10.1111_cpf.12136-1

7/26/2019 10.1111_cpf.12136-1

1/7

See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: http://www.researchgate.net/publication/260681429

Lift weights to fight overweight

ARTICLE in CLINICAL PHYSIOLOGY AND FUNCTIONAL IMAGING FEBRUARY 2014

Impact Factor: 1.33 DOI: 10.1111/cpf.12136 Source: PubMed

CITATIONS

2

DOWNLOADS

19

VIEWS

143

3 AUTHORS:

Antonio Paoli

University of Padova

117PUBLICATIONS 410CITATIONS

SEE PROFILE

Tatiana Moro

University of Padova


SEE PROFILE

Antonino Bianco

Universit degli Studi di Palermo


SEE PROFILE

Available from: Antonino Bianco

Retrieved on: 19 August 2015
http://www.researchgate.net/profile/Antonino_Bianco?enrichId=rgreq-569e5d2b-a032-4fe9-8e65-71633e40145a&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI2MDY4MTQyOTtBUzoyMzQzODUzNzA3NzU1NTNAMTQzMjg5MzIzNTEyOA%3D%3D&el=1_x_4http://www.researchgate.net/profile/Antonino_Bianco?enrichId=rgreq-569e5d2b-a032-4fe9-8e65-71633e40145a&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI2MDY4MTQyOTtBUzoyMzQzODUzNzA3NzU1NTNAMTQzMjg5MzIzNTEyOA%3D%3D&el=1_x_4http://www.researchgate.net/institution/Universita_degli_Studi_di_Palermo?enrichId=rgreq-569e5d2b-a032-4fe9-8e65-71633e40145a&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI2MDY4MTQyOTtBUzoyMzQzODUzNzA3NzU1NTNAMTQzMjg5MzIzNTEyOA%3D%3D&el=1_x_6http://www.researchgate.net/institution/University_of_Padova?enrichId=rgreq-569e5d2b-a032-4fe9-8e65-71633e40145a&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI2MDY4MTQyOTtBUzoyMzQzODUzNzA3NzU1NTNAMTQzMjg5MzIzNTEyOA%3D%3D&el=1_x_6http://www.researchgate.net/profile/Antonio_Paoli?enrichId=rgreq-569e5d2b-a032-4fe9-8e65-71633e40145a&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI2MDY4MTQyOTtBUzoyMzQzODUzNzA3NzU1NTNAMTQzMjg5MzIzNTEyOA%3D%3D&el=1_x_5http://www.researchgate.net/institution/University_of_Padova?enrichId=rgreq-569e5d2b-a032-4fe9-8e65-71633e40145a&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI2MDY4MTQyOTtBUzoyMzQzODUzNzA3NzU1NTNAMTQzMjg5MzIzNTEyOA%3D%3D&el=1_x_6http://www.researchgate.net/profile/Tatiana_Moro?enrichId=rgreq-569e5d2b-a032-4fe9-8e65-71633e40145a&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI2MDY4MTQyOTtBUzoyMzQzODUzNzA3NzU1NTNAMTQzMjg5MzIzNTEyOA%3D%3D&el=1_x_5http://www.researchgate.net/?enrichId=rgreq-569e5d2b-a032-4fe9-8e65-71633e40145a&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI2MDY4MTQyOTtBUzoyMzQzODUzNzA3NzU1NTNAMTQzMjg5MzIzNTEyOA%3D%3D&el=1_x_1http://www.researchgate.net/profile/Antonino_Bianco?enrichId=rgreq-569e5d2b-a032-4fe9-8e65-71633e40145a&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI2MDY4MTQyOTtBUzoyMzQzODUzNzA3NzU1NTNAMTQzMjg5MzIzNTEyOA%3D%3D&el=1_x_7http://www.researchgate.net/institution/Universita_degli_Studi_di_Palermo?enrichId=rgreq-569e5d2b-a032-4fe9-8e65-71633e40145a&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI2MDY4MTQyOTtBUzoyMzQzODUzNzA3NzU1NTNAMTQzMjg5MzIzNTEyOA%3D%3D&el=1_x_6http://www.researchgate.net/