1097_LugaresdeMemoria.pdf

8/10/2019 1097_LugaresdeMemoria.pdf

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Angola - Cabo Verde - Guin-BissauMoambique - So Tom e Prncipe

Lugares de Memriada Escravatura e do Trfico Negreiro

Sites of Memoryfrom Slavery and the Slave Trade

Isabel Castro HenriquesCoordenao

Organizaodas Naes Unidas

para a Educao,Cincia e Cultura

Comit Portugus do Projecto Unesco A Rota do Escravo

Projecto Apoiado pelaRota do Escravo


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Lugares de Memria

da Escravatura e do Trfico Negreiro

Angola - Cabo Verde - Guin-Bissau

Moambique - So Tom e Prncipe

Sites of Memoryfrom Slavery and the Slave Trade

Isabel Castro HenriquesCoordenao

Comit Portugus do Projecto UNESCO A Rota do Escravo

2013

Portuguese Committee for the UNESCO The Slave Route Project


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LIBRIA

FASO

REPBLICACENTRO-AFRICANA

REPBLICADEMOCRTICADO CONGO

ZIMBABW

BOTSWANANAMBIA

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TANZNIA

LUSODACIRF

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ETIPIA

ZMBIA

AIL

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ANAHG

A R G L I A

CAR

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MAU R I TN I A

N G E R

L B I A

S U D O

M A L I

A N G O L A

NIGRIA

C H A D E

DJIBUTI

BURUNDI

LESOTO

RUANDA

GUIN

TOGOLEOA

SERRA

GMBIA

BENIN

EQUATORIAL

GABO

SWAZILNDIA

MALAWI

ERITREIA

OG

N

OC

DOCOSTA

GUIN

LATNE

DICO

ARA

HA

S

SENEGAL

MARFIM

SOCORRA

M

EGIPTO

CAMARES

BURKINA

TUNSIA

G U I N

S

O T O M

B I S S A U

E P R N I P E

M

R

E

R

M

E

L

H

O

O

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IC

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M

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M

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0 1000 km

25 W

0 200 km

15 N

020 W 20 E 40

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20 N

20 S

Pases Africanos de Lngua PortuguesaPortuguese-Speaking African Countries


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A emergncia e a expanso da escravatura africana e do trfico negreiro continuam a ser, nos dias dehoje, temas de controvrsia, definindo todavia as relaes do continente africano com a Europa, aAmrica e a sia.A longa durao deste fenmeno de uma extrema violncia, se pe em evidncia a crueldade doshomens, deu origem a diversos lugares de memria: monumentos, topnimos, etnnimos, contos,lendas, mitos. A memria colectiva recicla constantemente esse tecido fundador.O objectivo deste Guia, consagrado ao reconhecimento dos lugares de memria dos pases defrica que falam a lngua portuguesa, o de identificar, de inventariar, de cartografar, de dar aconhecer diferentes tipos de stios: os que podem ser vistos e tocados, sem esquecer aqueles quegraas tradio oral reactualizam o processo criador.Todos os espaos africanos - as aldeias como os caminhos, as florestas como os rios - so habitadospelas presenas do passado, cujas marcas necessrio manter vivas. Tanto as palavras como osobjectos e os monumentos lembram a complexidade da existncia, evocando as condies difceisnas quais um homem vende outro homem, seu semelhante, ou, um homem passa da plena liberdadeao estatuto repressivo da escravatura.Os lugares de memria no dizem, por isso, respeito apenas aos grandes monumentos, so tambmfeitos de concentraes de todas as formas, mesmo as mais humildes, que permitem que o grupo, aregio, a nao ou o Estado, o continente, recuperem a vibrao interna da sua deciso de nuncarenunciar ao que constitui a capacidade de criar o futuro, que deve levar os homens a empenharem-

se na anlise dos percursos histricos.Como fazer sem proceder ao inventrio apaixonado e meticuloso destes lugares de memria? Comoesquecer que graas a esse trabalho da memria que o homem africano se inscreve no quadro dosdireitos do homem, que o prprio sofrimento da escravatura e do trfico negreiro tornamirrefragveis?

The emergence and expansion of African slavery and the slave trade continue to be a controversial subjecteven today, although they define the relationships between the African continent and Europe, America andAsia.Throughout the lengthy duration of this extremely violent phenomenon where man's cruelty is made evident,it gave rise to places of memory: monuments, toponyms, ethnonymns, stories, legends and myths.

Collective memory has constantly recycled this basic fabric.The aim of this Catalogue, dedicated to acknowledging the memory of places in the Portuguese-speakingAfrican countries, is to identify, list, map and give information about the different sites of memory: those thatcan be seen and touched, without however forgetting those which have re-enacted the creative processthanks to oral tradition.All the African spaces villages as well as pathways, forests and rivers are inhabited by these pastpresences where it is necessary to keep alive the traces they have left. Words as much as the objects andmonuments remind us of the complexity of their existence, calling up the difficult conditions in which one mansells another, a man just like himself, or when a man passes from a state of full freedom to the repressivestate of being a slave.For this reason, the sites of memory are not only based on the important monuments, they have to do withgathering together all kinds of things, even the most humble, that allow the group, the religion, the nation, theState, or the continent to reclaim the core vibration of its decision never to renounce what shapes the

capacity to create the future, thereby compelling men to commit themselves and study its historicaltrajectories.How to do so without drawing up an impassioned, pains-taking inventory of these sites of memory?How toforget that it has been thanks to the work undertaken about memory that the African is inscribed within theframework of human rights, and that the suffering borne of slavery itself and the slave trade has becomeindisputable?


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AngolaAngola

1000

1000

1500

15 E

15 S

10

5

20

0 200 km

MBUILA

NAMBUANGONGO

BENGO

KISAMA

MATAMBA

Lubango

Kapangombe

Caconda

Chiange

Namibe

Menongue

Ondjiva

Luena

Cazombo

Kuito

HuamboBenguela

Sumbe

Dondo

Malanje Kasanje

Pungo Andongo

Duque de Bragana

Bembe

Encoge

MPinda

NZeto

Ambriz

Caxito

Cabinda

Belize

Malembo

MBanza Congo

Saurimo

Lucapa

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FronteiraBorder

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Altitude em metrosAltitude in metres

RegioRegionKISAMA100

02620

Capital do Pas /

Capital city/ Other locality

Outra localidade

Caminho-de-ferro

Railway-line

LEGENDA/KEYStios/RefgioRefuges

Embarque/Desembarque/TrnsitoLoading /Unloading / Transporting

ReligiosoReligious

ProduoProduction

Revolta/ResistnciaRevolt / Resistance

(MOCAMBO)Topnimos (formas lingusticas que se mantm ou seconservam apenas na memria)Toponyms (linguistic forms still present or preservedonly in memory)

$

Depsito de Escravos/Concentrao. Barraco/QuintaloHolding bays for slaves / Depots. Shed / Stockyard

Feira/MercadoFair / Markets

Festas/ RituaisCelebrations/ Rituals

CemitrioCemetery

CastigoPunishment

Sites ObjectosDiversos

Classificados, em museusClassified in Museums

Identificados, em depsitoIdentified, stored

Recolhidos, por classificarCollected, to be classified

Barco naufragadoShipwrecked vessel

Various Objets

Monumentos classificados

Conjuntos construdosBuilt clusters

Igreja/Capela/BaptismoChurch/Chapel/BaptismMesquitaMosque

Palacete/sobradoMansion / Plantation owner's house

HospitalHospital

FortalezaFortress

Classified MonumentsM

Construes (casas comerciais, armazns,alfndegas)

Museus da escravatura

Buildings (stores, warehouses, customs houses)

Slavery Museums

Outros StiosOther Sites

MemriasMemories

rvores/BosquesTrees/Woods


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Situada na regio ocidental africana, a meio caminhoentre a frica Central e a Austral, Angola ocupa uma

2rea de 1.246.700 km , onde se sucedem vriosespaos geo-morfolgicos: a faixa litoral, uma zona detransio para o interior, a cadeia marginal demontanhas, o planalto central.Dispe de uma rede hidrogrfica importante comdestaque para as bacias do Kwanza, do Lucala, doKuango, do Catumbela e do Cunene e de paisagensmuito diversas: praias, florestas, savanas, deserto....Com flora variada e uma fauna abundante e rara - apalanca negra ou o rinoceronte branco -, existemreservas naturais e parques, dos quais se destaca oda Kisama, j reabilitado e acessvel ao turismo. Oclima varia entre o tropical seco do litoral, o tropicalhmido da maior parte do pas, o temperado daszonas de altitude e o semi-rido do deserto. Duasestaes, a poca das chuvas, em que astemperaturas so mais elevadas, e a estao seca, oucacimbo, de temperaturas amenas, definem o ritmosazonal dos angolanos.

