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Table 1 Table 2 Table 3 Table 4 Table 5 Table 6 Table 7 Table 8 Table 9 Table 10 Table 11 Table 12 Table 13 Table 14 Table 15 Table 16 Table 17 Table 18 Table 19 Table 20
Tables and Formulae
W.R. Flook
CONTENTS
Note on conversion tables .............................. . Conversion table: length ................................ . Conversion table: area ................................... . Conversion table: volume ............................... . Conversion table: velocity .............................. . Conversion table: rate of flow ........................ . Conversion table: mass .................................. . Conversion table: pressure .............................. . Conversion table: energy ................................ . Conversion table: power ................................ . Conversion table: density ............................... . Some fundamental constants ........................... . Moisture content, density, etc. of pulps ........... ,. Formulae .................................................... . Base units of the International System .............. . Derived units of the International System .......... . S I prefixes .................................................. . Critical speed of mills .................................... . Testing-sieve series ........................................ . The periodic table ......................................... . The Greek alphabet ....................................... .
Page 1054 1055 1056 1057 1058 1058 1059 1060 1060 1061 1061 1062 1062 1064 1067 1067 1068 1068 1069 1071 1072
1053
TABLES AND FORMVLAE
Conversion tables - explanatory notes In each of the conversion tables which follows, quantities in each horizontal line are equal when they are expressed in the unit defined at the top of their respective vertical columns. To convert from units of "x" to any other, the horizontal line containing unity in column "x" should be used. All values of other units in that line will be equal to 1 unit of "x".
In each tabulation where the number of units is equal to "n", the number of primary conversion factors required to calculate the remainder is equal to n-1. These primary or basic factors are in italics and marked with an asterisk and are, where possible, exact conversions, definitions of the unit or derived from two or more of these.
A list of the source conversion factors follows. The more obvious and well known, such as 12 inches = 1 Imperial foot, 1000 g = 1 kg, etc. are excluded.
1054
1 Acre 1 Atmosphere 1 Atmosphere 1 Bar 1 Barrel (oil) 1 British thermal unit 1 Calorie 1 Carat 1 Foot (Cape) 1 Gallon (Imperial) 1 Gallon (Imperial) 1 Gallon (V.S.) 1 Gallon (V.S.) 1 Hectare 1 Horsepower (Imperial) 1 Horsepower (metric) 1 Inch 1 Kilogram per centimetre squared 1 Kilowatt-hour 1 Kilowatt-hour 1 Mile (nautical) 1 Mile (statute) 1 Mining Claim (S.A.) 1 Morgen 1 Ounce (troy) 1 Pennyweight (dwt.) 1 Pound (avoirdupois) 1 Pound (avoirdupois) 1 Pound (avoirdupois) 1 Pound (troy) 1 Ton (Long Imperial) 1 Ton (short) 1 Ton (metric)
4840 square yards 101,3250 kilopascals 760 ton (mm Hg) 100 kilopascals 42 V.S. gallons 251,9958 calories 4,1868 joules 0,2 grams 1,033 Imperial feet 4,54609 litres 160 Imperial fluid ounces 128 V.S. fluid ounces 231 cubic inches 10 000 square metres 550 foot-pounds per second 75 kilogram-metres per second 2,54 centimetres 0,980665 bars 3,6 x 1()6 joules 1,341022 horsepower 6080 Imperial feet 1760 yards 60000 Cape square feet 86400 Cape square feet 20 pennyweights (dwt.) 24 grains 0,45359237 kilograms 16 ounces (Av.) 7000 grains 12 ounces (Tr.) 2240 pounds (Av.) 2000 pounds (Av.) 1000 kilograms
TABLES AND FORMULAE
An Imperial gallon is defined as 10 lbs of water and the accepted conversion into the metric system is 4,54609 litres. These conditions are only simultaneously possible at 22,17°e at which temperature the relative density of water is 0,997 763 7. Since this temperature is reasonably close to that of average plant solutions, it is assumed for both water and mercury in the pressure table. The relative density of mercury at this temperature is 13,540492. However, torr is defined as 1 mm of mercury at ooe (relative density 13,5951) and under standard gravitational force.
Table 1. Conversion table: length.
Miles Feet Kilo- Centi-
Nautical Statute metres Metres Yards Cape English Inches metres
1,15152 1,85318 1853,18 2026,67 5885,77 6080 72 960 1,85318
X 105
0,868421 1,60934 1609,34 1760 5111,33 5280 63360 1,60934
x 105
0,539612 0,621371 1000 1093,61 3176,03 3280,84 39370,1 100000
5,39612 6,21371 0,001 1,09361 3,17603 3,28084 39,3701 100 x 10-4 X 1(}-4
4,93421 5,68182 9,144 0,9144 2,90416 3 36 91,44 x 10- 4 x 10- 4 X 10- 4
1,69901 1,95644 3,14858 0,314858 0,344333 1,033 12,396 31,4858 x 10- 4 x 10-4 X 10- 4
1,64474 1,89394 3,048 0,3048 0,333 333 0,968054 12 30,48 x 10-4 x 10-4 X 10-4
1,37061 1,57828 2,54 0,0254
2,77778 8,06712 8,33333 2,54 x 10- 5 x 10- 5 xlO- S X 10- 2 x 10- 2 X 10- 2
5,39612 6,21371 0,00001 0,01
1,09361 3,17603 3,28084 0,393 701 x 10- 6 x 10- 6 X 10- 2 X 10- 2 X 10- 2
Original data Calculated data
1""'" VJJ
~
c' Table 2. Conversion table: area. >-l Vl >-Cl'I to
Square feet l' Square trl
en. Square Square Mining Metres Square >-Miles Kilometres Hectares Morgen claims Acres (centare) Yards Cape English Z
U 2,58999 258,999 302,380 435,428 640 2589988 3097600
2,61257 2,78784 'Tj
x 107 X 107 0
:;0
0,386 102 100 116,750 168,120 247,105 1000000 1 195990 1,00872 1,07639 ~
X 107 X 107 e
l' 3,86102
0,01 1,16750 1,68120 2,47105 10000 11959,9 100872 107639 >-X 10- 3 trl
3,30709 8,56533 0,856533 1,44 2,11654 8565,33 10244,1 86400 92 196,5 X 10- 3 X 10- 3
2,29659 5,94815 0,594815 0,694444 1,46982 5948,15 7113,93 60000 64025,3 X 10- 3 X 10- 3
1,5625 4,04686 0,404686 0,472 469 0,680356 4046,86 4840 40821,3 43560 X 10- 3 X 10- 3
3,86102 0,000001 0,0001
1,16750 1,68120 2,47105 1,19599 10,0872 10,7639 X 10- 7 X 10-4 X 10-4 X 10-4
3,22831 8,36127 8,36127 9,76176 1,40569 2,06612 0,836127 8,43416 9 X 10- 7 X 10- 7 X 10- 5 X 10- 5 X 10- 4 X 10- 4
3,82766 9,91358 9,91358 1,15741 1,66667 2,44970 9,91358 0,118565 1,06709 X 10- 8 X 10- 8 X 10- 6 X 10- 5 X 10- 5 x10- 5 X 10- 2
3,58701 9,29030 9,29030 1,08464 1,56188 2,29568 9,29030 0,111 111 0,937 129 X 10- 8 X 10- 8 X 10- 6 X 10- 5 X 10- 5 X 10- 5 X 10- 2
Original data Calculated data
Table 3. Conversion table: volume.