profile/Antonino_Bianco?enrichId=rgreq-569e5d2b-a032-4fe9-8e65-71633e40145a&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI2MDY4MTQyOTtBUzoyMzQzODUzNzA3NzU1NTNAMTQzMjg5MzIzNTEyOA%3D%3D&el=1_x_5http://www.researchgate.net/profile/Antonino_Bianco?enrichId=rgreq-569e5d2b-a032-4fe9-8e65-71633e40145a&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI2MDY4MTQyOTtBUzoyMzQzODUzNzA3NzU1NTNAMTQzMjg5MzIzNTEyOA%3D%3D&el=1_x_4http://www.researchgate.net/profile/Tatiana_Moro?enrichId=rgreq-569e5d2b-a032-4fe9-8e65-71633e40145a&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI2MDY4MTQyOTtBUzoyMzQzODUzNzA3NzU1NTNAMTQzMjg5MzIzNTEyOA%3D%3D&el=1_x_7http://www.researchgate.net/institution/University_of_Padova?enrichId=rgreq-569e5d2b-a032-4fe9-8e65-71633e40145a&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI2MDY4MTQyOTtBUzoyMzQzODUzNzA3NzU1NTNAMTQzMjg5MzIzNTEyOA%3D%3D&el=1_x_6http://www.researchgate.net/profile/Tatiana_Moro?enrichId=rgreq-569e5d2b-a032-4fe9-8e65-71633e40145a&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI2MDY4MTQyOTtBUzoyMzQzODUzNzA3NzU1NTNAMTQzMjg5MzIzNTEyOA%3D%3D&el=1_x_5http://www.researchgate.net/profile/Tatiana_Moro?enrichId=rgreq-569e5d2b-a032-4fe9-8e65-71633e40145a&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI2MDY4MTQyOTtBUzoyMzQzODUzNzA3NzU1NTNAMTQzMjg5MzIzNTEyOA%3D%3D&el=1_x_4http://www.researchgate.net/profile/Antonio_Paoli?enrichId=rgreq-569e5d2b-a032-4fe9-8e65-71633e40145a&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI2MDY4MTQyOTtBUzoyMzQzODUzNzA3NzU1NTNAMTQzMjg5MzIzNTEyOA%3D%3D&el=1_x_7http://www.researchgate.net/institution/University_of_Padova?enrichId=rgreq-569e5d2b-a032-4fe9-8e65-71633e40145a&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI2MDY4MTQyOTtBUzoyMzQzODUzNzA3NzU1NTNAMTQzMjg5MzIzNTEyOA%3D%3D&el=1_x_6http://www.researchgate.net/profile/Antonio_Paoli?enrichId=rgreq-569e5d2b-a032-4fe9-8e65-71633e40145a&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI2MDY4MTQyOTtBUzoyMzQzODUzNzA3NzU1NTNAMTQzMjg5MzIzNTEyOA%3D%3D&el=1_x_5http://www.researchgate.net/profile/Antonio_Paoli?enrichId=rgreq-569e5d2b-a032-4fe9-8e65-71633e40145a&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI2MDY4MTQyOTtBUzoyMzQzODUzNzA3NzU1NTNAMTQzMjg5MzIzNTEyOA%3D%3D&el=1_x_4http://www.researchgate.net/?enrichId=rgreq-569e5d2b-a032-4fe9-8e65-71633e40145a&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI2MDY4MTQyOTtBUzoyMzQzODUzNzA3NzU1NTNAMTQzMjg5MzIzNTEyOA%3D%3D&el=1_x_1http://www.researchgate.net/publication/260681429_Lift_weights_to_fight_overweight?enrichId=rgreq-569e5d2b-a032-4fe9-8e65-71633e40145a&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI2MDY4MTQyOTtBUzoyMzQzODUzNzA3NzU1NTNAMTQzMjg5MzIzNTEyOA%3D%3D&el=1_x_3http://www.researchgate.net/publication/260681429_Lift_weights_to_fight_overweight?enrichId=rgreq-569e5d2b-a032-4fe9-8e65-71633e40145a&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI2MDY4MTQyOTtBUzoyMzQzODUzNzA3NzU1NTNAMTQzMjg5MzIzNTEyOA%3D%3D&el=1_x_2