A populao actual, na sua maioria de origem banta, o resultado de uma histria antiga e complexa.

Situated in the western part of Africa, halfwaybetween Central Africa and Southern Africa, Angola

2occupies an area of 1,246,700 km and is composedof several kinds of geo-morphological spaces: thecoastline, a transitional area giving way to the inland,a coastal mountain range and the central plateau.The country has an important water network wherethe river basins of the Kwanza, Lukala, Kwango,Katumbela and Kunene rivers are the most relevant.

The landscape is extremely diverse: beaches,forests, savannas, a desert With its varied floraand its rare and numerous fauna including theblack sable antelope and the white rhinoceros there are also nature reserves and parks where wemay single out the Kisama Park. It has already beenrecovered and is now open to tourism.The climate varies between the dry tropical climate ofthe coast, the wet tropical climate of most of thecountry, the temperate climate of the higher areasand the semi-arid climate of the desert. There aretwo annual seasons keeping time to the Angolanscene, the rainy season when it is hot and the dryseason or the cacimbo,when the temperature is mild.The present population is mostly of Bantu origin andis the result of complex, age-old history.

2. A socializao do espao angolano marcada pela densidade das bananeiras e das palmeiras dendm.Community life in Angola space is indicated by dense banana and dend palm tree groves.

1. As vastas extenses angolanas, mistura de guas e de vegetaes, foram percorridas por milhes de escravos.The vast spaces of Angola, filled with waterways and vegetation, were traversed by millions of slaves.


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3. O rio Kwanza, via lquida da produo e do transporte de escravos, .desempenha um papel fundamental na organizao dos espaos e docomrcio.Kwanza River, the watery path producing and transporting slaves,

played a vital role in organising Angolan spaces and trading.

4. A vila e o porto fluvial do Dondo foram a encruzilhada que assegurouo vai-e-vem das caravanas negreiras entre o mato e a costa.Dondo town and river port formed the crossroad that ensured thecomings-and-goings of the slave caravans.

Angola foi, dos fins do sculo XV a meados do XIX, umgrande reservatrio de mo-de-obra escrava para asAmricas, o Brasil em particular. A presena portuguesa naregio limitava-se, todavia, aos portos ao norte e ao sul do

Kwanza, s duas grandes instalaes do litoral, Luanda eBenguela, tal como aos fortes e presdios dos corredores depenetrao do interior: Luanda Kasanje, Luanda vale doKwanza e Benguela/ Catumbela - Caconda.As vias fluviais possuem uma grande carga simblica.Locais ancestrais da produo alimentar, de descanso e deculto, foram tambm utilizadas para levar os escravosacorrentados - com os famosos libambos - para o litoral,deixando os caminhos do mato para se lanar nos do grandeOceano, que se tornou, na mitologia local, o grande comedorde homens.

th thAt the end of the 15 to the mid-16 century, Angola was alarge reservoir of slave labour-power going to the Americas,Brazil in particular. The presence of the Portuguese in theregion, however, was limited to the ports located to the north

and the south of the Kwanza river, to the two large tradingposts situated along the coast in Luanda and Benguela as wellas to the forts and the garrisons along the inland corridors:Luanda Kasanje, Luanda Kwanza Valley andBenguela/Catumbela Caconda.The rivers had an important symbolic meaning. As ancestralplaces of food production, rest and worship, they were alsoused to carry slaves who were chained together with theill-famed libambos or neck braces, downstream to the coastleaving behind them wide stretches of bushland, only to belaunched onto the great ocean which, in local mythology,became the voracious devourer of men.

6. Benguela, cidade negreira caracterizada pelos seus quintales,espaos cercados onde eram concentrados os escravos.

Benguela, a slave-trade city characterised by its large yards thatwere fenced off to stockpile slaves.

7. Forte de So Filipe de Benguela: contra o inimigo do exteriormas tambm contra os africanos.The St. Philip of Benguela Fort: against the enemy from without butalso against the Africans.

8. Igreja de Nossa Senhora do Ppulo, em Benguela (sculo XVIII):lugar de cristianizao dos escravos.The churches of our Lady of the Poplars in Benguela (18th century):churches were also used to christianise the slaves.

5. Morro da Catumbela. Por aqui desciam para a costa ascaravanas de escravos vindas do Bailundo e do Bi.

Catumbela Hill. It was here that the slave caravans coming fromBailundo and Bi went down to the coast.


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Vale do Kwanza e Litoral AngolanoKwanza valley and the Angolan Coastline

1000

1500

0 50 km

Benguela

Sumbe

DondoMassangano

Calumbo

Morro da Cruz

Kambambe

Muxima

Porto Amboim

Quicombo

Lukala

Ambaca

Quilombo dos Dembos

Caxito

Cacuaco

Catumbela

LUANDA

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2620

Capital do Pas /Capital city/ Other locality

Outra localidade Caminho-de-ferroRailway-line

LEGENDA/KEYStios/Refgio

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ReligiosoReligious

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CemitrioCemetery

CastigoPunishment






Various Objets



Igreja/Capela/Baptismo

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HospitalHospital

FortalezaFortress





Slavery Museums


MemriasMemories



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Do ponto de vista da organizao econmica e social, oantigo comrcio africano a longa distncia mostrou-secapaz de integrar as propostas provindas do alargamentoe da banalizao do comrcio de escravos. O escravotransformou-se na mercadoria mais procurada peloseuropeus, trocada por bens de prestgio, que incluam asarmas de fogo e a plvora, assim como os tecidos, asbebidas alcolicas, as missangas e as conchas cauri,provenientes das Ilhas Maldivas, no oceano ndico.

From the standpoint of its economic and socialorganisation, former long-distance African tradingshowed that it was able to integrate policies aimed atextending and banalising the slave trade. Slaves becameone of the Europeans' most sought-after commoditiesand were exchanged for prestigious goods that includedfirearms and gun powder, as well as cloth, alcoholicbeverages, beads and kauri shells coming from theMaldives in the Indian Ocean.

12. Condutor de escravo, com colar epulseira de missangas, mas sobretudo comespingarda e cacete repressivo.

African slave boss with bead necklace andbracelet but mainly with his musket andcudgel.

14. Caravana de escravos. Mulheres e homenseram transportados presos; as crianass e g u i a m l i v r e s j u n t o d a s m e s .Slave caravan. Men and women wereshackled; the children were allowed to walkunfettered next to their mothers.

11. As conchas cauri constituram durante sculos a moeda maisutilizada e valorizada nas trocas comerciais africanas. Introduzidasno continente, primeiro no litoral ndico, e depois pelos portugueses

e outros europeus em toda a frica, as importaes destas conchasatingiram nveis muito elevados, marcando as economiasafricanas. Para alm do valor econmico e da funo comercial, ascauris desempenharam tambm um lugar central em rituais ecerimnias religiosas/sagradas, sendo um indicador social e depoder em inmeras sociedades africanas.For many centuries, kauri shells were most frequently used and valued asmoney in African commercial dealings. They were first introducedalong the Eastern coastline and afterwards by the Portuguese and otherEuropean traders to the rest of Africa. Importing kauri shells became athriving business and exerted an influence on African economies. Apartfrom their economic value and commercial utility, kauri shells also playeda central role in rituals and religious / sacred ceremonies and acted as asocial and power-wielding status symbol in numerous African societies.

9. Carregador africano armado e vestido comtecidos europeus.

Armed African porter in European clothes.

10. Instalao portuguesa de natureza militar, situada no interior, destinada acontrolar as populaes e a desenvolver o comrcio de escravos.

13. Africano armado com uma espingardalazarina, introduzida pelos europeus,conduzindo um escravo nu e preso pelopescoo.

African armed with his lazarino flintlockmusket leading along a naked slave whoseneck is clamped in an iron fork.

