors declare a $6,000 cash dividend. Prepare the entry to record the declaration of the dividend.
Cash dividends 6,000
Dividends payable 6,000
Pfd Dividends: 1,000 shares x $100 par x 8% = $8,000
Dividends
11-60 LO 5 Prepare the entries for cash dividends and stock dividends.
2012 2013
Dividends declared 6,000$
Dividends in arrears
Allocation to preferred 6,000
Remainder to common -$
* 1,000 shares x $100 par x 8% = $8,000
*
** 2012 Pfd. dividends $8,000 – declared $6,000 = $2,000
**
Illustration: At December 31, 2015, IBR declares a $50,000 cash dividend. Show the allocation of dividends to each class of stock.
$ 50,000
2,000
8,000
$ 40,000
Dividends
11-61 LO 5 Prepare the entries for cash dividends and stock dividends.
Cash dividends 50,000
Dividends payable
50,000
Illustration: At December 31, 2015, IBR declares a $50,000 cash dividend. Prepare the entry to record the declaration of the dividend.
Dividends
11-63 LO 5 Prepare the entries for cash dividends and stock dividends.
Results in decrease in retained earnings and increase in paid-in capital.
Illustration 11-14
Dividends
Stock Dividends
Pro rata distribution of the corporation’s own stock.
11-64
Reasons why corporations issue stock dividends:
1. Satisfy stockholders’ dividend expectations without
spending cash.
2. Increase marketability of the corporation’s stock.
3. Emphasize a portion of stockholders’ equity has been
permanently reinvested in the business.
LO 5 Prepare the entries for cash dividends and stock dividends.
Dividends
Stock Dividends
11-65
Small stock dividend (less than 20–25% of the corporation’s issued stock, recorded at fair market value)
Large stock dividend (greater than 20–25% of issued stock, recorded at par value)
LO 5 Prepare the entries for cash dividends and stock dividends.
* Accounting based on the assumption that a small stock dividend will have little effect on the market price of the outstanding shares.
*
Dividends
Stock Dividends
11-66
10% stock dividend is declared
Stock dividends (50,000 x 10% x $15) 75,000Common stock dividends distributable 50,000Paid-in capital in excess of par value 25,000
Stock issued
Common stock dividends distributable 50,000Common stock (50,000 x 10% x $1) 50,000
Illustration: Medland Corporation has a balance of $300,000 in retained earnings. It declares a 10% stock dividend on its 50,000 shares of $10 par value common stock. The current fair market value of its stock is $15 per share.
LO 5 Prepare the entries for cash dividends and stock dividends.
Dividends
11-67
Stockholders’ Equity with Dividends Distributable
LO 5 Prepare the entries for cash dividends and stock dividends.
Dividends
Illustration 11-15Statement presentation of common stock dividends distributable
11-68
Medland Corporation Before After NetDividend Dividend Change
Stockholders' equityPaid-in capital
Common stock, $10 par 500,000$ 550,000$ 50,000$ Paid-in capital in excess of par - 25,000 25,000
Retained earnings 300,000 225,000 (75,000) Total stockholders' equity 800,000$ 800,000$ -$
Outstanding shares 50,000 55,000 Par value per share 10$ 10$
LO 5 Prepare the entries for cash dividends and stock dividends.
Effects of Stock Dividends
Dividends
Illustration 11-16
11-69
Which of the following statements about small stock dividends is true?
a. A debit to Stock Dividends for the par value of the shares issued should be made.
b. A small stock dividend decreases total stockholders’ equity.
c. Market value per share should be assigned to the dividend shares.
d. A small stock dividend ordinarily will have no effect on book value per share of stock.
Question
LO 5 Prepare the entries for cash dividends and stock dividends.
Dividends
11-70
In the stockholders’ equity section, Common Stock Dividends
Distributable is reported as a(n):
a. deduction from total paid-in capital and retained
earnings.
b. current liability.
c. deduction from retained earnings.
d. addition to capital stock.
LO 5 Prepare the entries for cash dividends and stock dividends.
Dividends
Question
11-71 LO 5 Prepare the entries for cash dividends and stock dividends.
Dividends
Reduces the market value of shares.
No entry recorded for a stock split.
Decrease par value and increase number of shares.
Stock Split
11-72 LO 5 Prepare the entries for cash dividends and stock dividends.
Effects of Stock Splits
Dividends
Medland Corporation Before After NetSplit Split Change
Stockholders' equityPaid-in capital
Common stock 500,000$ 500,000$ -$ Paid-in capital in excess of par - - -
Retained earnings 300,000 300,000 - Total stockholders' equity 800,000$ 800,000$ -$
Outstanding shares 50,000 100,000 Par value per share 10$ 5$
Illustration 11-17
11-74
Net income increases Retained Earnings and a net loss
decreases Retained Earnings.
Part of the stockholders’ claim on the total assets of the
corporation.
Debit balance in Retained Earnings is identified as a
deficit.
LO 6 Identify the items reported in a retained earnings statement.
Retained Earnings
Illustration 11-20
11-75
Restrictions can result from:
1. Legal restrictions.
2. Contractual restrictions.
3. Voluntary restrictions.
LO 6 Identify the items reported in a retained earnings statement.
Companies generally disclose retained earnings restrictions in
the notes to the financial statements.
Retained Earnings Restrictions
Retained Earnings
11-76
Correction of an error in previously issued financial
statements.
Result from:
► mathematical mistakes.
► mistakes in application of accounting principles.
► oversight or misuse of facts.
Adjustment made to the beginning balance of retained
earnings.
LO 6 Identify the items reported in a retained earnings statement.
Prior Period Adjustments
Retained Earnings
11-77
Balance, January 1 1,050,000$ Net income 360,000 Dividends (300,000) Balance, December 31 1,110,000$
For the Year Ended December 31, 2014Statement of Retained Earnings
Woods, Inc.
Before issuing the report for the year ended December 31, 2014, you discover a $50,000 error (net of tax) that caused the 2013 inventory to be overstated (overstated inventory caused COGS to be lower and thus net income to be higher in 2013. Would this discovery have any impact on the reporting of the Statement of Retained Earnings for 2014?
LO 6 Identify the items reported in a retained earnings statement.
Retained Earnings Statement
11-78
Balance, January 1, as previously reported 1,050,000$ Prior period adjustment - error correction (50,000) Balance, January 1, as restated 1,000,000 Net income 360,000 Dividends (300,000) Balance, December 31 1,060,000$
For the Year Ended December 31, 2014Statement of Retained Earnings
Woods, Inc.
LO 6 Identify the items reported in a retained earnings statement.
Retained Earnings Statement
11-79 LO 6 Identify the items reported in a retained earnings statement.
Debits and Credits to Retained Earnings
Illustration 11-24
Retained Earnings Statement
11-80
All but one of the following is reported in a retained
earnings statement. The exception is:
a. cash and stock dividends.
b. net income and net loss.
c. some disposals of treasury stock below cost.
d. sales of treasury stock above cost.
Question
LO 6 Identify the items reported in a retained earnings statement.
Retained Earnings Statement
11-81 LO 7
Illustration 11-26
Statement Presentation and Analysis
Presentation
Note R: Retained earnings is restricted for the cost of treasury stock, $80,000.
11-82
Net Income Available to Common Stockholders
Return on Common
Stockholders’ Equity
=
Average Common Stockholders’ Equity
LO 7 Prepare and analyze a comprehensive stockholders’ equity section.
Ratio shows how many dollars of net income the company
earned for each dollar invested by the stockholders.
Statement Presentation and Analysis
Analysis