7/26/2019 10.1111_cpf.12136-1

2/7

INVITED REVIEW

Lift weights to fight overweightAntonio Paoli1, Tatiana Moro1 and Antonino Bianco2

1Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, and 2Department of Sports and Exercise Science (DISMOT), University of Palermo, Palermo,Italy

Summary

CorrespondenceAntonio Paoli MD, Department of Biomedical Sci-

ences, The physiological Laboratory, via Marzolo,

3 35131 University of Padova, Padova, Italy.

E-mail: [email protected]

Accepted for publicationReceived 6 November 2013;

accepted 23 January 2014

Key wordsexcess postexercise oxygen consumption; exercise;

metabolism; overweight; resistance training; weight

control

Although resistance training (RT) has long been accepted as a means for develop-ing and maintaining muscular strength, endurance, power and muscle mass, itsbeneficial relationship with health factors and chronic disease has only recentlybeen recognized in the scientific literature. Prior to 1990, resistance training wasnot a part of the recommended guidelines for exercise training and rehabilitationfor either the American Heart Association or the American College of Sports Med-

icine (ACSM). In 1990, the ACSM recognized resistance training as a significantcomponent of a comprehensive fitness programme for healthy adults of all ages, aposition subsequently confirmed few years after. At present, even though interestin clinical applications of RT is increasing, there are still some concerns, amongphysicians, about the use of this exercise methodology in weight control pro-grammes. This review aims to explore the metabolic effects of RT and its efficacyand feasibility in overweight subjects.

Introduction

Health organizations report a worldwide increase in the preva-

lence of overweight and obesity (Olshansky et al., 2005). Thisincrease is a great source of concern considering the fact thatobesity and in particular abdominal obesity is one of the prin-ciple risk factors for cardiovascular disease, and it is stronglyrelated to dyslipidaemia, hypertension, diabetes and metabolicsyndrome (Koh-Banerjee et al., 2004). Diet and exercise areconsidered the main tools to control body weight and bodyfat (Paoli et al., 2008), but nevertheless the exact dose andquality of diet (Paoli et al., 2013a,b) and exercise is still asubject of debate (Paoli et al., 2012a,b). The correct dose andquality of exercise, that is, the knowledge of how and howmuch should be suggested to patients is of importance for

clinicians and medicine practitioners. The main question aboutthe effect of exercise on body weight regards the influence ithas on energy expenditure. Overall, daily energy expendituremay be briefly divided into three different components thatcan be categorized as (i) resting metabolism, (ii) thermiceffects of food and (iii) the energy expenditure of physicalactivity associated with exercise and non-exercise movement(Jequier, 2002). It has been demonstrated that in Westerncountries, the mean ratio of daily energy expenditure andresting energy expenditure (REE) is 166; in other words,only 40% of energy is expended on activity while the remaining

60% is expended at rest (Black et al., 1996). Despite the rec-ommendations of national and international health organiza-tions for at least three 30-min sessions of vigorous exercise

per week, it has been calculated, as a general example, thatthis would increase energy demands by only ffi1000 Kcal perweek (i.e. ffi5% of the average weekly expenditure about20 000 Kcal per week) (Black et al., 1996). Notwithstandingthese considerations, clinical practice and data from the litera-ture consistently point to the beneficial effect of exercise onfat loss (Jakicic & Gallagher, 2003). The only way to reconcilethis apparently contradictory evidence between experimentaland clinical data is to hypothesize the existence of other exer-cise-related factors involved in the fat loss effect other thanthe simple increase in energy expenditure during exercise.

Mechanisms of physical activitys effects onbody weight control

Three fundamental mechanisms have been taken into consid-eration to explain the effects of physical exercise on bodyweight control, and it may (i) reduce hunger, (ii) improvefitness levels and consequently might change behaviour relatedto non-exercise activity thermogenesis such as walking andstair climbing, (Jakicic & Gallagher, 2003) (iii) exert a posi-tive effect on resting metabolism. Regarding the latter, restingenergy expenditure (REE) is the largest component of the

Clin Physiol Funct Imaging(2014) doi: 10.1111/cpf.12136

12014 Scandinavian Society of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd

7/26/2019 10.1111_cpf.12136-1

3/7

daily energy budget and, consequently, any increase in REE inresponse to exercise could potentially have a great impact onhealth promotion and weight control. Even though there isconsiderable individual variation in REE, it is well establishedthat fat-free mass (lean body mass) is the main factor thatinfluences REE, accounting for 5070% of the individual vari-ation (Westerterp et al., 1992; Zhang et al., 2002). There is a

linear relationship between lean body mass and resting energymetabolism but with broad interindividual variance (Wanget al., 2000; Muller et al., 2002). It is evident that muscle massrepresents the majority (88%) of metabolically active fat-freemass (FFM) with the metabolically active organs representingonly 12% of FFM, but while the former provides an energyexpenditure of approximately only 15 Kcal kg1 per day, theenergy expenditure of the latter is 468 Kcal kg1 per day.Thus, muscle accounts for only a minor part (less than 20%)of total daily energy expenditure. Nevertheless, many humanstudies with long-term exercise protocols, separating theeffects of training and nutrition, have demonstrated that the

positive effect of training on REE is mainly mediated bythe increase in free fat mass (i.e. muscle) (Byrne & Wilmore,2001). Interestingly, these studies also found that the combi-nation of endurance and resistance training leads to an overalldecrease in REE (Westerterp et al., 1992; Byrne & Wilmore,2001), but that this exercise-related decrease was evident withendurance training, while a net increase in REE was found afterRT (Hunter et al., 2008). These results explain why in recentyears there has been a lot of interest in the specific effects ofRT on weight control, and it is also the case that resistancetraining (RT) has only been incorporated recently as animportant component of exercise protocols for weight controlin some guidelines (Kraemer & Ratamess, 2005; Donnellyet al., 2009).