Gallons Fluid ounces Mega- Cubic Barrels Cubic Milli-litres metres (oil) feet Imperial V.S. Litres V.S. Imperial litres
1000 6289,81 35314,7 219969 264172 1000000 3,38140 3,51951
109
X 107 X 107
0,001 6,28981 35,3147 219,969 264,172 1000 33814,0 35195,1 1000000
1,58987 0,158987 5,61458 34,9723 42 158,987 5376 5595,57 158 987 x 10- 4
2,83168 2,83168 0,178 108 6,22884 7,48052 28,3168 957,506 996,614 28316,8 x 10- 5 x 10- 2
4,54609 4,54609 2,85940 0,160544 1,20095 4,54609 153,722 160 4546,09 x 10- 6 X 10- 3 X 10- 2
3,78541 3,78541 2,38095 0,133 681 0,832674 3,78541 128 133,228 3785,41 x 10- 6 x 10- 3 X 10- 2
~ 6,28981 3,53147 0,000001 0,001 x 10- 3 X 10- 2 0,219 969 0,264172 33,8140 35,1951 1000 1:0
t""'
2,95735 2,95735 1,86012 1,04438 6,50527 2,95735 tr1
7,8125 1,04084 29,5735
IJ)
x 10- 8 xlO- 5 X 10- 4 X 10- 3 X 10- 3 X 10- 3 X 10- 2 ~
2,84131 2,84131 1,78713 1,00340 0,00625
7,50594 2,84131 0,960760 28,4131 S
x 10- 8 X 10- 5 X 10- 4 xlO- 3 X 10- 3 X 10-2 '"Ij
6,28981 3,53147 2,19969 2,64172 3,38140 3,51951 0 10-9 0,000001 0,001 I':i x 10- 6 X 10- 5 X 10- 4 X 10- 4 X 10- 2 xlO- 2
~ Original data Calculated data
c:::: .~ t""' 0 ~ (.Jl '-1 tr1
TABLES AND FORMULAE
Table 4. Conversion table: velocity.
Metres Miles Feet Kilo- Metres Feet per per per metres per per
second Knots hour second per hour minute minute
1,94260 2,23694 3,28084 3,6 60 196,850
0,514773 1,15152 1,68889 1,85318 30,8864 101,333
0,44704 0,868421 1,46667 1,60934 26,8224 88
0,3048 0,592 105 0,681 818 1,09728 18,288 60
0,277 778 0,539612 0,621371 0,911 344 16,6667 54,6807
1,66667 3,23767 3,72823 5,46807 0,06 3,28084 x 10- 2 x 10- 2 xlO- 2 X 10- 2
0,00508 9,86842 1,13636 1,66667
0,018288 0,3048 xlO- 3 x 10- 2 X 10- 2
Original data Calculated data
Table 5. Conversion table: fate of flow.
Mega- Cubic Mega- Cubic Gallons/min litres/ metres/ litres/ Litres/ min sec hour Feet/sec Metres/min second Imperial D.S.
16,6667 60 588,578 1000 16666,7 219969 264 172
0,06 3,6 35,3147 60 1000 13 198,2 15 850,3
1,66667 0,277778 9,80963 16,6667 277,778 3666,15 4402,87 x 10- 2
1,69901 2,83168 0,101 941 1,69901 28,3168 373,730 448,831 x 10- 3 x 10- 2
0,001 1,66667
0,06 0,588 578 16,6667 219,969 264,172 x 10- 2
0,00006 0,001 0,0036 3,53147
0,06 13,1982 15,8503 x 10- 2
4,54609 7,57682 2,72765 2,67573 4,54609 7,57682 1,20095 x 10- 6 x 10- 5 X 10- 4 X 10- 3 X 10-3 x10- 2
3,78541 6,30902 2,27125 2,22801 3,78541 6,30902 0,832674 x 10- 6 xlO- 5 X 10- 4 x10- 3 xlO- 3 X 10- 2
Original data Calculated data For mining and metallurgical purposes
W 1 (),Q ...lv..)u
Table 6. Conversion table: mass.
