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10/21/98 Organization of Information in Collections
Subject Access to Collections: Introduction
University of California, Berkeley
School of Information Management and Systems
SIMS 245: Organization of Information In Collections
10/21/98 Organization of Information in Collections
Review
• Review of Description• Goal of IR is to retrieve all and only the
“relevant” documents in a collection for a particular user with a particular need for information
10/21/98 Organization of Information in Collections
Indexing Languages and Thesauri
• Origins and Uses of Controlled Vocabularies for Information Retrieval
• Types of Indexing Languages, Thesauri and Classification Systems
10/21/98 Organization of Information in Collections
Controlled Vocabularies
• Vocabulary control is the attempt to provide a standardized and consistent set of terms (such as subject headings, names, classifications, etc.) with the intent of aiding the searcher in finding information.
10/21/98 Organization of Information in Collections
What is a “Controlled Vocabulary”
• “The greatest problem of today is how to teach people to ignore the irrelevant, how to refuse to know things, before they are suffocated. For too many facts are as bad as none at all.” (W.H. Auden)
• Similarly, there are too many ways of expressing or explaining the topic of a document.
• Controlled vocabularies are sets of Rules for topic identification and indexing, and a THESAURUS, which consists of “lead-in vocabulary” and an limited and selective “Indexing Language” sometimes with special coding or structures.
10/21/98 Organization of Information in Collections
Uses of Controlled Vocabularies• Library Subject Headings, Classification and
Name Authority Files.• Commercial Journal Indexing Services and
databases• Yahoo, and other Web classification schemes• Online and Manual Systems within
organizations– SunSolve– MacArthur
10/21/98 Organization of Information in Collections
Name Authority Files ID:NAFL8057230 ST:p EL:n STH:a MS:c UIP:a TD:19910821174242 KRC:a NMU:a CRC:c UPN:a SBU:a SBC:a DID:n DF:05-14-80 RFE:a CSC: SRU:b SRT:n SRN:n TSS: TGA:? ROM:? MOD: VST:d 08-21-91 Other Versions: earlier 040 DLC$cDLC$dDLC$dOCoLC 053 PR6005.R517 100 10 Creasey, John 400 10 Cooke, M. E. 400 10 Cooke, Margaret,$d1908-1973 400 10 Cooper, Henry St. John,$d1908-1973 400 00 Credo,$d1908-1973 400 10 Fecamps, Elise 400 10 Gill, Patrick,$d1908-1973 400 10 Hope, Brian,$d1908-1973 400 10 Hughes, Colin,$d1908-1973 400 10 Marsden, James 400 10 Matheson, Rodney 400 10 Ranger, Ken 400 20 St. John, Henry,$d1908-1973 400 10 Wilde, Jimmy 500 10 $wnnnc$aAshe, Gordon,$d1908-1973
Different names for thesame person
10/21/98 Organization of Information in Collections
Name Authority FilesID:NAFO9114111 ST:p EL:n STH:a MS:n UIP:a TD:19910817053048 KRC:a NMU:a CRC:c UPN:a SBU:a SBC:a DID:n DF:06-03-91 RFE:a CSC:c SRU:b SRT:n SRN:n TSS: TGA:? ROM:? MOD: VST:d 08-19-91 040 OCoLC$cOCoLC 100 10 Marric, J. J.,$d1908-1973 500 10 $wnnnc$aCreasey, John 663 Works by this author are entered under the name used in the item. For a listing of other names used by this author, search also under$bCrease y, John 670 OCLC 13441825: His Gideon's day, 1955$b(hdg.: Creasey, John; usage: J .J. Marric) 670 LC data base, 6/10/91$b(hdg.: Creasey, John; usage: J.J. Marric) 670 Pseuds. and nicknames dict., c1987$b(Creasey, John, 1908-1973; Britis h author; pseud.: Marric, J. J.)
10/21/98 Organization of Information in Collections
Name authority filesID:NAFL8166762 ST:p EL:n STH:a MS:c UIP:a TD:19910604053124 KRC:a NMU:a CRC:c UPN:a SBU:a SBC:a DID:n DF:08-20-81 RFE:a CSC: SRU:b SRT:n SRN:n TSS: TGA:? ROM:? MOD: VST:d 06-06-91 Other Versions: earlier 040 DLC$cDLC$dDLC$dOCoLC 100 10 Butler, William Vivian,$d1927- 400 10 Butler, W. V.$q(William Vivian),$d1927- 400 10 Marric, J. J.,$d1927- 670 His The durable desperadoes, 1973. 670 His The young detective's handbook, c1981:$bt.p. (W.V. Butler) 670 His Gideon's way, 1986:$bCIP t.p. (William Vivian Butler writing as J .J. Marric)
Different people writing with the same name
10/21/98 Organization of Information in Collections
Indexing Languages
• An index is a systematic guide designed to indicate topics or features of documents in order to facilitate retrieval of documents or parts of documents.