Resistance training and metabolism

Resistance training acts in a substantially different way com-pared with endurance training (ET), and it increases musclemass in the long term (Paoli et al., 2010, 2013a,b) but alsoincreases excess postexercise oxygen consumption (EPOC)immediately after the training session (Schuenke et al., 2002).In 1984, Gaesser and Brooks defined the recovery period inwhich an increase in oxygen uptake is observed as excesspostexercise oxygen consumption (EPOC). EPOC can be

divided into two phases: short term (due to the so-called oxy-gen debt or fast component of excess postexercise oxygenconsumption) and long term (slow component of excess post-exercise oxygen consumption due to various mechanisms notyet completely understood but most likely linked to the resto-ration of homeostasis). As a matter of fact, after intense orprolonged exercise, oxygen consumption remains increasedfor several hours and is referred to as the slow component ofexcess postexercise oxygen consumption (EPOC). This elevatedpostexercise metabolism plays a part in the energy cost ofexercise and in the overall effect of exercise in body weight

control. Even though the beneficial effect on health andweight control of a 24-h increase in metabolism is evident(Hunteret al., 2000), the optimal amount and type of exerciseroutine remains to be established. We recently discussed thatresistance training should be investigated more thoroughlyand rigorously by taking into account the variables involvedincluding (i) muscle action used, (ii) type of resistance used,

(iii) volume (total number of sets and repetitions), (iv) exer-cises selected and workout structure (e.g. the number of mus-cle groups trained), (v) the sequence of exercise performance,(vi) rest intervals between sets, (vii) repetition velocity and(viii) training frequency (Paoli, 2012; Paoli & Bianco, 2012;Paoli et al., 2012a,b). It can be argued that, as Knuttgenasserted, if EPOC increased exponentially as a function ofexercise intensity, whereas it increased linearly as a functionof exercise duration (Knuttgen, 2007), a high-intensity resis-tance training programme could affect positively restingmetabolism. Thus, RT could act through two different ways:increase in lean body mass (chronic/long-term effect) and

transient increase in metabolism (EPOC). In fact, there areseveral reports that weight training may require more recoveryenergy and a longer duration EPOC (Haddock & Wilkin,2006) compared with endurance training. Despite this, thereare surprisingly few studies published on the specific influenceof high-intensity resistance training on metabolism.

Effects of exercise intensity on weight control

Some studies reported that higher-intensity resistance exercisegenerates greater EPOC than lower-intensity resistance exercise(Haltom et al., 1999; Thornton & Potteiger, 2002), and thereason for this greater EPOC could be attributed to a greaterperturbation of energy homeostasis (Melanson et al., 2002,2005; Schuenke et al., 2002). In this regard, we recently dem-onstrated that a high-intensity resistance training programmecan induce a greater EPOC in the 24 h after the training ses-sion (Paoli et al., 2012a,b) (Fig.1) and that this kind of RT,mixed with a high-intensity endurance interval training, canimprove body composition and blood lipids (Paoli et al.,2013a,b). It is clear that the intensity of exercise is a keystoneof postexercise energy expenditure not only in enduranceexercise such as cycling (Little et al., 2010) but also in resis-tance training. The mechanisms underlying these effects arenot still clear, but we can raise some hypotheses:

1)the greater increase in blood lactate (which is evidence of amajor metabolic stress derived from high-intensity resistancetraining and may reflect the utilization of lactate as fuel in theaerobic pathway) imposes an increase in postexercise energyexpenditure (Binzen et al., 2001). Lactate removal, though,may only be part of the process, in fact, if lactate is infusedduring the postexercise period, it does not elicit a furtherincrease in EPOC (Barnard & Foss, 1969). However, lactatemay explain, together with an increase in body temperature(Gaesser & Brooks, 1984), only the short-term component ofEPOC;


Resistance training and overweight, A. Paoli et al.2

7/26/2019 10.1111_cpf.12136-1

4/7

2) an increase in b-adrenergic system activity (Hunter et al.,2006);