Tons Pounds Ounces Penny-
Kilo- Avoir- Avoir- weights Long Metric Short grams dupois Troy Troy dupois (Troy) Grams Carats Grains
1,01605 1,12 1016,05 2240 2722,22 32666,7 35840 653333 1 016047 5080234 1,568 xl0'
0,984207 1,10231 1000 2204,62 2679,23 32150,8 35274,0 643015 1000000 5000000 1,54324
x 10'
0,892 857 0,907185 907,185 2000 2430,56 29166,7 32000 583333 907 185 4535923 1,4 x 10'
9,84207 0,001
1,10231 2,20462 2,67923 32,1508 35,2740 643,015 1000 5000 15432,4 X 10-4 x 10- 3
4,46429 4,53592 0,0005 0,453592 1,21528 14,5833 16 291,667 453,592 2267,96 7000 x 10-4 X 10-4
3,67347 3,73242 4,11429 0,373242 0,822857 12 13,1657 240 373,242 1866,21 5760 x 10-4 x 10-4 X 10-4
3,06122 3,11035 3,42857 3,11035 6,85714 8,33333 1,09714 20 31,1035 155,517 480 x 10- 5 x 10- 5 X 10- 5 X 10- 2 X 10-2 X 10-2
~ 2,79018 2,83495 3,125 2,83495 7,59549 I:C x 10- 5 X 10- 5 X 10-5 X 10-2 0,0625 X 10- 2 0,911 458 18,2292 28,3495 141,748 437,5 L'
tn 1,53061
C/J 1,55517 1,71429 1,55517 3,42857 4,16667
0,05 5,48571
1,55517 7,77587 24 > x 10-6 X 10-6 X 10- 6 X 10- 3 X 10-3 X 10- 3 X 10- 2 Z
9,84207 1,10231 2,20462 2,67923 3,21508 3,5'2740 tl x 10-' 0,000001 X 10- 6 0,001
X 10- 3 x 10- 3 X 10- 2 X 10- 2 0,643015 5 15,4324 'Tj
0 1,96841 2 x 10-' 2,20462 4,40925 5,35846 6,43015 7,05479 ~
x 10-' X 10-' 0,0002 X 10-4 x 10-4 X 10- 3 X 10- 3 0,128603 0,2 3,08647 ~ C .- 6,37755 6,47989 7,14286 6,47989 1,42857 1,73611 2,08333 2,28571 4,16667 6,47989 L'
0 0,323994 > v, x 10- 8 X 10- 8 X 10- 8 'x 10- 5 X 10-4 X 10-4 X 10- 3 X 10- 3 X 10- 2 X 10- 2 \0 tn
Original data For mining and metallurgical purposes Calculated data
TABLES AND FORMULAE
Table 7. Conversion table: pressure.
Kilo- Metres Pounds! Inches Feet mm of Atmos- grams! of square of of Kilo- mercury pheres Bars sq cm water' inch mercury' water' pascals (torr)t
1,01325 1,03323 10,3095 14,6960 29,8020 33,8237 101,325 760
0,986923 1,01972 10,1746 14,5038 29,4123 33,3814 100 750,062
0,967841 0,980665 9,97792 14,2233 28,8436 32,7360 98,0665 735,559
9,69983 9,82835 0,100221 1,42548 2,89074 3,28084 9,82835 73,7187 x 10- 2 X 10-2
6,80460 6,89476 7,03069 0,701517 2,02790 2,30156 6,89476 51,7149 x 10-2 X 10- 2 X 10- 2
3,35548 3,39994 3,46698 0,345932 0,493 120 1,13495 3,39994 25,5017 x 10- 2 X 10- 2 X 10- 2
2,95651 2,99568 3,05475 0,3048 0,434487 0,881 097 2,99568 22,4695 x 10- 2 x 10- 2 xlO- 2
9,86923 0,01
1,01972 0,101 746 0,145038 0,294123 0,333 814 7,50062 x 10- 3 x 10-2
1,31579 1,33322 1,35951 1,35651 1,93368 3,92131 4,45048 0,133322 x 10- 3 XIO- 3 X 10- 3 X 10- 2 X 10- 2 X 10- 2 X 10-2
Original data *at22°C tat density of 13,5951 & g = 980,665 cm s -2 Calculated data
Table 8. Conversion table: energy
Horse Kilo- Horse British Kilo-power- watt- power- thermal gram- Foot-
days hours hours units metres Calories' pounds Joules
17,8968 24 61066,4 6569874 1,53885 4,752 6,44285
xl0' x 10' x 10'
5,58759 1,34102 3412,14 367098 859845 2655224 3600000
X 10-2
4,16667 0,745700 2544,43 273745 641 186 1980000 2684519 x 10- 2
1,63756 2,93071 3,93015 107,586 251,996 778,170 1055,06 x 10- 5 X 10-4 X 10- 4
1,52210 2,72407 3,65304 9,29491 2,34228 7,23302 9,80665 x 10-' x 10-6 X 10- 6 X 10-3
6,49837 1,163 1,55961 3,96832 0,426935 3,08803 4,1868 x 10- 8 x 10- 6 X 10- 6 xlO- 3
2,10438 3,76616 5,05051 1,28507 0,138255 0,323831 1,35582 x 10- 8 x 10-' xlO-' xlO- 3
1,55211 2,77778 3,72506 9,47817 0,101 972 0,238846 0,737562 x 10- 8 x 10-' XIO-' X 10- 4
Original data 'International table Calculated data
1060
Kilo-watts
0,745700
0,735499
1,75843 x 10- 2
9,80665 x 10- 3
1,35582 x 10- 3
0,001
Original data
Pounds/ cubic inch
4,28669 x 10- 2
3,61273 x 10-2
4,32900 x 10- 3
3,60475 x 10-3
5,78704 x 10- 4
3,61273 x 10- 5
Original data
TABLES AND FORMULAE
Table 9. Conversion table: power.