Portuguese military-type facilities situated in he hinterland aimed at controlling thelocal population and undertaking the slave-trade.


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Instrumentos de ferro destinados a restringir os movimentos dos escravos sem os impedir de trabalhar.Iron shackles aimed at restricting the slaves freedom of movement, without preventing them from working.

18. Os Escravos eram marcados a ferro e fogo como osanimais, segundo cdigos estabelecidos, que separavam oslados esquerdo e direito do corpo.The slaves were branded with hot-irons and fire like animals.The body sites of such brands were in conformity with thecodes separating the left side of the body from the right

19. Ferros utilizados em Angola para marcar os escravos destinados exportao. Esta marcao dava indicaes sobre o proprietrioindividual ou o representante de casa comercial ou de instituio doEstado.Branding irons used in Angola on slaves to be exported. The brandshowed who the individual owner was or the trading-companyrepresentative or the State enterprise

.Em toda a regio, a estratgia dos africanos contra aescravatura foi a fuga: os grupos ameaados nohesitavam em abandonar aldeias, florestas, lavras paraprocurar abrigo onde pudessem estar a salvo da ameaanegreira, organizando vrios lugares de refgiodenominados quilombos ou mocambos, mutolos ou coutos.Foi, de resto, esta a estratgia utilizada pelos escravos dasplantaes de acar em So Tom, no sculo XVI, criandoos seus mocambos, e tambm pelos escravos africanosnas Amricas, sobretudo no Brasil, onde os quilombos dos quais o mais conhecido o de Palmares, no nordestebrasileiro repetem as estruturas aldes-militares daspopulaes angolanas.

All over the country, the Africans' strategy against slavery layin escape: groups that were threatened did not hesitate to fleefrom their villages, forests or farmlands in order to seek shelterwhere they would be safe from the slave trade. Theyorganised various shelters or hideouts called quilombosormocambos, mutolosor coutos(lodges). Indeed, this methodwas also used by the slaves labouring on the sugarplantations on the island of So Tom in the 16th century,where they set up their own mocambos. African slaves in theAmericas, notably in Brazil did the same where theirquilombos one of the most famous is in Palmares in North-East Brazil copied the kind of fortified villages used by theAngolan people.

15. 16. 17. Grilhetas com cadeado, Algemas e Esfera de ferro, com 15 Kg utilizada para impedir a fuga dos escravos.Neck braces with locks, Handcuffs, Ball and chain weighing 15 kg used to stop slaves from escaping.

20. Quilombo de Quipaca, segundo o Soba Quingolo.Hiding-place or refuge, Quilombo of Quipaca, according to theQuingolo Chief or Soba.

21. Quilombo Buraco do Tatu, em Itapoam, Brasil.Fugitive-slave hideout or quilombo called the Buraco do Tat(Armadillo's Shelter) on the Itapo coast, Brazil.


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Luanda: Igrejas e FortalezasLuanda: Churches and Fortresses

AEROPORTO 4 DE FEVEREIRO

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22. Morro da Cruz e Museu da Escravatura (edifcio do sculo XVIII): stio de onde partiram milhares de escravos.

um smbolo da desolao provocada pelo comrcio negreiro.

A capela isolada face ao

mar, numa natureza sem rvores e sem agricultura,Morro da Cruz (Hill of the Cross) and the National Slavery Museum (built in the18th century); it wasthe departure point of thousands of Africanslaves. The solitary chapel in its natural surroundings without trees or cultivated farmland overlooking the sea, is a symbol of the desolationcaused by the slave trade.

Luanda tornou-se, a partir do momento em que osportugueses passaram da ilha de Luanda para terra firme(sculo XVI), o centro da sua presena na regio,directamente associada estruturao do comrcio negreiroatlntico, tendo-se tornado na cidade mtica dos afro-brasileiros. Luanda fazia refluir para o interior mercadorias detodas as origens, que exerceram uma forte influncia nacontnua renovao dos valores culturais angolanos.

As from the moment the Portuguese rounded Luanda Islandto step on dry land (in the 16th century), Luanda became thecentre marking their presence in the region. It was directlyassociated with building up the slave trade across the Atlantic,and became a mythical city for Afro-Brazilians. Luanda re-distributed merchandise of all kinds to the inland areas whereit exerted a heavy influence on the continuing renewal of

Angolan cultural values.

Em Angola multiplicam-se os lugares de memria daescravatura. Luanda apresenta ainda hoje inmeros stios construdos pelos negreiros ou inventados pelos escravos que mostram a importncia deste comrcio secular naorganizao da cidade. Portos, alfndegas, fortes efortalezas, igrejas e capelas, mercados, quitandase feiras;casares e palacetes, armazns e quintales, mas tambmobjectos vrios, monumentos vegetais, locais de refgio,espaos rituais de resistncia dos homens transformadosem mercadoria, constituem a memria de uma cidade ligada

durante sculos ao trfico negreiro.

Places containing the memory of slavery have multiplied inAngola. Luanda has numerous sites even today built by theslave traders or invented by the slaves that show theimportance this centuries-old trade had when building the city.The ports, custom houses, forts and fortresses, churches andchapels, market places, quitandasand fairgrounds, mansionsand manor houses, warehouses and stockyards/holding bays,but also various other objects, monuments of naturalvegetation, shelters, ritual places of resistance belonging tomen who had been turned into merchandise, all make up the

memory of a city linked to the slave trade for centuries.

25. 26. A Alfndega de Luanda e as Portas do Mar. Situadas frente Alfndega, eram o local de embarque dos escravos vindosdo interior.The Luanda Customs House and the Seagates. Facing the customs house was the point at which the slaves coming from thehinterlands were shipped off.

23. 24. Luanda: a Cidade Baixa, comercial e porturia, a Fortaleza de So Miguel e a Ilha de LuandaLuanda:downtown, trading centre and port. The So Miguel Fortess and Luanda Island.


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(C.do

sEnfo

rcados

)

(Terreiro Publico)

Luanda: The Historical Slaves-Trade Centre

1- Alfndega de Luanda.

2- Conjunto Baleizo: sobrados dos sculos XVII a XIX.

3- 6,10,11,13,14,15,16,17 - Sobrados dos sculos XVII-XIX, existentes ou em runas.

4- 8,12,18 - Sobrados do sculo XIX, existentes ou em runas.

do sculo XVII.19,20,21,22 - Runas de quintales, alguns dos quais foram recuperados para outras actividades.

The Luanda Customs House

The Baleizo cluster: 17th to 19th- century mansions.17th to 19th - century mansions, still standing or in ruins.

19th - century mansions, still standing or in ruins.

18th- century palace belonging to Dona Ana Joaquina dos Santos.

Places where mansions once stood.

Stockyards in ruins, some of which were reconverted for other uses.

5- Palcio (sculo XVIII) de D. Ana Joaquina dos Santos.

7- Lugares onde existiam sobrados, hoje desaparecidos.

9- Sobrados

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15/52


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774

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V. das PombasTapumes de Feitor

(Cativo)

C. do Mindelo

V. da Ribeira Brava

V. Sta. Maria

V. de Sal Rei

V. do Maio

C. de S. FilipeV. N. Sintra

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Slavery Museums


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(MOCAMBO)

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17/52

1. Paisagem agreste e sem vegetao na ilha de Maio. O arbustoque se encontra em primeiro plano mostra na sua estrutura aviolncia da Lestada.The desolate landscape without any vegetation on Maio Island.The shape of tree pictured in the foreground indicates the severityof the harmattan.

2. Fortaleza Real de So Filipe destinada a fazer face tambm aoinimigo do interior, os escravos.The Royal St. Philip Fort also built as a defence against the inlandenemy, the slaves.

O arquiplago de Cabo Verde, situado na zona tropicaldo Atlntico Norte, constitudo por dez ilhas e algunsilhus de origem vulcnica. Tem uma superfcie de 4.033

2km e encontra-se a cerca de 450-500 km da costa

senegalesa, precisamente do Cabo Verde que lhe deu onome.Pela sua posio geogrfica, no extremo ocidental daregio do Sahel, caracteriza-se por um clima rido esemi-rido, marcado por perodos de seca extrema, quederam origem quilo que se continua a chamar ascrises, isto , as fomes cclicas que, em certos casos,condenaram morte cerca de 50% da populao elevaram muitos cabo-verdianos, desde o sculo XIX, aprocurar na emigrao as solues de sobrevivncia.