3)hormonal variations: in response to exercise-inducedtrauma, an increase in metabolic hormonal concentration isseen (e.g. cortisol, catecholamines and thyroid hormone),which could increase metabolism (Schuenke et al., 2002);4)the increased protein resynthesis due to postexercise muscle

damage is energy expensive (approximately 20% increase inresting metabolism) (MacDougall et al., 1995) and could con-tribute to greater EPOC after high-intensity resistance training(Binzenet al., 2001; Gasier et al., 2012);

Moreover, an important effect of high-intensity exercise isthe improvement in utilization of fatty acids instead of glucosethat could lead to a getter utilization of fat stores. This effectcan be highlighted by a decrease in respiratory exchange ratio(RER). The respiratory exchange ratio (i.e. the ratio betweenCO2 expired and O2 consumed) is a good way to identify theorigin of energy substrates: when RER is close to 07, itmeans that the major energy source is lipids, while when theratio is near 1, carbohydrates are the main source of energy.It is clear that an improvement in fat oxidation can helpweight control. Fasting or very low carbohydrate diet can leadto a decrease in RER (Paoli et al., 2012a,b, 2013a,b), but alsotraining can have the same result (Paoli et al., 2011, 2012a,b).The increase in the rate of fatty acid oxidation (i.e. the reduc-tion in RER) indicates that triacylglycerol/fatty acid cycling isan important supporter of the energy cost in the prolonged

component of EPOC as it is an index that the organism isusing fatty acids rather than glycogen to satisfy the energycost of exercise (Bahr et al., 1990) and seems to be a compen-satory sparing of glycogen after any kind of resistance training(Poehlman & Melby, 1998).

Several causes could explain the RER lowering after resis-tance training (see Fig. 2):

1)glucose metabolic pathways are directed to replenish glyco-gen stores first instead of being used for energy supply. Thismeans that glucose and all gluconeogenic precursors will bespared from further oxidation and will be converted to glu-cose and glycogen, so lipids become the preferred oxidationsubstrate (Borsheim & Bahr, 2003);2)the AMP kinases/acetyl CoA carboxylase (AMPK/ACC)pathway. It has been demonstrated that intense exerciseincreases AMPK (Gibala, 2009); thus, AMPK can phosphory-late ACC, decreasing its activity; the decreased ACC activityleads to a decrease in the rate of the synthesis of malonylCoA, and consequently, there is a release of inhibition of

carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT1) activity leading to anincrease in lipid oxidation (Winder, 2001);

3)an increase in atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) stimulated byexercise could play a role in the increased rate of lipid oxida-tion; production of ANP is related to the intensity of exercise(Moro et al., 2008; de Almeida et al., 2012), it has been dem-onstrated that ANP increases lipolysis (Souza et al., 2011), andthis pathway appears to be more suitable than the increase in

Figure 1 Changes in resting energy expendi-ture (REE) and respiratory exchange ratio(RER) at basal condition and 22 h after a ses-sion of traditional resistance training orhigh-intensity interval resistance training.** P

7/26/2019 10.1111_cpf.12136-1

5/7

catecholamines that have a very short half-life and appears notto be related to lipolysis after RT (Ormsbee et al., 2009);4)growth hormone increase also could explain a part of theincrease in lipid oxidation; it was demonstrated by Bottaroet al. et al. (Bottaro et al., 2009) that intense exercise withincomplete recovery might stimulate GH production in asignificant manner;

5) there is some new evidence that suggests how some cyto-kines and other peptides (myokines) that are produced andreleased by muscle fibres can exert autocrine, paracrine orendocrine effects that might influence the metabolic effect ofexercise (Pedersen, 2011). A recent paper describes a newpolypeptide hormone, irisin, which is regulated by PGC1-a; itis secreted from muscle into the bloodstream and may activatethermogenic mechanisms in adipose tissue this might alsoplay a role in short time reported to lower RER (Bostromet al., 2012).

Some concerns could be raised about the feasibility of RTand in particular high-intensity RT in unfit overweight sub-jects (LaForgia et al., 2006), but there is experimental evi-dence supporting the suitability of RT in such individuals(Sothern et al., 2000; Bouchard et al., 2009; McGuigan et al.,

2009; Ibanez et al., 2010; Idoate et al., 2011; Kreider et al.,2011; Thornton et al., 2011; Willis et al., 2012). Morerecently, our group has demonstrated the safety and feasibil-ity, after a familiarization period, of high-intensity resistancetraining in sedentary and overweight subjects (Paoli et al.,2010, 2013a,b)

Conclusions

Taken together, these recent findings suggest that resistancetraining could positively affect body composition and that itcould usefully be included in lifestyle weight control pro-grammes. In our opinion, the general medicine practitionershould become familiar with this kind of training and its met-abolic effects in order to recommend it to patients withweight problems.