Horsepower B.T.V. kg per metres/
British Metric min sec
1,34102 1,35962 56,8690 101,972
1,01387 42,4072 76,0402
0,986320 41,8271 75
2,35809 2,39079 1,79310 x 10- 2 X 10-2
1,31509 1,33333 0,557695 x 10- 2 xlO- 2
1,81818 1,84340 7,71040 0,138255 x 10-3 X 10- 3 X 10- 2
1,34102 1,35962 5,68690 0,101972 xlO- 3 xlO-3 xlO- 2
For mining and metallurgical purposes
Table 10. Conversion table: density
Short Grams/ Pounds/Gallon tons/ cubic
cubic yard cm V.S. Imperial
23,328 27,6799 231 277,412
1,18655 9,90226 11,8918
0,842778 8,34541 10,0221
0,100987 0,119826 1,20092
8,40917 9,97792 0,832698 xlO- 2 X 10- 2
0,0135 1,60185
0,133 681 0,160539 x 10- 2
8,42778 0,001
8,34541 1,00221 x 10- 4 X 10- 3 X 10-2
For mining and metallurgical purposes
Foot Joules/ pounds/ sec
sec (watts)
737,562 1000
550 745,700
542,476 735,499
12,9695 17,5843
7,23302 9,80665
1,35582
0,737562
Calculated data
Pounds/ cubic Grams/ foot litre
1728 27679,9
74,0741 1186,55
62,4280 1000
7,48052 119,826
6,22901 99,7792
16,0185
6,24280 X 10- 2
Calculated data
1 ()t:"1 .J.vv.!
TABLES AND FORMULAE
Table 11. Some fundamental constants.
Name Symbol Value Unit
Velocity of light c 2,99792548 X 108 ms-I
Standard gra vity g 9,80665 m S-2
Absolute temperature 273,16 °C ice point
Pi 7r 3,141592654
Naperian log base e 2,71828182846
Radian 57,2957795131 degrees
Table 12. Moisture content, density, etc. of pulps.
Relationship between units of measurement of moisture content of pulps. ·Specific gravity of dry solids = 2,7.
Pulp LIS 070 by mass LIS 070 by volume density m3/kg by mass liquid solid by vol. liquid solid
2,700 0,370 0,000 0,00 100,00 0,000 0,00 100,00 2,655 0,377 0,010 1,00 99,00 0,027 2,65 97,35 2,611 0,383 0,020 2,00 98,00 0,055 5,22 94,78 2,569 0,389 0,031 3,00 97,00 0,084 7,71 92,29 2,528 0,396 0,042 4,00 96,00 0,113 10,11 89,89 2,488 0,402 0,053 5,00 95,00 0,142 12,44 87,56 2,450 0,408 0,064 6,00 94,00 0,172 14,70 85,30 2,413 0,414 0,075 7,00 93,00 0,203 16,89 83,11 2,377 0,421 0,087 8,00 92,00 0,235 19,01 80,99 2,342 0,427" 0,099 9,00 91,00 0,267 21,08 78,92 2,308 0,433 0,111 10,00 90,00 0,300 23,08 76,92 2,275 0,440 0,124 11,00 89,00 0,334 25,02 74,98 2,243 0,446 0,136 12,00 88,00 0,368 26,91 73,09 2,211 0,452 0,149 13,00 87,00 0,403 28,75 71,25 2,181 0,459 0,163 14,00 86,00 0,440 30,53 69,47 2,151 0,465 0,176 15,00 85,00 0,476 32,27 67,73 2,123 0,471 0,190 16,00 84,00 0,514 33,96 66,04 2,095 0,477 0,205 17,00 83,00 0,553 35,61 64,39 2,067 0,484 0,220 18,00 82,00 0,593 37,21 62,79 2,041 0,490 0,235 19,00 81,00 0,633 38,78 61,22 2,015 0,496 0,250 20,00 80,00 0,675 40,30 59,70 1,990 0,503 0,266 21,00 79,00 0,718 41,78 58,22 1,965 0,509 0,282 22,00 78,00 0,762 43,23 56,77 1,941 0,515 0,299 23,00 77,00 0,806 44,64 55,36 1,918 0,521 0,316 24,00 76,00 0,853 46,02 53,98 1,895 0,528 0,333 25,00 75,00 0,900 47,37 52,63 1,872 0,534 0,351 26,00 74,00 0,949 48,68 51,32 1,851 0,540 0,370 27,00 73,00 0,999 49,97 50,03 1,829 0,547 0,389 28,00 72,00 1,050 51,22 48,78 1,808 0,553 0,408 29,00 71,00 1,103 52,44 47,56 1,788 0,559 0,429 30,00 70,00 1,157 53,64 46,36
1062
TABLES AND FORMULAE
Table 12. Moisture content, density, etc. of Dulps (continued).