The Cape Verde Archipelago is situated in the tropicalregion of the Northern Atlantic and is composed of tenislands and some islets of volcanic origin. It has an area of

24,033 km and is located about 450-500 km from the

Senegalese coast, more precisely from the Green Capefrom whence it received its name.Owing to its geographical position in the extreme west ofthe Sahel region, it is characterised by an arid and semi-arid climate, punctuated by periods of severe droughtwhich give rise to what are still called crises, or rather,cyclical bouts of hunger which, in certain cases, havecondemned to death about 50% of the population. Eversince the 19th century, they have caused many Cape-Verdeans to immigrate in order to survive.

3. Atrs desta paisagem de mar e coqueiros, Santo Antoapresenta, hoje como ontem, os trapiches e a cana-de-acar quemarcam a organizao social e fsica da ilha.

Behind the landscape of sea and cocoanut trees, Santo Antoshows its waterfront warehouses and sugar mills that haveinfluenced the island's social and physical planning today as theydid yesterday.

4. Igreja de Mindelo que mostra a mestiagem tcnica doarquiplago.Mindelo Church that shows the archipelago's architectural

miscegenation.

Tal como se verificou em outras ilhas do oceano Atlntico,o arquiplago de Cabo Verde era desabitado, razo quelevou os portugueses quando o descobriram, em 1460

com a ajuda de outros europeus, mas, sobretudo, deafricanos, a organizar as condies da sua rendibilidadeque, naturalmente, impunham, em primeiro lugar, acriao de uma sociedade.O interesse dos colonos portugueses centrou-se na ilhade Santiago, onde introduziram plantas - da cana-de-acar bananeira -, contribuio reforada pelos

escravos que trouxeram consigo, de frica, plantas,instrumentos agrcolas e tcnicas culinrias: saliente-seo caso do cuzcuz, que revela as relaes com o Islo, e ainveno dos cuzcuzeiros utilizando as nozes de coco(bindi).

As was witnessed in other Atlantic islands, the Cape VerdeArchipelago used to be uninhabited. This was why thePortuguese after having discovered it in 1460, and withthe help of other Europeans although mostly due to the

Africans started organising work so as to make itprofitable. This naturally meant creating a society in firstplace.The Portuguese colonizers were mostly interested in theisland of Santiago where they introduced crops rangingfrom sugar cane to banana trees . The work was done by

slave labour brought from Africa, together with the crops,farm tools and cooking techniques also from Africa: thecase of couscous should be pointed out as it revealedcontact with Islamism, as well as the invention of couscous

pots called bindiusing coconut shells.


18/52

Farm production was scanty and did not provide any profit.It therefore forced this society-in-the-making to invent

production able to capitalise on the investments that hadbeen made: from the 16th century onwards it was theproduction of slaves destined for the Americas more in

particular, and later on exported to other parts of Africa such as in the case of So Tom in the 19th century usingthe system of indentured labourers. This was what nowcharaterised the archipelago's economy.

A fragilidade da produo agrcola no proporcionavaquaisquer lucros o que obrigou esta sociedade emformao a inventar uma produo capaz de tornarrendveis os investimentos realizados: desde o sculo XVIa produo de escravos destinados, em particular, sAmricas e, mais tarde, exportados tambm para outrasregies africanas como o caso de So Tom no sculoXIX sob a forma de contratados - os serviais -caracteriza a economia do arquiplago.

5. Braceletes de ferro, encontrados na Cidade Velha e datados dosculo XVI, utilizados no comrcio de escravos.

Iron bracelets dating from the 16th century used in the slave tradeand found in the Old City.

6. Dallers, moedas utilizadas na compra de escravos, recuperadade um navio sueco, naufragado na costa da Ilha de Maio, em 1782.

Dallers, which was the currency used for buying slaves, salvagedfrom a shipwrecked Swedish vessel off the coast of Maio Island in1782.

8. O marfim era negociado pelos europeus, juntamente com osescravos, na costa de frica. Trata-se aqui de marfim resgatado donavio, Princesa Luiza, naufragado na costa da Ilha de Maio, em1742.Ivory together with slaves were transacted by the Europeans alongthe African coast. Here, the ivory was salvaged from theshipwrecked vessel Princess Luiza which sank off the coast ofMaio Island in 1742.

7. Panaria caboverdeana que utiliza tcnicas estritamenteafricanas.Close-up of a Cape-verdean cloth woven by using only Africantechniques.

10. Festas de Santa Cruz, na ilha do Fogo. Estas festas, ainda hoje conhecidas por festasdos escravos, realizam-se em vrias ilhas do arquiplago. Mostram a recuperao pelosCabo-verdianos, no s de elementos do catolicismo, mas tambm dos instrumentosmusicais europeus, como o caso destes tambores, para os integrar num projecto

africano.The Santa Cruz Festival on Fogo Island. Today, this celebration is still known as the slavefestival and it is held on several parts of the islands. It demonstrates that the Cape-Verdeans have not only reclaimed some of the features of Catholicism but also Europeanmusical instruments such as these drums and have integrated them into an African custom.

9. Tecelagem da Ilha de Maio que utiliza astcnicas importadas da Europa.Weaving on Maio Island using techniquesimported from Europe.


19/52

Esta estrutura socioeconmica produtora de escravos nopodia deixar de marcar os lugares, multiplicar os objectos,registar as memrias: a toponmia, as tcnicas comoaquelas que permitiram o desenvolvimento da panaria deCabo Verde -, as plantas, os jogos, as festas ou as formasmusicais contm marcas culturais africanas; fortes, igrejas,portos, navios naufragados, construes diversassublinham a violncia esclavagista que caracteriza ahistria das ilhas de Cabo Verde.

The socio-economic organisation based on producing slavescould not but help leave its stamp on places, multiplyingobjects and registering memories: the toponymy, the skills such as those allowing the Cape-Verdean cloth industry todevelop -, the crops, games, festivals or kinds of musiccontain African cultural influences; the forts, churches, ports,shipwrecked vessels and the various buildings stress theslave-trading nature that characterises the history of theCape Verde Islands.

The slaves were able to preserve their memory and theiridentity though toponyms: words derived from differentAfrican languages (Mandinga, Wolof, etc) that came downthrough the centuries and continue to designate places,housing, fortified villages, domestic objects that are used indaily life, gestures and familiar forms, songs, festivities,musical instruments, games and religious rituals. In this way,the African slaves reclaimed their space from the colonists,the slave-traders and their European masters.

Quanto aos escravos, puderam preservar a sua memria e asua identidade atravs da toponmia: termos originrios dediferentes lnguas africanas (mandinga, wolof, etc...),atravessaram os sculos continuando a designar lugares,habitaes, aldeias fortificadas, objectos domsticos de usoquotidiano, gestos e formas familiares, canes, festas,instrumentos musicais, jogos, rituais religiosos. Destemodo, os escravos africanos recuperaram o espao doscolonos, dos comerciantes negreiros, dos seus proprietrioseuropeus.

12. Ribeira dos Engenhos e das guas Bellas. Aqui, existiu uma importanteconcentrao de escravos que, associados populao local, se revoltaram em1822.Ribeira dos Engenhos (Sugar Mill Stream) and guas Bellas (Beautiful Waters).There was a large settlement of slaves living here that rose up in revolt in 1822together with the local population.

13. O Funco um termo de origem guineense que designa as casas cilndricas construdas primeiro pelos escravos e depois pela populaolivre. Ainda hoje constitui a casa de muitos habitantes da ilha de Santiago.Funco is an originally Guinean word for describing the round houses made first by the slaves and afterwards by the freed population. Eventoday, many inhabitants of Santiago Island live in them.

11. Pilo africano destinado a moer o milho,indispensvel cachupa, preparao culinriaque mistura produtos provenientes da Amrica,da Europa, da sia e da frica.The African mortar for pounding maize, one of theingredients of cachupa. This stew comprises amixture of food that originally came from America,Europe, Asia and Africa.


