KAPPA Engineering - v4.02 - September 2006

3www.kappaeng.com

KAPPA is primarily a petroleum engineering software company.

Our integrated software platform, Ecrin, is the industry standard for Dynamic FlowAnalysis. Ecrin includes modules for Pressure Transient Analysis (Saphir) andProduction Analysis (Topaze). Soon we will integrate our freestanding productionlog analysis module (Emeraude) and release two new modules for nodal analysisand full field reservoir simulation.

To seamlessly connect and process client data in the Ecrin modules KAPPA hasdeveloped Diamant Master, a server solution that centrally processes permanentgauge data and shares production data, technical objects and documents in acoherent environment for real time reservoir management.

Founded in 1987, KAPPA now has over 3000 active commercial software licenses,used by over 300 companies worldwide. KAPPA is independent; 80% owned by itsemployees. Our main development office is in Sophia Antipolis, France and we haveregional offices in Houston, Perth and Bahrain. KAPPA is present in ten othercountries with local offices and agents.

KAPPA offers complementary Training and Consulting Services (TCS) based nearGatwick, UK. We train hundreds of engineers every year in our chosen disciplines.

KAPPA is a Microsoft Certified Partner.

KAPPA

KAPPA 3

Ecrin 4

PDG Reservoir Surveillance 6

Pressure Transient Analysis 10

Production Analysis 20

Production Logging 24

What is coming next? 30

Table of contents

4An integrated platform for Dynamic Flow Analysis

Until recently KAPPA was developing PC applications aimed at beingbest-in-class. This objective still stands inviolate, but users told usthey needed ergonomic tools that would integrate, navigate andcommunicate within a single program in order to save engineer timeby avoiding process duplication, painful import/export and by cuttingtraining time. As a result, in our fourth generation of softwareproducts, we integrated our applications into a single environmentcalled Ecrin.

In 2005, Ecrin v4.0 integrated the three modules required to processPermanent Downhole Gauge (PDG) data: data management(Diamant), Pressure Transient Analysis (Saphir and Saphir NL) andProduction Analysis (Topaze).

In 2006 KAPPA simultaneously released Ecrin v4.02 and a serverapplication gathering, filtering and sharing PDG and production data(Diamant Master). Diamant Master is operated by the Diamantmodule in Ecrin. In complement, recent industry developments onDeconvolution were integrated in Saphir and enhanced multiwellsimulation was added to Topaze.

The process continues. A nonlinear version of the PA module (TopazeNL) is under development. The integration and enhancement of ourproduction log analysis software (Emeraude) is taking place, and inthe process we are developing new modules such as reservoirsimulation (Rubis) and Nodal Analysis (Amethyste).

Ecrin - Main window with a PTA (Saphir) and a PA (Topaze) session running

Ecrin

5Why Ecrin?The inital goal of Ecrin was to concentrate the processingand analysis of PDG data into a single environment. Butusers needed more. PVT, models and general informationare common, and it is difficult to excuse having to load thesame information repeatedly for different applications;especially from the same software vendor.

In other words engineers dealing with permanent gaugedata and performing pressure transient and productionanalysis wanted this to be done in the same application.

Leave my Saphir alone...Conversely, engineers only interested in one KAPPAproduct may not want to have a workstation environmentforced upon them. So Ecrin can also be installed as asingle software product, say Saphir. Even afterinstallation the user may switch Ecrin behavior between astandalone application and an integrated workstation.

Why the name Ecrin?You will have noticed that the names of our softwaregemstones are spelt incorrectly. In truth it is even worseas they are spelt in French (eg Saphir instead ofSapphire). The main reason was to avoid trademarkproblems in an industry that mostly uses English namesand to avoid boring acronyms.

Ecrin is the French word for jewellery box. With Ecrin youbuy the gemstones and we offer you the box.

Ecrin BrowserSwitching between two small applications within a big oneis a bit ho-hum. In reality this can be done between anyWindows applications with a simple Alt-Tab.

What is interesting is the ability to share and transferobjects. This is done using the Ecrin Browser. Put simply,if there is, for example, a PVT object available in Saphir,through Ecrin this can be dropped into Topaze. You needonly enter the PVT data once.

Another example might be the 2D-map. Sitting at the toplevel in Ecrin this would be available to all applications bysimple drag-and-drop.