Pulp LIS 070 by mass LIS % by volume density m3/kg by mass liquid solid by vo!. liquid solid
1,768 0,566 0,449 31,00 69,00 1,213 54,81 45,19 1,749 0,572 0,471 32,00 68,00 1,271 55,96 44,04 1,730 0,578 0,493 33,00 67,00 1,330 57,08 42,92 1,711 0,584 0,515 34,00 66,00 1,391 58,17 41,83 1,693 0,591 0,538 35,00 65,00 1,454 59,25 40,75 1,675 0,597 0,563 36,00 64,00 1,519 60,30 39,70 1,657 0,603 0,587 37,00 63,00 1,586 61,33 38,67 1,640 0,610 0,613 38,00 62,00 1,655 62,33 37,67 1,624 0,616 0,639 39,00 61,00 1,726 63,32 36,68 1,607 0,622 0,667 40,00 60,00 1,800 64,29 35,71 1,591 0,629 0,695 41,00 59,00 1,876 65,23 34,77 1,575 0,635 0,724 42,00 58,00 1,955 66,16 33,84 1,560 0,641 0,754 43,00 57,00 2,037 67,07 32,93 1,545 0,647 0,786 44,00 56,00 2,121 67,96 32,04 1,530 0,654 0,818 45,00 55,00 2,209 68,84 31,16 1,515 0,660 0,852 46,00 54,00 2,300 69,70 30,30 1,501 0,666 0,887 47,00 53,00 2,394 70,54 29,46 1,487 0,673 0,923 48,00 52,00 2,492 71,37 28,63 1,473 0,679 0,961 49,00 51,00 2,594 72,18 27,82 1,459 0,685 1,000 50,00 50,00 2,700 72,97 27,03 1,446 0,691 1,041 51,00 49,00 2,810 73,75 26,25 1,433 0,698 1,083 52,00 48,00 2,925 74,52 25,48 1,420 0,704 1,128 53,00 47,00 3,045 75,28 24,72 1,408 0,710 1,174 54,00 46,00 3,170 76,02 23,98 1,395 0,717 1,222 55,00 45,00 3,300 76,74 23,26 1,383 0,723 1,273 56,00 44,00 3,436 77,46 22,54 1,371 0,729 1,326 57,00 43,00 3,579 78,16 21,84 1,360 0,736 1,381 58,00 42,00 3,729 78,85 21,15 1,348 0,742 1,439 59,00 41,00 3,885 79,53 20,47 1,337 0,748 1,500 60,00 40,00 4,050 80,20 19,80 1,325 0,754 1,564 61,00 39,00 4,223 80,85 19,15 1,315 0,761 1,632 62,00 38,00 4,405 81,50 18,50 1,304 0,767 1,703 63,00 37,00 4,597 82,13 17,87 1,293 0,773 1,778 64,00 36,00 4,800 82,76 17,24 1,283 0,780 1,857 65,00 35,00 5,014 83,37 16,63 1,272 0,786 1,941 66,00 34,00 5,241 83,98 16,02 1,262 0,792 2,030 67,00 33,00 5,482 84,57 15,43 1,252 0,799 2,125 68,00 32,00 5,738 85,16 14,84 1,243 0,805 2,226 69,00 31,00 6,010 85,73 14',27 1,233 0,811 2,333 70,00 30,00 6,300 86,30 13,70 1,223 0,817 2,448 71,00 29,00 6,610 86,86 13,14 1,214 0,824 2,571 72,00 28,00 6,943 87,41 12,59 1,205 0,830 2,704 73,00 27,00 7,300 87,95 12,05 1,196 0,836 2,846 74,00 26,00 7,685 88,49 11,51 1,187 0,843 3,000 75,00 25,00 8,100 89,01 10,99 1,178 0,849 3,167 76,00 24,00 8,550 89,53 10,47 1,169 0,855 3,348 77,00 23,00 9,039 90,04 9,96
1063
TABLES AND FORMULAE
Table 12. Moisture content, density, etc. of pulps (continued).
Pulp LIS 0/0 by mass LIS % by volume density m3/kg by mass liquid solid by vol. liquid solid
1,161 0,861 3,545 78,00 22,00 9,573 90,54 9,46 1,152 0,868 3,762 79,00 21,00 10,157 91,04 8,96 1,144 0,874 4,000 80,00 20,00 10,800 91,53 8,47 1,136 0,880 4,263 81,00 19,00 11,511 92,01 7,99 1,128 0,887 4,556 82,00 18,00 12,300 92,48 7,52 1,120 0,893 4,882 83,00 17,00 13,182 92,95 7,05 1,112 0,899 5,250 84,00 16,00 14,175 93,41 6,59 1,104 0,906 5,667 85,00 15,00 15,300 93,87 6,13 1,097 0,912 6,143 86,00 14,00 16,586 94,31 5,69 1,089 0,918 6,692 87,00 13,00 18,069 94,76 5,24 1,082 0,924 7,333 88,00 12,00 19,800 95,19 4,81 1,074 0,931 8,091 89,00 11,00 21,845 95,62 4,38 1,067 0,937 9,000 90,00 10,00 24,300 96,05 3,95 1,060 0,943 10,111 91,00 9,00 27,300 96,47 3,53 1,053 0,950 11,500 92,00 8,00 31,050 96,88 3,12 1,046 0,956 13,286 93,00 7,00 35,871 97,29 2,71 1,039 0,962 15,667 94,00 6,00 42,300 97,69 2,31 1,033 0,969 19,000 95,00 5,00 51,300 98,09 1,91 1,026 0,975 >20 96,00 4,00 >60 98;48 1,52 1,019 0,981 >20 97,00 3,00 >60 98,87 1,13 1,013 0,987 >20 98,00 2,00 >60 99,25 0,75 1,006 0,994 >20 99,00 1,00 >60 99,63 0,37 1,000 1,000 >20 100,00 0,00 >60 100,00 0,00
Table 13. Formulae. The formulae in the following two tabulations can be used to derive any of five groups of variables defining a pulp or slurry, provided two are known.
These variables are as follows:
1. Solids content
2. Water content 3. Pulp 4. Pulp 5. Relative moisture content
Pulp density Liquid/Solid ratio Fraction moisture
Mass (tons) Volume (m3)
Mass (tons) or volume (m3)
Mass (tons) Volume (m3)
Abbreviation used
S Vs W P
Vp
Pd Ls M
The constants in the formulae apply to a mixture of liquid of specific gravily 1 and dry solids of specific gravity of 2,7.
For dry solids of any other specific gravity equal to D, these constants should be changed as follows:
2,7 = D 1,7 = D - 1
1004
1 0,37 = D 0,63 =
D - 1
D
TABLES AND FORMULAE
Table 13. Formulae (continued).