Acknowledgments

The authors thank Keith Grimaldi for improving Englishlanguage of this article. The authors have no disclosures andno conflict of interests.

References

de Almeida JC, Alves CL, de Abreu LC, SatoMA, Fonseca FL, de Mello Monteiro CB,Vanderlei LC, Macedo H Jr, Tavares CM,Herrero D, Rodrigues LM, Valenti VE.Involvement of the atrial natriuretic peptidein cardiovascular pathophysiology and its

relationship with exercise. Int Arch Med(2012); 5: 4.Bahr R, Hansson P, Sejersted OM. Triglycer-

ide/fatty acid cycling is increased after exer-cise.Metabolism (1990); 39: 993999.

Barnard RJ, Foss ML. Oxygen debt: effect ofbeta-adrenergic blockade on the lactacidand alactacid components. J Appl Physiol(1969); 27: 813816.

Binzen CA, Swan PD, Manore MM. Postexer-cise oxygen consumption and substrate useafter resistance exercise in women. Med SciSports Exerc(2001); 33: 932938.

Black AE, Coward WA, Cole TJ, Prentice AM.Human energy expenditure in affluent soci-eties: an analysis of 574 doubly-labelledwater measurements. Eur J Clin Nutr (1996);50: 7292.

Borsheim E, Bahr R. Effect of exercise inten-sity, duration and mode on post-exerciseoxygen consumption. Sports Med (2003); 33:10371060.

Bostrom P, Wu J, Jedrychowski MP, Korde A,Ye L, Lo JC, Rasbach KA, Bostrom EA, Choi

JH, Long JZ, Kajimura S, Zingaretti MC,Vind BF, Tu H, Cinti S, Hojlund K, Gygi

SP, Spiegelman BM. A PGC1-alpha-depen-dent myokine that drives brown-fat-likedevelopment of white fat and thermogene-sis. Nature(2012); 481: 463468.

Bottaro M, Martins B, Gentil P, Wagner D.Effects of rest duration between sets of

resistance training on acute hormonalresponses in trained women. J Sci Med Sport(2009); 12: 7378.

Bouchard DR, Soucy L, Senechal M, DionneIJ, Brochu M. Impact of resistance trainingwith or without caloric restriction on physi-cal capacity in obese older women. Menopause(2009); 16: 6672.

Byrne HK, Wilmore JH. The relationship ofmode and intensity of training on restingmetabolic rate in women. Int J Sport NutrExerc Metab(2001); 11: 114.

Donnelly JE, Blair SN, Jakicic JM, ManoreMM, Rankin JW, Smith BK, American Col-lege of Sports M. American College ofSports Medicine Position Stand. Appropriatephysical activity intervention strategies forweight loss and prevention of weight regainfor adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc (2009); 41:459471.

Gaesser GA, Brooks GA. Metabolic bases ofexcess post-exercise oxygen consumption: areview. Med Sci Sports Exerc (1984); 16: 2943.

Gasier HG, Fluckey JD, Previs SF, Wiggs MP,Riechman SE. Acute resistance exercise

augments integrative myofibrillar proteinsynthesis.Metabolism(2012); 61: 153156.

Gibala M. Molecular responses to high-inten-sity interval exercise. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab(2009); 34: 428432.

Haddock BL, Wilkin LD. Resistance training

volume and post exercise energy expendi-ture. Int J Sports Med(2006); 27: 143148.Haltom RW, Kraemer RR, Sloan RA, Hebert

EP, Frank K, Tryniecki JL. Circuit weighttraining and its effects on excess postexer-cise oxygen consumption. Med Sci Sports Exerc(1999); 31: 16131618.

Hunter GR, Wetzstein CJ, Fields DA, BrownA, Bamman MM. Resistance trainingincreases total energy expenditure and free-living physical activity in older adults. J ApplPhysiol(2000); 89: 977984.

Hunter GR, Byrne NM, Gower BA, Sirikul B,Hills AP. Increased resting energy expendi-ture after 40 minutes of aerobic but notresistance exercise. Obesity (2006); 14:20182025.

Hunter GR, Byrne NM, Sirikul B, FernandezJR, Zuckerman PA, Darnell BE, Gower BA.Resistance training conserves fat-free massand resting energy expenditure followingweight loss. Obesity (2008); 16: 10451051.

Ibanez J, Izquierdo M, Martinez-Labari C,Ortega F, Grijalba A, Forga L, Idoate F, Gar-cia-Unciti M, Fernandez-Real JM, Gorostiaga



7/26/2019 10.1111_cpf.12136-1

6/7

EM. Resistance training improves cardiovas-cular risk factors in obese women despite asignificative decrease in serum adiponectinlevels. Obesity(2010); 18: 535541.