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1063

1021

1392

Sant iago

0 10 km

Montagarro

Cidade Velha

Gouveia

Porto doTarrafal

Julangue

(Achada Bur Bur)

(Cativo)(Jabacouce)

guas Belas(Engenho)

^(Alto Jan Goto)

Zambuna

PRAIA

(Banhu)

(Banhu)

Santiago IslandIlha de Santiago

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Identificados, em depsito

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21/52

De entre todas as ilhas do arquiplago, Santiago , por certo,a que mantm a memria africana mais forte, ligada escravatura e ao trfico negreiro.O pelourinho da Cidade Velha, antiga Ribeira Grande, osmbolo mais visvel deste passado violento. A cidade possuioutros lugares de memria da escravatura, como o porto,onde se encontram navios naufragados, objectos e vestgiosde mercadorias ligados ao trfico.

Among all the islands composing the archipelago, Santiagobest preserves its African memory linked to slavery and theslave trade.The Pillory in Cidade Velha, formerly Ribeira Grande, is themost visible symbol of its violent past. The city has other sitessafeguarding the memory of slavery, like the port where we stillfind shipwrecked vessels, objects and traces of merchandiseconnected with the slave trade.

14. 15.poder branco e o local onde se procedia ao castigo pblico dos escravos.

Pelourinho e Runas da Cidade Velha. O Pelourinho um monumento em pedra que marca simultaneamente o exerccio efectivo do

The ruins and tthe place where the slaves were punished in public.

he pillory in Cidade Velha. It is a stone monument that simultaneously indicates the white man's effective exercise of power and

16. Igreja de Nossa Senhora do Rosrio (religiosa foi escolhida pelos escravos para organizar a suaresistncia contra os proprietrios branco e/ou mestios.

sculo XV). Este figura

The Church of Our Lady of the Rosary (15th century).This religiousfigure was chosen by the African slaves to ensure their organisedstand against the white masters.

18. A Ilha de Santiago e a cidade.Santiago Island and the city.

17. Mercado de Santiago: sobre a calada portuguesa asestruturas comerciais africanas.Santiago Market: the African stalls are standing on Portuguese-type

paving stones.


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0 50 km

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(Bassamar. Pas)

Bambadinca

Fulacunda

Bolama

Cati

(I. dos Escravos)Cacine

S. Domingos

Canchungo

CaiMansoa

Gabu

BubaQuebo

Bissor

Quinhmel

CacheuBolor

BISSAU

DOS B IJAGO GLA SIPUQRA

I. das

I. Imbone

Galinhas

Pta.Oeste

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$

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Capital do Pas /

Capital city/ Other locality

Outra localidade

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Situated on the Western coast of Africa, Guinea-Bissaustretches from Cape Roxo to Cagete Point and is bounded tothe North by Senegal, to the East by Guinea-Conakry and tothe South and West by the Atlantic.

2The country, which has an area of 36,120 km , has twodistinct components: one part belongs to the continentalshelf and has a continuous string of islands while the otherpart belonging to the Bissagos Archipelago consists of about40 small islands and is separated from the mainland by theGeba, Pedro lvares, Bolama and Canhabaque channels.Guinea-Bissau is made up of low-lying land, low plains andswamps and numerous navigable rivers. It has a wet tropicalclimate and is highly influenced by its tides and estuaries thatplay a vitally important role in not only reaching thehinterlands but also providing the transport system: in manyplaces it is possible to go far inland on long-haul boat tripswhich has made it easier to establish settlements therethroughout the centuries.

1. Arquiplago de Bijags.The Bissagos Archipelago.

2. Pescador guineense, de p na sua canoa, face densidade da rede fluvial.

A Guinean fisherman standing in his canoe, tackling thedense river network.

3. Paisagem de Bolanha destinada cultura do arroz. Aqui, a pesca tambm uma actividade desempenhada pelas mulheres.The rice paddy landscape of Bolanha. Here, fishing is also an activity carriedout by the women.

Situada na costa ocidental de frica, a Guin-Bissauestende-se do Cabo Roxo at Ponta Cagete e limitada aNorte pelo Senegal, a Este pela Guin-Conakry e a Sul e aOeste pelo Atlntico.

2O territrio, com uma superfcie de 36.120 km , apresentaduas componentes distintas: uma parte continental com umcordo de ilhas contguo e uma parte insular, o arquiplagode Bijags, constitudo por cerca de 40 ilhas e separado docontinente pelos canais de Geba, de Pedro lvares, deBolama e de Canhabaque.Relevos de baixa altitude, plancies baixas e pantanosas,numerosos rios navegveis compem a Guin-Bissau.Caracterizado por um clima tropical hmido, o pas vigorosamente marcado pelo regime das mars e pelaexistncia de rias que desempenham uma importncia vitalno sistema de penetrao e de transporte para o interior: emmuitos locais possvel a navegao de longo curso para ointerior, o que facilitou a fixao de populaes ao longo desculos.


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A memria da escravatura e do trfico negreiro encontra-senos vestgios construdos pelos europeus dos fortes, aospresdios, aos portos e s igrejas -, assim como nos objectosdestinados a assegurar o controlo e a sobrevivncia dosescravos, enquanto aguardavam o embarque nos naviosnegreiros.

9. Runas do Forte de Cacheu.Cacheu Fort in ruins.

10. Casa do Presdio de Geba, lugar de concentrao de escravos.The Geba military garrison where the slaves were stockaded.

12. Porto de Bissau.Bissau Port.

11. Igreja de Geba.Geba Church.

8. Ponte e Cais de Bissau.Bissau Bridge and quayside.

The memory of slavery and the slave trade may be found in theruins of buildings left by the Europeans from forts to garrisons, toports and churches. It is also present in the objects used to ensurethe slave's detention and survival as they waited to board theslave ships.


26/52

The violent marks left by slavery are nevertheless alsoentrenched in the people's memory and in their speech. Inboth cases, it is possible to find traces left by the slavetrade where in the Bissagos Archipelago, it played acentral role over a period of various centuries: for example,the small island of Imbone in the south was a well-knownhiding place for slaves.Geba, which was a crossroads for caravans coming withtheir slaves from Cantor, Fird and Casmansa, was also

the paradigmatic site of African resistance: Geba, theplace of sad memory is still referred to by today's localpopulation.The memory of the exchanges that took place in the slaveholding-bays is also visible particularly on the islands.Such is the case of Bolor, Escravos (Slaves), Galinhas(Chickens, a code name for the slaves who were illegallysold there after the abolition of slavery) and involved the

people's revolts against the slave traders, thepunishments meted out and the massacres perpetrated bythe European slave traders as well as the symbolic sitesthat took a stand against the slave trade such as Pas.

Todavia, as marcas da violncia esclavagista estotambm na memria das populaes e na toponmia. Emambos os casos possvel encontrar vestgios docomrcio negreiro, em que o arquiplago de Bijagsdesempenhou um papel central ao longo de vriossculos: por exemplo, a pequena ilha de Imbone, no sul, um lugar reconhecido como refgio de escravos.Tambm Geba, onde se cruzavam os caminhospercorridos pelas caravanas que transportavam os

escravos provenientes de Cantor, Fird e de Casamansa o lugar paradigmtico da resistncia dos africanos:Geba um lugar de triste memria dizem ainda hoje aspopulaes locais. visvel a memria das trocas efectuadas nos locais deconcentrao de escravos - sobretudo as ilhas, como soos casos de Bolor, dos Escravos, das Galinhas (nomedado aos escravos que a eram vendidos ilegalmenteaps a abolio do trfico) -, das revoltas desencadeadaspelas populaes contra os negreiros, dos castigos e dosmassacres infligidos pelos traficantes europeus e dosstios simblicos - como Pas - de resistncia ao comrcionegreiro.

15. Pas, segundo a tradio oral, ainda hoje um lugar deresistncia ao embarque por parte dos escravos.Pas. According to folk lore, this was a place where the slaves put up afight as they were forced to board ship.

16. Caldeira onde, segundo as populaes locais actuais, sepreparavam as refeies dos escravos.The cooking pot where, according to folk lore, the slaves' food wascooked.

14. Porto de Cacheu. Lugar de onde partiram, entre os sculos XVIe XIX, centenas de milhar de escravos.Cacheu Port. Between the 16th and the 19th centuries, hundreds ofthousands of slaves left the region at this port.

13. Bassamar, porto de embarque de escravos.Bassamar, the port where the slaves boarded ship.


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19. 20. A cidade de Bissau evidencia a arquitectura portuguesa, aliada s construes e s prticas africanas tambm o caso dos edifcios do Cais, onde se associava o comrcio lcito e a exportao dos escravos.

visveis no Mercado da cidade.