S Vs W P Vp I I I I 1
Pd&S 1 O,37.S 1 S. (1-0,37 .Pd) 1 l,7.S.Pd 1 l,7.S 1 1 1 Pd - 1 1 2,7. (Pd-1) 1 2,7. (Pd-l) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Pd&Vs 2,7.Vs 1 1 Vs. (2, 7-Pd) 1 l,7.Vs.Pd 1 l,7.Vs 1 1 1 Pd - 1 1 Pd - 1 1 Pd - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Pd&W W.(Pd - 1) 1 W. (Pd-l) 1 1 l,7.W.Pd 1 l,7.W 1 1 - O,37.Pd 1 2,7 - Pd 1 1 2,7 - Pd 1 2,7 - Pd 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Pd&P 2,7. P • (Pd-1 ) 1 P. (Pd-l) 1 P. (2, 7-Pd) 1 1 P 1 l,7.Pd 1 l,7.Pd 1 l,7.Pd 1 1 Pd 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2,7. V~. (Pd-1) 1 YE' (Pd-1) 1 YE' (2, 7-Pd) 1 Vp.Pd 1 1 Pd&Vp 1,7 1 1,7 1 1,7 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Ls&S 1 O,37.S 1 S.Ls 1 S. (Ls+1) 1 1 1 1 1 1 S. (O,37+Ls) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Ls&Vs 2,7.Vs 1 1 2,7.Vs.Ls 1 1 1 1 1 12,7.Vs.(Ls+1) 1 Vs.(2,7.LS+1)1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Ul Ls&W W 1 W 1 1 1 1 1 1 ., Ls 1 2,7.Ls 1 1 W. (1 + i:S) 1 W. (1+ 2,7. Ls )1 ..., ~ 1 1 1 1 1 H 1 1 1 1 1 ~ Ls&P P 1 P 1 P.Ls 1 1 P.(O,37+Ls) 1
I Ls+1 1 2,7.(Ls+1) 1 Ls+l 1 1 Ls+1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Ls&Vp V~ 1 VE 1 Vp.Ls 1 V~. (Ls+1) 1 1 0,37 + Ls 1 1 + 2,7.Ls 1 Ls + 0,37 1 Ls + 0,37 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
M&S 1 O,37.S 1 2..,JL 1 S 1 S.(l,7.M+1),i 1 1 1 - M 1 1 - M 1 2,7.(1-M) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
M&Vs 1 2,7.Vs 1 1 2,7.Vs.M 1 2,7.Vs 1 Vs.(1+1,7.M)1 1 1 1 1 - M 1 ~ 1 1 - M 1
1-----1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
M&W 1 W.(l - M) 1 W. (1 - M) 1 1 W 1 W.(1+l,7.M) 1 1 M 1 2,7.M 1 1 M 1 2,7.M 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
M&P 1 P. (l-M) 1 P. (1 - M) 1 P.M 1 1 P.(1+l,7.M) 1 1 1 2,7 1 1 1 2,7 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
M&Vp 1 2,7'VE(1-M) 1 V~. (l-M) 1 2,7.V~.M 1 ~ 1 1 1 l,7.M+1 1 l,7.M+1 1 l,7.M+1 1 l,7.M+1 1 1 I I I I I I
1065
...... o 0\ 0\
en ., '"' ~ ~ ~ ;a
S&W
8&P
8&Vp
Vs&W
Vs&P
Vs&Vp
W&P
W&Vp
P&Vp
VARIABLES TO BE DERIVED
s Vs W P Vp Pd Ls M
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 8+W 1 W I W I I 0,37.8 I I 8+W I 0,37.8+'01 I O,37.8+W I s I W+8
I I I I I I I 1 __ _ I I I I I I I I I I I I I I pip I 8 I I 0,37.8 I P - 8 I I P - 0,63.8 I P _ 0,63.8 I S - 1 I 1 - p-I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1----1
I I 0 37 8 I v -0 37 8 I v 0 63 8 I I 1 0,63.8 I YE _ ° 371 Vp - 0,37.8 I I I'· I P ,. I p+, • I I + Vp I 8 'I Vp + 0,63.8 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I. I I I I I I I I I 2,7. Vs + W I W I W I I 2,7. Vs I I I 2,7. Vs+W I Vs + W I Vs + W I 2,7. Vs I W+2, 7 .Vs I
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I, I I I I I I I I PIP I 2 7. Vs I I 2,7. Vs I I P - 2,7. Vs I lP-I, 7. Vs I P _ 1,7. Vs I 2,7. Vs - 111 -~ I
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 2 7 Vii V _ V 1 V +1 7 V 1 I 1 + 1,7. Vs I ~ I Vp - Vs 1 I ,. s I I pSI p ,. s I I Vp I 2,7. Vs I Vp + 1,7. Vs I
1 I I I I 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I p _ W I P - W I I 1 l,7.W + P I ~ 1 _W_ I Y!. I
I I 2,7 I I I 2,7 I 1,7. W+P I P - W I P I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 l,7.wl W I W I I 2,7.(Vp-W)1 Vp - W I 12 ,7.Vp-1,1W I I 2,7--VP12,7.(Vp_W) 12,7.Vp-1,7WI
1 I I 1 1 I 1 1 I I 1 I I 1 I I I I 12,7.(P-Vp) I P - Vp 1 2,7.Vp-P 1 I I -E 1 Vp-O,37.P 12,7.Vp - P I 1 1,7 1 1 , 7 I 1 ,7 1 I I Vp I P - Vp I 1 , 7 • P I I I I I I I I I I
I Pd = ~ Pd = ~ Ls = 1 _O,37.Pdl Ls = _M_ M = 2,7 - Pd M = ~
Ls +0,37 l,7.M+l Pd - 1 I 1 - M l,7.Pd 1 + Ls ---______ 1 _____ - __________ _
""' '" er <> -w
.." o
~ j;;' (1)
~ ()
o a 'S. c ~
~ to t""' tIj r:n
> a "Ij
o 10 $: C
~ tIj
TABLES AND FORMULAE
Table 14. Base units of the International System.
Quantity Name of unit Unit symbol
Length metre m Mass kilogram kg Time second s Electric current ampere A Temperature kelvin K Luminous intensity candela cd Amount of substance mole mol
Table 15. Derived units of the International System.