Idoate F, Ibanez J, Gorostiaga EM, Garcia-Un-citi M, Martinez-Labari C, Izquierdo M.Weight-loss diet alone or combined withresistance training induces different regional

visceral fat changes in obese women. Int JObes(2011); 35: 700713.

Jakicic JM, Gallagher KI. Exercise consider-ations for the sedentary, overweight adult.Exerc Sport Sci Rev (2003); 31: 9195.

Jequier E. Pathways to obesity. Int J Obes(2002); 26(Suppl 2): S12S17.

Knuttgen HG. Strength training and aerobicexercise: comparison and contrast. J StrengthCond Res(2007); 21: 973978.

Koh-Banerjee P, Wang Y, Hu FB, SpiegelmanD, Willett WC, Rimm EB. Changes in bodyweight and body fat distribution as risk fac-tors for clinical diabetes in US men. Am J

Epidemiol (2004); 159: 1150

1159.Kraemer WJ, Ratamess NA. Progression and

resistance training. Pres Counc Phys Fit Sports(2005); 6: 18.

Kreider RB, Rasmussen C, Kerksick CM, Wil-born C, Taylor Lt, Campbell B, Magrans-Courtney T, Fogt D, Ferreira M, Li R,Galbreath M, Iosia M, Cooke M, Serra M,Gutierrez J, Byrd M, Kresta JY, Simbo S,Oliver J, Greenwood M. A carbohydrate-restricted diet during resistance trainingpromotes more favorable changes in bodycomposition and markers of health in obesewomen with and without insulin resistance.

Phys Sportsmed(2011); 39: 27

40.LaForgia J, Withers RT, Gore CJ. Effects of

exercise intensity and duration on theexcess post-exercise oxygen consumption.J Sports Sci (2006); 24: 12471264.

Little JP, Safdar A, Wilkin GP, TarnopolskyMA, Gibala MJ. A practical model of low-volume high-intensity interval traininginduces mitochondrial biogenesis in humanskeletal muscle: potential mechanisms.J Physiol(2010); 588 : 10111022.

MacDougall JD, Gibala MJ, Tarnopolsky MA,MacDonald JR, Interisano SA, YarasheskiKE. The time course for elevated muscle

protein synthesis following heavy resistanceexercise. Can J Appl Physiol (1995); 20: 480486.

McGuigan MR, Tatasciore M, Newton RU,Pettigrew S. Eight weeks of resistance train-ing can significantly alter body compositionin children who are overweight or obese.J Strength Cond Res(2009); 23: 8085.

Melanson EL, Sharp TA, Seagle HM, DonahooWT, Grunwald GK, Peters JC, Hamilton JT,Hill JO. Resistance and aerobic exercisehave similar effects on 24-h nutrient

oxidation. Med Sci Sports Exerc (2002); 34:17931800.

Melanson EL, Sharp TA, Seagle HM, DonahooWT, Grunwald GK, Peters JC, Hamilton JT,Hill JO. Twenty-four-hour metabolicresponses to resistance exercise in women.J Strength Cond Res(2005); 19: 6166.

Moro C, Pillard F, de Glisezinski I, Klimcak-

ova E, Crampes F, Thalamas C, Harant I,Marques MA, Lafontan M, Berlan M. Exer-cise-induced lipid mobilization in subcuta-neous adipose tissue is mainly related tonatriuretic peptides in overweight men. AmJ Physiol Endocrinol Metab (2008); 295: E505E513.

Muller MJ, Bosy-Westphal A, Kutzner D, Hel-ler M. Metabolically active components offat-free mass and resting energy expenditurein humans: recent lessons from imagingtechnologies.Obes Rev (2002); 3 : 113122.

Olshansky SJ, Passaro DJ, Hershow RC, Lay-den J, Carnes BA, Brody J, Hayflick L, Butler

RN, Allison DB, Ludwig DS. A potentialdecline in life expectancy in the UnitedStates in the 21st century. N Eng l J Med(2005); 352: 11381145.

Ormsbee MJ, Choi MD, Medlin JK, GeyerGH, Trantham LH, Dubis GS, Hickner RC.Regulation of fat metabolism during resis-tance exercise in sedentary lean and obesemen. J Appl Physiol (2009); 106: 15291537.

Paoli A. Resistance training: the multifacetedside of exercise. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab(2012); 302: E387.