The city of Bissau shows signs of Portuguese architecture intermingling with African buildings and customs as seen in the city Market place. Thisis also the case of the Quayside where legal trading has rubbed shoulders with the slave trade.

17. Fortaleza de So Jos da Amura, em Bissau, onde se

armazenavam escravos vindos do interior.The So Jos da Amura Fortress in Bissau where slaves were heldafter having arrived from the hinterland.

18. Entrada traseira da fortaleza da Amura, utilizada para evacuar,

de forma dissimulada, os escravos destinados exportao.Back entrance to the Amura Fortress used to surreptitiously moveout the slaves who were destined to board ship.

Bissau Island was initially used by the low-ranking ship-boys (called lanados)who had settled there and adoptedthe local customs in the 15th century , and who were busytrading and exporting slaves. This first centre Old Bissau was fortified in the 18th century when the So Jos da

Amura Fortress was built. It was responsible for bringingwith it the rest of the town that has survived in this space upto the present.

A ilha de Bissau foi utilizada inicialmente pelos lanados,associados aos grumetes do sculo XV, para acomercializao e exportao de escravos. Este ncleoinicial a Bissau velha foi reforado no sculo XVIII pelaconstruo da fortaleza de So Jos da Amura quearrastou consigo a urbanizao da cidade, ainda visvelnos nossos dias.

21. Costa de Bissau. Rios e barcos so os agentes da utilizao fluvial, que serve simultaneamente para alimentar as populaes e paraexportar os homens escravizados

.The Bissau coastline. Rivers and boats are fluvial agents that simultaneously provide the population with food and export enslaved people.


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Mogincual

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Nampula

Alto Molocu

Quelimane

Tete

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Ulngu

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Gorongosa

Chimaio

Vilanculos

Inhambane

Vila EduardoMondlane

Massingir

Xai-Xai

SalaiGoba

Marromeu

MAPUTO

1836

2419

1862

24 S

20

16

12

30 E 34 4238

$

$$

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MozambiqueMoambique

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Situado na costa sul-oriental de frica, Moambique, cujasfronteiras actuais comeam a ser definidas nos finais do sculoXIX, possui uma rea de cerca de 780.000 que se estendeao longo do Oceano ndico, desde a foz do rio Rovuma atMonte Ouro.Com um clima tropical, mais quente e hmido nas regies donorte, o pas caracteriza-se por uma grande variedade depaisagens.A sua posio geogrfica condicionou o cruzamento das

culturas e dos interesses dos povos africanos do interior - como o caso do Reino do Monomotapa - com os rabes, osIndianos, os Europeus, e muitos outros que sulcaram o oceanondico.

2km

Situated along the south-east coast of Africa,Mozambique's border started taking shape at the end

2of the 19th century. It measures about 780,000 kmand stretches along the Indian Ocean from theRovuma river delta to Monte Ouro.With a tropical climate that is hotter and wetter in thenorthern regions, the country is characterised by alarge variety of different landscapes.The geographical locality of the country led it tobecome the meeting place of cultures and interests

where the inland African peoples such as in theKingdom of Mutapa - encountered Arabs, Indians,Europeans and many other people hailing fromacross the Indian Ocean.

3. A cidade de Sofala representada como a chave dosrios que permitem a penetrao do continente.The city of Sofala represented as if it were the key to therivers, thus allowing the continent's inland areas to bereached.

2. Sofala nos finais do sculo XVI, imaginada pelosdesenhadores europeus, segundo o modelo grfico dapoca.Sofala at the end of the 16th century, as imagined byEuropean artists in conformity with the graphic model ofthe time.

4. Aldeia africana . A mangueira, oriunda da ndia, assinala a mestiagem da natureza resultante das relaes seculares com o Oriente.African village. The mango tree indicates the mixture or miscegenation in nature as a result of centuries-old trade with the Orient.


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A expanso rabe/islmica na costa oriental de frica enas ilhas prximas propiciou a criao de feitoriascomerciais de Zanzibar at regio de Sofala, destinadasa organizar o comrcio do ouro proveniente do interior. Ocomrcio de escravos e a sua exportao para o Orienteera j um fenmeno antigo que tinha levado criao deredes comerciais internas polarizadas no litoral.

The Arab/Islamic expansion along the east coast of Africaand the nearby islands led to a line of trading posts beingset up that stretched from Zanzibar to the Sofala region.They aimed at organising trade based on the gold thatcame from the hinterlands. The slave trade and slaveshipment to the Orient was already a well-establishedbusiness that had seen the rise of inland trading networkssettled mainly along the coast.

6. 7. Mesquita de Loureno Marques e Igreja de Inhambane. A igreja tal como a mesquita assegura a escravizao dos africanos.The Loureno Marques Mosque and the Church in Inhambane. Like the mosque, the church ensured the Africans' enslavement.

5. Povoao de Mazaro nas margens do rio Zambeze. A imagem mostra uma cena africana, com as casas, a natureza e a presena das mulheres vestidas, queposam para a fotografia.

8. A cidade de Loureno Marques. Apesar da fragilidade urbanstica e arquitectnica, os materiais, as tcnicas, as formas, os volumes dasconstrues revelam a marca urbana europeia associada a elementos provenientes das culturas do ndico.The city of Loureno Marques. Despite weaknesses in its urban planning and architecture, the building materials, techniques, shapes andsizes clearly reveal a European urban influence allied with elements from cultures coming from across the Indian Ocean.

The village of Mazaro on the banks of the Zambezi River. The photograph shows an African scene with houses, nature and clothed women posing for the camera.


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Nos fins do sculo XVI os portugueses, instalados na ilhade Moambique onde recebiam mercadorias vindas dandia e coordenavam o movimento martimo e comercial,visitavam e comercializavam com regularidade nos portosdo sul, em particular Inhambane.Mas foi o Vale do Zambeze com as vilas de Sena e de Teteque constituiu a regio mais procurada pelosportugueses, onde desenvolveram um comrcio activo -que, de forma crescente, se foi centrando no escravo -

servido pelo porto de Quelimane.

At the end of the 16th century, the Portuguese, who hadsettled on Mozambique Island, received merchandisecoming from India. They also oversaw the sea-going trafficand commercial trade, visited the southern portsfrequently, in particular Inhambane, and did trading there.However, it was the Zambezi Valley with the towns of Senaand Tete that were mostly sought-after by the Portuguese.In being served by the port at Quelimane, they developeda brisk trade there which increasingly centred on the slave

trade.

12. Mercado de escravos em Zanzibar, em 1872, onde comerciantesde diferentes regies vinham comprar e vender escravos.The Zanzibar Slave Market in 1872 where the traders coming fromdifferent regions bought and sold slaves.

11. Mulheres escravas no Zumbo, Zambeze interior, espera de serconduzidas para os portos, e exportadas.Female slaves in Zumbo, inland Zambezi, waiting to be shipped out.

9. Vila portuguesa de Sena, sobre o Zambeze.The Portuguese town of Sena overlooking the Zambezi.

10. Porto de Quelimane onde os africanos se cruzam com a modernidade.Quelimane Port where Africans come into contact with modernity.

13. Trabalhadores ensacando e transportando o amendoim, em Quelimane. Fotografiado incio do sculo XX que d conta da continuidade esclavagista que marcou otrabalho africano no tempo colonial.Workers bagging and loading groundnuts in Quelimane. The photograph was taken at

ththe beginning of the 20 century and shows that slavery persisted, thus characterising

African labour during the colonial era.

14. O Dia Internacional da Abolio da Escravatura comemorado no Mussoril,atravs de representaes teatrais que atraem a populao local.International Day for the Abolition of Slavery is commemorated here in Mussorilwith theatrical performances that attract the local population.


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15. Grilheta de Nhangau.Beira, 1950Ball and chain at Nhangau.