Quantity
Area Volume Frequency Density Velocity Angular velocity Acceleration Angular acceleration Volumetric flow rate Force Surface tension
Pressure
Viscosity, dynamic
Viscosity, kinematic Work, torque, energy,
quantity of heat Power, heat flux Heat flux density V olumetric heat release rate
Name of unit
Square metre eu bic metre Hertz Kilogram per cubic metre Metre per second Radian per second Metre per second squared Radian per second squares Cubic metre per second Newton Newton per metre,
joule per square metre Newton per square metre,
pascal Newton-second per square
metre, pascal. second Metre squared per second 1oule, newton-metre,
watt-second Watt, joule per second Watt per square metre Watt per cubic metre
Unit symbol, where
different from basic form
Hz
N
1,N.m,W.s W,1Is- 1
W m- 2
W m- 3
U nit expressed in terms of
base or supplementary
units
m2
m3
S-I
kg m- 3
m S-I
rad S-I
m S-2
rad s-< m3 S-I
kg.m S-2
kg m 2 S-2
kg m2 S-3
kg S-3
kg rn-I S-3
1067
TABLES AND FORMULAE
Table 16. SI prefixes.
Factor Factor in words
1 000 000 000 000 000 000 or 1018 trillion 1 000 000 000 0,00 000 or 1015 billiard 1 000 000 000 000 or 1012 billion 1 000000000 or 109 milliard 1000000 or 106 million 1 000 or 103 thousand 100 or 10' hundred 10 or 101 ten 0,1 or 10- 1 tenth 0,01 or 10-' hundredth 0,001 of 10- 3 thousandth 0,000001 or 10- 6 millionth 0,000000000001 or 10- 9 milliardth 0,000000000001 or 10- 12 billionth 0,000000000000001 or 10- 15 billiardth 0,000000000000000001 or 10- 18 trillionth
Table 17. Critical speed of mills.
General formula
Critical speed = ±
where g D
Specific formula
9,80665 m S-2
diameter in metres
Critical speed = -42,29.D-V' Lp.m.
1068
SI prefix SI symbol
exa- E peta- P tera- T giga- G mega- M kilo- k hecto- h deca- da deci- d centi- c milli- m micro- /-' nano- n pico- p femto- f atto- a
Table 18. Testing-sieve series.
TYLER A.S.T.M. STANDARD BRITISH STANDARD SABS197
Nominal Mesh Aperture Mesh Wire Aperture Wire To1er- Aperture Wire To1er-Aperture ~2 ~2 diameter, diameter, ance diameter, ance Aperture
in. series in. mm. series in. Mesh in. mm. in. ± % a Mesh in. mm. in. ± % a mm
2,97 2,207 3,00 76,2 0,19 to 0,32 2 2 2,10 0,192 2,00 50,8 0,16 to 0,245 2 1Y, 1,48 0,162 1,50 38,1 0,145 to 0,210 2 1 1,050 26,67 0,148 1,00 25,4 0,135 to 0,177 3 7/8 0,883 22,43 0,135 0,875 22,2 0,127 to 0,166 3/4 0,742 18,85 0,135 0,750 19,1 0,122 to 0,154 5/8 0,624 15,85 0,120 0,625 15,9 0,108 to 0,135 16,00 112 0,525 13,33 0,105 0,500 12,7 0,094 to 0,122 13,20
7/16 0,441 11,20 0,105 0,438 11,1 0,088 to 0,122 11,20 3/8 0,371 9,423 0,092 0,375 9,52 0,083 to 0,112 9,50
5';16 0,312 7,925 2Y, 0,088 0,312 7,93 0,073 to 0,093 8,00 114 0,263 6,680 3 0,070 0,250 6,35 0,063 to 0,083 3 6,70 I'm
5660 0,221 5,613 3V, 0,065 3Y, 0,223 5,66 0,050 to 0,075 5,60
~ 4760 4 0,185 4,699 4 0,065 4 0,187 4,76 0,045 to 0,066 4,75 4000 0,156 3,962 5 0,044 S 0,157 4,00 0,039 to 0,058 4,00 t:C
L' 3360 6 0,131 3,327 6 0,036 6 0,132 3,36 0,034 to 0,052 5 0,132 3,34 0,068 3,35 trJ 2830 0,110 2,794 7 0,0378 7 0,111 2,83 0,031 to 0,047 6 0,1107 2,81 0,056 2,80 'JJ
2380 0,093 2,362 8 0,032 0,0937 2,38 0,0291 to 0,0433 7 0,0949 2,41 0,048 3 2,36 > 2000 0,078 1,981 9 0,033 10 0,0787 2,00 0,0268 to 0,0394 8 0,0810 2,05 0,044 2,00 a 1680 10 0,<165 1,651 10 0,035 12 0,0661 1,68 0,0244 to 0,0354 10 0,0660 1,67 0,034 1,70 1410 0,055 1,397 12 0,028 14 0,0555 1,41 0,0220 to 0,0315 12 0,0553 1,40 0,028 1,40 "Ij
I 190 14 0,046 1,168 14 0,025 16 0,0469 1,19 0,0197 to 0:0276 14 0,0474 1,20 0,024 1,18 0 1000 0,039 0,991 16 0,0235 18 0,0394 1,00 0,C1169 to 0,0244 16 0,0395 1,00 0,023 1,00 ~
a:: 840 20 0,0328 0,833 20 0,0172 20 0,0331 0,84 0,015 to 0,0217 5 18 0,0336 0,85 0,022 0,85 c::: 710 0,0276 0,701 24 0,0141 25 0,0280 0,71 0,013 to 0,0189 5 22 0,0275 0,70 0,018 0,71 L' 590 28 0,0232 0,589 28 0,0125 30 0,0232 0,59 0,0114 to 0,0165 5 25 0,0236 0,60 0,0164 0,60 > 500 0,0195 0,495 32 0,0118 35 0,0197 0,50 0,0102 to 0,0146 30 0,0197 0,50 0,0136 0,50 trJ