• An Indexing language is the set of terms used in an index to represent topics or features of documents, and the rules for combining or using those terms.
10/21/98 Organization of Information in Collections
Types of Indexing Languages
• Uncontrolled Keyword Indexing• Indexing Languages
– Controlled, but not structured
• Thesauri– Controlled and Structured
• Classification Systems– Controlled, Structured, and Coded
• Faceted Classification Systems
10/21/98 Organization of Information in Collections
Indexing Languages
• Library of Congress Subject Headings
• Yellow Pages Topics
• Wilson Indexes (“Reader’s Guide”)
10/21/98 Organization of Information in Collections
Controlled Vocabulary
• Start with the text of the document
• Attempt to “control” or regularize: – The concepts expressed within
• mutually exclusive• exhaustive
– The language used to express those concepts• limit the normal linguistic variations• regulate word order and structure of phrases• reduce the number of synonyms or near-synonyms
• Also, provide cross-references between concepts and their expression.
See Bates, 1988
10/21/98 Organization of Information in Collections
Subject Headings vs. Descriptors
• Describe the contents of an entire document
• Designed to be looked up in an alphabetical index– Look up document
under its heading
• Few (1-5) headings per document
• Describe one concept within a document
• Designed to be used in Boolean searching– Combine to describe
the desired document
• Many (5-25) descriptors per document
10/21/98 Organization of Information in Collections
Subject Heading vs. Descriptor Example
• WILSONLINE– Athletes– Athletes--Heath&Hygiene– Athletes--Nutrition– Athletes--Physical Exams– …– Athletics– Athletics -- Administration– Athletics -- Equipment -- Catalogs– …– Sports -- Accidents and injuries– Sports -- Accidents and injuries --
prevention
• ERIC– Athletes
– Athletic Coaches
– Athletic Equipment
– Athletic Fields
– Athletics
– …
– Sports psychology
– Sportsmanship
10/21/98 Organization of Information in Collections
Assigning Headings vs. Descriptors
• Subject headings -- assign one (or a few) complex heading(s) to the document
• Descriptors -- mix and match– How would we describe recipes using each
technique?
10/21/98 Organization of Information in Collections
Thesauri
• A Thesaurus is a collection of selected vocabulary (preferred terms or descriptors) with links among Synonymous, Equivalent, Broader, Narrower and other Related Terms
10/21/98 Organization of Information in Collections
Thesauri (cont.)
• National and International Standards for Thesauri– ANSI/NISO z39.19--1994 -- American National Standard
Guidelines for the Construction, Format and Management of Monolingual Thesauri
– ANSI/NISO Draft Standard Z39.4-199x -- American National Standard Guidelines for Indexes in Information Retrieval
– ISO 2788 -- Documentation -- Guidelines for the establishment and development of monolingual thesauri
– ISO 5964-- Documentation -- Guidelines for the establishment and development of multilingual thesauri
10/21/98 Organization of Information in Collections
Thesauri (cont.)
• Examples:– The ERIC Thesaurus of Descriptors– The Art and Architecture Thesaurus– The Medical Subject Headings (MESH) of the
National Library of Medicine
10/21/98 Organization of Information in Collections
Development of a Thesaurus
• Term Selection.
• Merging and Development of Concept Classes.
• Definition of Broad Subject Fields and Subfields.
• Development of Classificatory structure
• Review, Testing, Application, Revision.
10/21/98 Organization of Information in Collections
Categorization Summary
• Processes of categorization underlie many of the issues having to do with information organization
• Categorization is messier than our computer systems would like
• Human categories have graded membership, consisting of family resemblances.
• Family resemblance is expressed in part by which subset of features are shared
• It is also determined by underlying understandings of the world that do not get represented in most systems
10/21/98 Organization of Information in Collections
Classification Systems
• A classification system is an indexing language often based on a broad ordering of topical areas. Thesauri and classification systems both use this broad ordering and maintain a structure of broader, narrower, and related topics. Classification schemes commonly use a coded notation for representing a topic and it’s place in relation to other terms.
10/21/98 Organization of Information in Collections
Classification Systems (cont.)
• Examples:– The Library of Congress Classification System– The Dewey Decimal Classification System– The ACM Computing Reviews Categories– The American Mathematical Society
Classification System
10/21/98 Organization of Information in Collections
Classification Schemes
• Classify possible concepts.
• Goals:– Completely distinct conceptual categories
(mutually exclusive)– Complete coverage of conceptual categories
(exhaustive)
10/21/98 Organization of Information in Collections
Hierarchical Classification
• Traditional “family-tree” – Each category is successively broken down into
smaller and smaller subdivisions– Each level divided out by a “character of
division”. Also known as a feature.• Example: distinguish Literature based on:
– Language
– Genre
– Time Period
10/21/98 Organization of Information in Collections
Hierarchical ClassificationLiterature
SpanishFrenchEnglish
DramaPoetryProse
18th17th16th
DramaPoetryProse
19th 18th17th16th 19th
...