In the 17th century, the northern coast of Mozambique fromMoma to the Quirimba islands was heavily influenced by the

Arabs, as witnessed in the mosques located there, and theslave trade continued to flourish under the control of Muslimchiefs. As from the following century, the number of Arab andEuropean slave-trading posts mushroomed. Slaves were

trafficked and sent to the Frenchsugar-cane and coffee plantations onthe Mascarenha Islands as well as toBrazil, Cuba and North America. Thestep-up in trade was fed by inland

slave-trading networks, about which very little is known eventoday.In the 18th century, Quelimane, Angoche, Inhambane, IboIsland and the Quirimba Islands were the main ports exportingslaves in exchange for food, fire arms, gun powder andSpanish silver coins (patacas).Up to the first decade of the 20th century, the undergroundslave trade was still very active and was carried out underdisguise, greatly increasing the amount of indented labour toSo Tom, the forced-labour contracts of the engags goingto the French plantations in the Indian Ocean or to the mines inRhodesia and South Africa thus endowing the violenceagainst men and their exploitation with a new burst of energy.

No sculo XVII, na costa norte de Moambique, de Moma silhas Quirimbas, sob forte influncia rabe consubstanciadanas mesquitas, continuava a praticar-se o comrcio deescravos controlado pelos chefes muulmanos. A partir dosculo seguinte assiste-se multiplicao de entrepostosesclavagistas rabes e europeus, onde se traficavamescravos para as plantaesfrancesas de cana-de-acar e decaf das ilhas Mascarenhas etambm para o Brasil, Cuba, e aAmrica do Norte. Esta exportao

crescente era alimentada pelas redes internas esclavagistasas quais permanecem, ainda hoje, mal conhecidas.Quelimane, Angoche, Inhambane, ilha do Ibo e as ilhasQuirimbas eram, no sculo XVIII, os principais portosexportadores de escravos, trocados por alimentos, armas defogo, plvora e patacas espanholas.At s primeiras dcadas do sculo XX o comrcioclandestino de escravos manteve grande dinamismo e asformas encapotadas serviais para So Tom,trabalhadores contratados para as plantaes francesasdo ndico ou, para as minas da Rodsia e da frica do Sul

multiplicaram-se dando um novo flego violncia e explorao dos homens.

16. Caravana de escravos dirigindo-se para Tete. A gravura mostra aviolncia dos instrumentos destinados a impedir a liberdade dos homens,das mulheres e das crianas africanasCaravans of slaves heading for Tete. The engraving shows the violentnature of the tools used for robbing African men, women and children oftheir freedom.

17. Os escravos enfraquecidos pela fome, incapazes de prosseguirviagem, so abandonados no mato onde sero vtimas preferenciais dosnecrfagos.Slaves weakened by hunger and incapable of withstanding the journeywere abandoned in the wilderness where they would become the prey ofcarrion-eating animals.

0 20 km

Mossuri l

Cabaceira Grande Cabaceira Pequena

Lumbo

Sancul

I. Quitangonha

I. de Moambique

p

Northern MozambiqueNorte de Moambique

Igreja/Capela/BaptismoChurch/ Chapel/BaptismMesquitaMosque


HospitalHospital

FortalezaFortress

M




Slavery Museums

Stios/RefgioRefuges

Embarque/desembarque/trnsitoLoading/ unloading, transporting

ReligiosoReligious

Produo

Production

Revolta/resistnciaRevolt / Resistance


Sites Depsito de escravos/concentrao.Holding bays for slaves / depots. Shed/Stockyard

$ Feira/mercadoFair / MarketFestas. RituaisCelebrations, rituals

CemitrioCemetery

CastigoPunishment



Classified Monuments

LEGENDA/KEY

ObjectosDiversos





Various Objets

Outros StiosOthers Sites

MemriasMemories


Barraco/Quintalo


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18. Mesquita da Cabaceira Pequena.The Cabaceira Pequena Mosque.

19. Igreja da Cabaceira Grande (sculo XVI).Cabaceira Grande Church (16th century).

rabes primeiro, portugueses depois, edificaramfortalezas, mesquitas ou igrejas para assegurar o podermilitar simblico, como se o facto religioso fosseindispensvel manipulao comercial dos homens.

Like the Arabs before them with their mosques, the Portuguesebuilt fortresses and churches in order to ensure their military andsymbolic might, as if the religious component were indispensablefor the commercial exploitation of men.

21. Fortaleza de So Joo Baptista, na Ilha do Ibo. Fortalezas eIgrejas asseguram os dois pilares que sustentam o sistemaportugus de trfego negreiro.The St. John the Baptist Fortress on Ibo Island. Fortresses andchurches provided the two pillars holding up the Portuguese systemof slave trading.

20. Runas do Forte de Carinde em Tete: instalado na margem do riopara assegurar a proteco do comrcio portugus do interior.The ruined fort of Carinde in Tete: built on the river banks to afford the

protection of inland Portuguese trade .

23. Caravana de escravos tardia, 1902. A operao mostra a persistncia das prticasescravocratas, apesar das medidas legislativas que as proibiam.Later slave caravan, 1902. The activity demonstrated that slavery continued to thrive

in Mozambique despite the many laws and measures forbidding i t.

22. Escravo da Ilha da Reunio, oriundo da costade Moambique.Slave coming from the Mozambican coast

pictured on Reunion Island.


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QuelimaneSena

Tete

Zumbo

P. Chaua ro

P. Mutun da

P. Pangura

P. Chipe ra

P. Nlececa

P. Panh ameP. Cabo nga

P. Boro maP. Degu e

P. MassanganoP. Ancu ase

P. Tipue

P. ChirambaP. Sonne

P. Chemb a

P. Caya

P. Gorongosa

P. Chupanga

P. Cheringoma

P. Luab o

P. Mopei a

P. MassingireP. Tambara

P. Uvin za

P. Pond e

P. Pond e

P. Makan ga

0 100 km

Z

m

z

Prazos do Vale do Zambeze entre os sculosXVII e XX, segundo M. Newitt. Instalados no

interior, junto s margens dos rios, os Prazoseram instalaes complexas que asseguraramuma nova organizao fundiria, comercial eeconmica, - distribuio de terras, inovaodas tarefas agrcolas, introduo de plantas demonocultura, modificao de ecosistemas -destinada exportao e aos mercadosinternacionais.The Prazos or Emphyteuses (royal rightsgranting long or inheritable leases of estates or

property) in the Zambezi Valley between the17th-20th centuries according to M. Newitt.The Prazos brought in a new, original kind ofcommercial and economic venture based onland distribution, new farming techniques, asingle cash-crop and changing the ecosystemsto suit, where the crop was exported anddistributed on the international markets.

24. Prazo Quane do Marral, situado na regio de Quelimane (1888).Os prazos instalam na paisagem moambicana estruturas decarcter urbano e uma natureza disciplinada. A produo agrcolamobiliza milhares de trabalhadores com estatuto idntico ao dos

escravos, que desempenharam as duras tarefas impostas pelaagricultura de plantao.The Quane do Marral Estate (Prazo) situated in the region ofQuelimane (1888). These emphyteuses set up disciplined urbantypes of settlements in the Mozambican landscape. Farm

production needed thousands of workers whose status wasidentical to that of slaves.They carried out the most back-breaking

jobs in tending to the plantation.

25. Prazo Mahindo. Distrito de Quelimane. Nesta Fazendaagrcola industrial de Correia Carvalho, a modificao doecossistema evidente e sublinha, por isso, de maneira mais lata, aimportncia dos prazos, na medida em que estes se organizam em

funo das regras do capitalismo, dependente da economia-mundo.The Mahindo Prazo or Estate in the Quelimane district. Thechanges made in the ecosystem on this farming and industrialestate belonging to Correia Carvalho, are evident. The underlyingimportance of these Prazos therefore cannot be underestimated asthey were organised according to capitalist rules and dependent onthe world economy.

Os Portugueses criaram, no sculo XVII, no Vale doZambeze, uma forma indita de propriedade fundiria, osprazos da coroa, que tinha como objectivo a ocupao,utilizao e explorao das terras africanas. Situadasquase sempre nas proximidades de cursos de gua viasnaturais de exportao para o litoral -, estas instalaesque se consagravam a uma agricultura industrial,utilizando mo-de-obra escrava africana, constituiram atao incio do sculo XX espaos organizados, fortemente

mestiados. Os prazeiros oitocentistas aliados aostraficantes brasileiros e franceses instalados emQuelimane tornaram-se tambm activos exportadores deescravos, muitas vezes vendendo tanto homens livrescomo escravos que trabalhavam nos seus prazos.