Table 18. Testing-sieve series (continued). >-l > to l'
TYLER A.S.T.M. STANDARD BRITISH STANDARD SABS 197 tI1 CIl
Nominal Mesh Aperture Mesh Wire Aperture Wire Toler- Aperture Wire Toler- > Aperture ~2 ~2 diameter, diameter, ance diameter, ance Aperture Z
in. series in. mm. series in. Mesh in. mm. in. ± % a Mesh in. mm. in. ± % a mm tI "rj
420 35 G,0164 0,417 35 0,0122 40 0,0165 0,42 0,0091 to 0,013 36 0,0166 0,42 0,0112 0,425 0 350 0,0138 0,351 42 0,0100 45 0,0138 0,35 0,0079 to 0,0114 5 44 0,0139 0,35 0,0088 5 0,355 :;0
297 48 0,0116 0,295 48 0,0092 50 0,0117 0,297 0,0067 to 0,0100 5 52 0,0116 0,30 0,0076 6 0,300 ~ 250 0,0097 0,246 60 0,0070 60 0,0098 0,25 0,0059 to 0,0087 60 0,0099 0,252 0,0068 6 0,250 c::::
l' 210 65 0,0082 0,208 65 0,0072 70 0,0083 0,21 0,0051 to 0,0074 5 72 0,0083 0,211 0,0056 6 0,212 > 177 0,0069 0,175 80 0,0056 80 0,0070 0,177 0,0045 to 0,0061 6 85 0,0070 0,177 0,0048 6 0,180 tI1 149 100 0,0058 0,147 100 0,0042 100 0,0059 0,149 0,0038 to 0,0049 6 100 0,0060 0,152 0,004 6 0,150 125 0,0049 0,124 115 0,0038 120 0,0049 0,125 0,0031 to 0,0041 6 120 0,0049 0,125 0,0034 6 0,125 105 150 0,0041 0,104 150 0,0026 140 0,0041 0,105 0,0025 to 0,0034 6 150 0,0041 0,105 0,0026 0,106 88 0,0035 0,088 170 0,0024 170 0,0035 0,088 0,0021 to 0,0029 6 170 0,0035 0,088 0,0024 0,090 74 200 0,0029 0,074 200 0,0021 200 0,0029 Q,074 0,0018 to 0,0024 7 200 0,0030 0,076 0,002 0,075 62 0,0024 0,063 250 0,0016 230 0,0024 0,062 0,0015 to 0,0020 7 240 0,0026 0,065 0,0016 0,063 53 270 0,0021 0,053 270 0,0016 270 0,0021 0,053 0,0014 to 0,0018 7 300 0,0022 0,053 0,053 44 0,0017 0,044 325 0,0014 325 0,0017 0,044 0,0012 to 0,0016 7 0,045 37 400 0,0015 0,037 400 0,001 400 0,0015 0,037 0,0009 to 0,0014 7 0,038
Base = 200 mesh = 0,074 mm ~2 Base = 18 mesh = 1,0 mm ~2
a permissible variations in average openings.
...... o -..) .....
"1::
,--1
1,008
H 3 4 5
6,941 9,012 10,81
Li Be B 11 12 13
22,9"90 24,305 26,982
Na Mg AI 19 20 21
39,102 40,08 44,956
K Ca Sc 37 38 39
85,468 87,62 88,906
Rb Sr Y 55 56 57+
132,91 137,34 138,91
Cs Ba La 87 88 89'
226,03
Fr Ra Ac
+ 57 138,91
, La Lanthanides
89
Actinides Ac
Table 19. The periodic table.
The Chemical Elements 6 7 8 9 3 4 5 6 7
12,011 14,007 16,0 18,998 6,941 9,012 10,81 12,011 14,007
C N 0 F Li Be B C N 14 15 16 17 11 12 13 14 15
28,086 30,974 32,06 35,453 22,990 24,305 26,982 28,086 30,974
Si P S Cl Na Mg AI Si P 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33
47,90 50,941 51,996 54,938 55,847 58,933 58,71 63,546 65,37 69,72 72,59 74,922
Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51
91,22 92,906 95,94 98,906 101,07 102,91 106,4 107,87 112,40 114,82 118,69 121,75
Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83
178,49 180,95 183,85 186,2 190,2 192,22 195,09 196,97 200,59 204,37 207,2 208,98
Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg TB Pb Bi 90 91 92
140,12 231,04 238,03
Th Pa U
58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 140,12 140,91 144,24 - 150,4 151,96 151,25 158,93 162,50 164,93 167,26 168,93
Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm 90 91 92 93
95 96 97 98 99 100 101 140,12 231,04 238,03 237,05 94
Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md -
1 1,008
H 8 9
16,0 18,998
0 F 16 17
32,06 35,453
S Cl 34 35
78,96 79,904
Se Br 52 53
127,60 126,91
Te I 84 85
Po At
70 71 173,04 174,97
Yb Lu 102 103
No LW'
2 4,003
He 10
20,179
Ne 18
39,948
Ar 36
83,80
Kr 54
131,30
Xe 86
Rn ~ ttI t""' tI1 r:n ;»
S "!j
o ~ c: ~ tI1
TABLES AND FORMULAE
Table 20. The Greek alphabet
The letters of the Greek alphabet, frequently used in technical terms, are given hece for pur-poses of convenient reference.
A Cl! alpha a N v nu n B (3 beta b Z ~ xi x r )' gamma g 0 0 omicron 0
d 0 delta d IT 71' pi p E epsIlon e P p rho rh, r Z I zeta z 1": (J, sigma s H '1 eta e T T tau e (){} theta th T v upsIlon ii I iota i <I> <P phi ph K K kappa k X x chi kh A A lambda I 'l' if! psi ps M J1- mu m fl w omega 0
1072