This can go as far as transferring a complete Saphirdocument into a new Topaze document obtaining theinformation, pressures, rates and model on a single click.

Licenses and ReadersThe Ecrin user may turn on and off any module withoutlicense restriction. Ecrin, when started, checks the licenseinformation for each enabled module from a hardwarekey, FlexLM or network.

If the module is licensed it will be fully executed. If it is notlicensed it will execute in Reader Mode. This will allow theengineer to open the corresponding files, print, export,run a report, and even copy individual objects intolicensed modules (the opposite is not true as a Readercannot modify anything).

For example, if you have a Saphir license and no Topazelicense you will be allowed to open Topaze documentand, using the browser, drag-and-drop the data, PVT,model, etc into a Saphir document.

Operating Diamant MasterThe Diamant / Diamant Reader module in Ecrin can fullyoperate Diamant Master (see next section). Data andtechnical objects stored in the Diamant Master databasemay be created, edited, deleted and dragged-and-dropped into any other Ecrin module. The privilege toperform operations in Diamant Master is not related to theDiamant licensing but to the privilege associated toindividual users.

Ecrin releasesIn 2005 Ecrin v4.0 integrated a data module (Diamant), aPTA module (Saphir) and a PA module (Topaze) toconstitute the kernel of our workflow to process PDGdata. It transpired that the workflow was right but a serverapplication was needed to share the filtered data within aworkgroup. This was the origin of the v4.02 project, whichintegrated Diamant Master and two technicaldevelopments that were considered urgent:deconvolution in Saphir and a pressure controlledmultiwell simulation in Topaze. With Diamant Master inplace, the expansion of Ecrin continues with additionalfeatures to the existing modules, the integration of PL(Emeraude) and the coming release of a reservoirsimulator and a nodal analysis package (see page 30).

Ecrin toolbar with a mixture of licensed and Reader modules

Ecrin browser

6Permanent Downhole Gauges (PDG) are a remarkable source ofinformation of both long term production data and the capture ofoccasional build-ups that may be described as free well tests. Dataare acquired at high frequency and over a long duration. The downside is the large number of data points gathered, which can amountto hundreds of millions per sensor, far beyond the processingcapability of todays fastest PC. There are a number of challenges:storing and accessing the raw data, filtering it and then transferringthis to the relevant analysis module and finally sharing both filtereddata and analyses.

Diamant Master is a server solution that addresses all of theseissues. Installed on a dedicated machine, it permanently mirrors rawdata for fast processing, reduces the number of points with waveletbased filtration, stores and shares the filtered data and exportsfiltered data sets to third party databases. It also stores and sharesanalyses and various files amongst engineers of the same workgroup.

The Diamant module in Ecrin works in two ways: In the free Reader version, Diamant operates Diamant Master and

transfers data and technical objects between Diamant Master andthe Ecrin analysis modules.

As a licensed module, Diamant locally reproduces some of thefeatures of Diamant Master for the smaller operators, working non-real time and without the sharing capability of Diamant Master.

Diamant main window

PDGReservoir Surveillance

7Modern PDG Data processingData preview: a quick data scan of one point in everythousand gives the user an overview and easily identifiesanomalies. A selection on the data window can be doneand outliers are immediately discarded.

Filtration setting: within the load window an initialsample of a fixed size, typically around 100,000 points orone week of data, is extracted. In an interactive anditerative process, the software equivalent of running apencil through a noisy path of data the engineer visuallysets the wavelet filter. A post-filtration based on amaximum t and p is then used to reduce the number ofpoints of the de-noised signal.

Load: the data is loaded in overlapping increments.During the load the user can visualise the overall picture,with the result of the filtration since the start and thefiltration on the current increment. At any time the processcan be interrupted and the filter parameters modified.

Update and partial reload: the process maintains apersistent link to the original data source. For eachgauge, regularly or on user request, the process re-connects to the data source and then loads and filtersincremental data using the filter as set for the particulargauge. It is also possible to change the filter setting, fornew data or retroactively, or to partially re-populate a datasegment over, for example, an identified build-up with acompletely different filter level or even no filtration.

Data analysis: filtered data can be transferred by dragand drop to an analysis module. Shut-ins are analysedand compared using the PTA module (Saphir) whileproducing pressures will be history matched using the PAmodule (Topaze).