Paoli A, Bianco A. Not all exercises are cre-

ated equal. Am J Cardiol (2012); 109: 305.Paoli A, Bianco A, Neri M, Palma A. What is

Fitness: definition, history and health bene-fits. A review. Rivista della Facolta di ScienzeMotorie dellUniversita degli studi di Palermo (J Sport

Sci and Sport Law) (2008); I: 143166.Paoli A, Pacelli F, Bargossi AM, Marcolin G,

Guzzinati S, Neri M, Bianco A, Palma A.Effects of three distinct protocols of fitnesstraining on body composition, strength andblood lactate. J Sports Med Phys Fitness (2010);50: 4351.

Paoli A, Marcolin G, Zonin F, Neri M, SivieriA, Pacelli QF. Exercising fasting or fed to

enhance fat loss? Influence of food intakeon respiratory ratio and excess postexerciseoxygen consumption after a bout of endur-ance training. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab(2011); 21: 4854.

Paoli A, Grimaldi K, Bianco A, Lodi A, CenciL, Parmagnani A. Medium term effects of aketogenic diet and a Mediterranean diet onresting energy expenditure and respiratoryratio.BMC Proc(2012a); 6: P37.

Paoli A, Moro T, Marcolin G, Neri M, BiancoA, Palma A, Grimaldi K. High-Intensity

Interval Resistance Training (HIRT) influ-ences resting energy expenditure and respi-ratory ratio in non-dieting individuals.J Transl Med(2012b); 10: 237.

Paoli A, Pacelli QF, Moro T, Marcolin G, NeriM, Battaglia G, Sergi G, Bolzetta F, BiancoA. Effects of high-intensity circuit training,low-intensity circuit training and endurance

training on blood pressure and lipoproteinsin middle-aged overweight men. Lipids HealthDis (2013a); 12: 131.

Paoli A, Rubini A, Volek JS, Grimaldi KA.Beyond weight loss: a review of the thera-peutic uses of very-low-carbohydrate (keto-genic) diets. Eur J Clin Nutr (2013b); 67:789796.

Pedersen BK. Muscles and their myokines.J Exp Biol (2011); 214: 337346.

Poehlman ET, Melby C. Resistance trainingand energy balance. Int J Sport Nutr (1998);8: 143159.

Schuenke MD, Mikat RP, McBride JM. Effect

of an acute period of resistance exercise onexcess post-exercise oxygen consumption:implications for body mass management.Eur J Appl Physiol(2002); 86: 411417.

Sothern MS, Loftin JM, Udall JN, SuskindRM, Ewing TL, Tang SC, Blecker U. Safety,feasibility, and efficacy of a resistance train-ing program in preadolescent obese chil-dren.Am J Med Sci (2000); 319 : 370375.

Souza SC, Chau MD, Yang Q, Gauthier MS,Clairmont KB, Wu Z, Gromada J, Dole WP.Atrial natriuretic peptide regulates lipidmobilization and oxygen consumption inhuman adipocytes by activating AMPK.

Biochem Biophys Res Commun (2011); 410:398403.

Thornton MK, Potteiger JA. Effects of resis-tance exercise bouts of different intensitiesbut equal work on EPOC. Med Sci Sports Exerc(2002); 34: 715722.

Thornton MK, Rossi SJ, McMillan JL. Compar-ison of two different resistance trainingintensities on excess post-exercise oxygenconsumption in African American womenwho are overweight. J Strength Cond Res(2011); 25: 489496.

Wang Z, Heshka S, Gallagher D, Boozer CN,Kotler DP, Heymsfield SB. Resting energy

expenditure-fat-free mass relationship: newinsights provided by body compositionmodeling. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab(2000); 279 : E539E545.

Westerterp KR, Meijer GA, Janssen EM, SarisWH, Ten Hoor F. Long-term effect of phys-ical activity on energy balance and bodycomposition.Br J Nutr (1992); 68: 2130.

Willis LH, Slentz CA, Bateman LA, ShieldsAT, Piner LW, Bales CW, Houmard JA,Kraus WE. Effects of aerobic and/or resis-tance training on body mass and fat mass in

5Resistance training and overweight, A. Paoli et al.


7/26/2019 10.1111_cpf.12136-1

7/7

overweight or obese adults. J Appl Physiol(2012); 113: 18311837.

Winder WW. Energy-sensing and signalingby AMP-activated protein kinase in skeletal

muscle. J Appl Physiol (2001); 91: 10171028.

Zhang K, Sun M, Werner P, Kovera AJ, AlbuJ, Pi-Sunyer FX, Boozer CN. Sleeping

metabolic rate in relation to body massindex and body composition. Int J Obes RelatMetab Disord(2002); 26: 376383.



Documents

10.1111_cpf.12136-1