... ... ...
...
10/21/98 Organization of Information in Collections
Labeled Categories for Hierarchical Classification
• LITERATURE– 100 English Literature
• 110 English Prose– English Prose 16th Century– English Prose 17th Century– English Prose 18th Century– ...
• 111 English Poetry– 121 English Poetry 16th Century– 122 English Poetry 17th Century– ...
• 112 English Drama– 130 English Drama 16th Century– …
– 200 French Literature
10/21/98 Organization of Information in Collections
Faceted Classification
• Create a separate, free-standing list for each characteristic of division (feature).
• Combine features to create a classification.
10/21/98 Organization of Information in Collections
Faceted Classification and Labeled Catgories
• A Language– a English– b French– c Spanish
• B Genre– a Prose– b Poetry– c Drama
• C Period– a 16th Century– b 17th Century– c 18th Century– d 19th Century
• Aa English Literature• AaBa English Prose• AaBaCa English Prose
16th Century• AbBbCd French
Poetry 19th Century• BbCd Drama 19th
Century
10/21/98 Organization of Information in Collections
How to use such classification structures?
• How to look through them?
• How to use them in search?
10/21/98 Organization of Information in Collections
Automatic Indexing and Classification
• Automatic indexing is typically the simple deriving of keywords from a document and providing access to all of those words.
• More complex Automatic Indexing Systems attempt to select controlled vocabulary terms based on terms in the document.
• Automatic classification attempts to automatically group similar documents using either:– A fully automatic clustering method.
– An established classification scheme and set of documents already indexed by that scheme.
10/21/98 Organization of Information in Collections
Agglomerative Clustering
A B C D E F G HI
10/21/98 Organization of Information in Collections
Agglomerative Clustering
A B C D E F G HI
10/21/98 Organization of Information in Collections
AgglomerativeClustering
A B C D E F G HI
10/21/98 Organization of Information in Collections
Hierarchical Methods
2 .43 .4 .24 .3 .3 .35 .1 .4 .4 .1 1 2 3 4
Single Link Dissimilarity Matrix
Hierarchical methods: Polythetic, Usually Exclusive, OrderedClusters are order-independent
||||
||1
BA
BAitydissimilar
10/21/98 Organization of Information in Collections
Threshold = .1
Single Link Dissimilarity Matrix
2 .43 .4 .24 .3 .3 .35 .1 .4 .4 .1 1 2 3 4
2 03 0 04 0 0 05 1 0 0 1 1 2 3 4
2
1
35
4
10/21/98 Organization of Information in Collections
Threshold = .2
2 .43 .4 .24 .3 .3 .35 .1 .4 .4 .1 1 2 3 4
2 03 0 14 0 0 05 1 0 0 1 1 2 3 4
2
1
35
4
10/21/98 Organization of Information in Collections
Threshold = .3
2 .43 .4 .24 .3 .3 .35 .1 .4 .4 .1 1 2 3 4
2 03 0 14 1 1 15 1 0 0 1 1 2 3 4
2
1
35
4
10/21/98 Organization of Information in Collections
ClusteringAgglomerative methods: Polythetic, Exclusive or Overlapping, Unorderedclusters are order-dependent.
DocDoc
DocDoc
DocDoc
DocDoc
1. Select initial centers (I.e. seed the space)2. Assign docs to highest matching centers and compute centroids3. Reassign all documents to centroid(s)
Rocchio’s method
10/21/98 Organization of Information in Collections
Automatic Class Assignment
DocDoc
DocDoc
DocDoc
Doc
SearchEngine
1. Create pseudo-documents representing intellectually derived classes.2. Search using document contents3. Obtain ranked list4. Assign document to N categories ranked over threshold. OR assign to top-ranked category
Automatic Class Assignment: Polythetic, Exclusive or Overlapping, usually orderedclusters are order-independent, usually based on an intellectually derived scheme
10/21/98 Organization of Information in Collections
K-Means Clustering
• 1 Create a pair-wise similarity measure• 2 Find K centers using agglomerative clustering
– take a small sample
– group bottom up until K groups found
• 3 Assign each document to nearest center, forming new clusters
• 4 Repeat 3 as necessary
10/21/98 Organization of Information in Collections
Scatter/Gather
Cutting, Pedersen, Tukey & Karger 92, 93
Hearst & Pedersen 95
• Cluster sets of documents into general “themes”, like a table of contents
• Display the contents of the clusters by showing topical terms and typical titles
• User chooses subsets of the clusters and re-clusters the documents within
• Resulting new groups have different “themes”
10/21/98 Organization of Information in Collections
S/G Example: query on “star”Encyclopedia text
14 sports
8 symbols 47 film, tv
68 film, tv (p) 7 music
97 astrophysics
67 astronomy(p) 12 steller phenomena
10 flora/fauna 49 galaxies, stars
29 constellations
7 miscelleneous
Clustering and re-clustering is entirely automated