In the 17th century, the Portuguese established a hithertonew form of landed estate in the Zambezi Valley. Thesecrown emphyteuses (Prazos) had the aim of occupying,using and exploiting African lands. They were nearlyalways situated beside a water course the naturalroadway for transporting merchandise to the coast - andtheir facilities were based on agro-industrial activity using

African slaves as their manpower. Until the beginning ofthe 20th century, they were strictly organised compoundsthat largely depended upon miscegenation. The 19thcentury estate owners worked hand-in-hand with the

Brazilian and French slave-traders dealing in Quelimaneand they themselves became active exporters of slaves,often buying/selling both free-men as well as slaves to work on theirlanded estates.

P.- Prazos


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I lha de Moambique

Cidade de macuti/The straw city

Cidade de pedra e cal/The bricks and mortar city

$$

0 500 m

Fortaleza

S. Sebastio

Ilha de Moambique

Mozambique Island

FronteiraFrontire

EstradaRoute

Curva de nvelCourbe de niveau

Altitude em metrosAltitude en mtres

RegioRgionKISAMA1000

2620

Capital do Pas /Capital du Pays / Autre lieu

Outra localidade Caminho-de-ferroChemin de fer

A ilha de Moambique, hoje patrimnio da Humanidade,situada a 3 km do litoral, ofereceu sempre uma instalaoeficaz aos grupos que procuraram drenar as ricasprodues do continente ouro, marfim, escravos emtroca de mercadorias vindas do exterior.

Mozambique Island, which is part of humankind's heritagetoday, is situated 3 km off the coastline. It has alwaysoffered efficient facilities to interest bent on draining offthe continent's rich resources gold, ivory and slaves inexchange for goods coming from overseas.



HospitalHospital

FortalezaFortress

M

Construes (casas comerciais,alfndegas)armazns,


Buildings (stores, warehouses,

Slavery Museums

Stios/RefgioRefuges

Embarque/desembarque/trnsitoLoading, Unloading, transporting

ReligiosoReligious

ProduoProduction

Revolta/resistnciaRevolt / Resistance

(M OCAMBO) Topnimos (formas lingusticas que se mantmou se conservam apenas na memria)Toponyms (linguistic forms still present orpreserved only in memory)

Sites

Depsito de escravos/concentrao.

Holding bays for slaves / depots. Shed / Stockyard

$ Feira/mercadoFair / MarketFestas. RituaisCelebrations, rituals

Cemitrio

CemeteryCastigoPunishment



Classified Monuments

LEGENDA/KEY

ObjectosDiversos





Objets

Outros StiosOthers Sites

MemriasMemories

rvores/BosquesTrees/Wood

Barraco/Quintalo

customs houses

M


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29. Capela de Nossa Senhora do Baluarte, erigida em 1522.Monumento religioso de estrutura oriental mas, traduzindo anostalgia ocidental.The Chapel of Our Lady of the Bulwark, built in 1522. It has someoriental influences in its architecture although it exudes a certainWestern nostalgia.

Centro da administrao portuguesa na regio, entre ossculos XVII e XX, a Ilha estava dividida em duas zonas: acidade de pedra e cal e a cidade dos africanos, cidade de terra

macuti. Em ambas, mas, sobretudo na cidade de pedra ecal onde comerciantes europeus, baneanes e rabesmantinham os seus palacetes, os seus escravos e os seusnegcios, encontram-se lugares de memria fortalezas,igrejas, armazns de escravos, locais de refgio e de revolta,casas de negreiros que, de forma directa ou indirecta,tangvel ou intangvel, na tradio oral ou nos documentos

escritos, no permitem esquecer a violncia da escravatura edo trfico negreiro em Moambique.

Between the 17th and the 20th centuries, the Island which used tobe the Portuguese administrative centre in the region, was dividedinto two zones: the bricks and mortar city and the African city, madeof macuti (straw from coconut and palm fronds) and mud. In both ofthem, although mainly in the bricks and mortar city where European,Indian or Arab merchants had their manor houses, their slaves andtheir businesses, sites of memory may be found fortresses,churches, slave stockades, places where slaves revolted or wherethey sought refuge and the slaver traders' houses. Directly orindirectly, tangibly or intangibly, in oral tradition or in writtendocuments, the violence of slavery and the slave trade inMozambique is not allowed to be forgotten or pushed aside.

27. Vista do interior da cidade de pedra e cal. Os terraos que substituemos telhados so a marca de uma arquitectura rabe adoptada pelosPortugueses.Interior view of the bricks and mortar city. The terraces replacing the roofsare signs of Arabic architecture adopted by the Portuguese.

26. A Cidade de pedra e cal foi construa graas ao trabalho dos escravos.The bricks and mortar city was built on slave-labour.

30. O interior da Fortaleza de So Sebastio mostra asconstrues portuguesas presentes em todos os edifcios destanatureza.The St. Sebastian Fortress interior shows that all the buildings ofthis nature displayed a Portuguese influence.

28. A madeira, a argila e as folhas de palmeira, ou de coqueiro, so osmateriais preferenciais da cidade africana, macuti, da Ilha deMoambique.Wood, clay and palm or coconut fronds called macutiwere the preferentialbuilding materials in the African city on Mozambique Island.


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1000

500

200

500

200

0

1 30 N

6 30 E

7 00 E

7 00

7 30

2024

1403

948

Pico de S Tom

Roa

Roa

Roa Ferno Dias

Engenho

Roa Belo Monte

Roa Sundi

Santo AntnioRoa Porto Real

Roa InfanteD. Henrique

Roa

RoaColnia Aoreana

Uba Budo

Lagoa Amlia

S. Joo dos Angolares

Roa Vista Alegre

Rio do OuroRoa

Roa Boa Entrada

Roa Sta. Margarida

Trindade

Madredeus

Roa

Roa Ponta Figo

Diogo Vaz

Porto Alegre

Ribeira de Peixe

Praia Melo

gua Iz

S. TOM

ANAMB

(Mocambo)(Mocambo)

(Mocambo)

Ilhu das Rolas

Ilhu Caroo

So Tom

PrncipeO C E N O

T L N T I C O

O E N O

T L N T I O

0

0

10 km

10 km

So Tom and Prncipe ArchipelagoArquiplago de So Tom e Prncipe

FronteiraBorder

EstradaRoad




2620





ReligiosoReligious

ProduoProduction


(MOCAMB O)Topnimos (formas lingusticas que se mantm ou seconservam apenas na memria)Toponyms (linguistic forms still present or preservedonly in memory)

$




CemitrioCemetery

CastigoPunishment






Various Objets




MesquitaMosque


HospitalHospital

FortalezaFortress





Slavery Museums


MemriasMemories



39/52

O achamento do arquiplago de So Tom e Prncipe, noGolfo da Guin, situa-se em 1471-72 no quadro dasviagens portuguesas de reconhecimento da costaocidental africana. A ilha de So Tom, cuja extremidadesul se localiza sobre o Equador mede 52 km decomprimento e 34 km de largura tendo uma rea de 929

2 2km . A ilha do Prncipe, situada a 135 km a norte de SoTom, distando 200 km da costa africana, apresenta uma

2superfcie de 114 km .

De formao vulcnica, como todas as ilhas desta regioatlntica, o arquiplago apresenta um relevo acidentado,caracterizado pela presena de picos, o mais importantedos quais de 2.142 metros de altitude, se encontra na ilhade So Tom.

The Archipelago of So Tom and Prncipe in the Gulf ofGuinea was found in 1471-72 during the Portuguesereconnaissance voyages along the West-Africancoastline. The Island of So Tom, whose southern-most

2tip is right on the Equator, has an area of 929 km . Prncipe2Island situated 135 km to the north of So Tom, is only

2200 km from the African coast and has an area of 114 km .They are composed of a volcanic formation similar to allthe islands in this area of the Atlantic Ocean and the

archipelago has an irregular relief characterised bymountain peaks, the most important of which is almost2,142 metres high and is found on island of So Tom.

1. O Pico de So Tom, considerado o lugar de refgio dos escravos,segundo a tradio oral.The So Tom Peak, a place where according to folklore, slavesused to hide.

2. A cidade de Santo Antnio e a vegetao exuberante da ilha doPrncipe, no sculo XX .The city of Santo Antnio and the luxuriant vegetation on Prncipeisland in the 20th century.

3. So Joo dos Angolares. Uma

Documents

1097_LugaresdeMemoria.pdf