Filtered dataInitial sample

Global load window Current load window

Handling PDG dataWhat PDG data providesPDG acquire pressure data at high frequency and over along duration. A typical data set, as shown below, willinclude two types of information; each spike is anunscheduled shut-in that may be treated as a free welltest for Pressure Transient Analysis. In addition the longterm global producing pressure response, ignoring thesepeaks, can be used in association with the well productionto perform Production Analysis and/or history matching.The data is there and it is already paid for. It is simply amatter of getting at and interpreting the data.

Wavelets filtrationNice idea, one not so little problem; the available data isvast and growing. For one single gauge there are typically3 to 300 million data points. This will bring even thefastest of todays PCs to a grinding halt. But we need bothshort term high frequency data for PTA and long term lowfrequency data for PA. To obtain both in the same processKAPPA adapted a wavelet algorithm, acting as a highpass filter close to the pressure breaks typical to a shut-in and as a low pass filter on the remainder of the data.This filter will typically divide the number of points by 100without loosing significant information.

Typical PDG data response gathered over two weeks

Wavelets denoising: (1) raw data = 10,000 points;too low (2), too high (3) and selected (4) thresholds;

(5) post-filtration; (6) filtered data = 70 points

8Once the filter is set, DM will filter as a background task,regularly updating the filtered channels as soon assufficient new points have been mirrored. The filtereddata is stored in the local DM database to besubsequently sent to Ecrin analysis modules on a singledrag and drop. The filtered data may also be exported toa third party database. It is possible for the Ecrin users toreturn to an old part of the data and request DM to reloadthe data in the corresponding time range with a differentfilter or no filter at all, hence locally repopulating thefiltered data whenever needed. Diamant Master alsostores all types of KAPPA technical objects and files in ahierarchic and intuitive structure, in order to be sharedand re-used by Ecrin interpretation modules.

WEB accessDiamant Master raw and filtered data are exclusivelycreated from the Diamant module in Ecrin, and Diamantremains the best way to handle data, technical objectsand files when using KAPPA applications.

However these can also be accessed from an Internetbrowser by connecting to the DM server IP address or itsname in the domain. The engineer can view the status ofthe different processes and gain access to the data tablesand technical objects stored by Diamant Master.

It is possible to recover the filtered data in Excel formatwithout using Ecrin. An ActiveX control can also be loadedto navigate the data structure in the same browserenvironment as Diamant.

Workflow using Diamant MasterDiamant Master as seen by the end userA typical workflow using Diamant Master (DM) is shown inthe figure below. DM is a permanent process installed ona dedicated machine running Windows 2000 or 2003Server. Engineers operate DM from Diamant in Ecrin. ADiamant license is not required to operate DM. Even as aReader, Diamant has full control of DM; privileges andrestrictions are only associated to the users identified bytheir Windows login names.

For the end user the interface is similar to a local Diamantsession, however all operations are performed andshared on the DM server. Diamant Master, at all times,remains connected to the original data sources fromwhich it sequentially imports the raw, unfiltered data.From Ecrin, users with the correct privilege can navigatethe input database and indicate which tag(s) should beimported. Data is mirrored from the raw database to alocal, fast access format (BLI). At the start of deploymentDM will remain in an infinite loop in order to retrieve thelegacy data. Once DM has updated a given gauge it willregularly contact the new data and load on a timer set bythe DM administrator. For each mirrored data set, userswith the right privilege may create one or several filteredchannels using the wavelet algorithm and post-filtrationpreviously described.

Loglog plotsbefore and aftera partial reload

Diamant Master Workflow

Diamant session in Ecrin operating a Diamant Master field Some Diamant functionalities from an ActiveX control

9Diamant Master administrationThe WEB service is also used to administer DiamantMaster. In the administration part of the DM local site,new database adaptors can be added, users can becreated or deleted, user privileges are controlled,individual processes can be started, monitored and/orkilled. The database can be cleaned, and the differenttimers and control operations can be modified.

Diamant Master processesThe diagram below shows the processes that constituteDiamant Master. These processes operate continuouslyand independently.

Server process: The interface between the KAPPAstorage database and any other DM module is controlledby the server process (DMS), the central process ofDiamant Master. It interfaces with Ecrin clients usingDCOM. It controls the link with the WEB service andstores instructions to the other processes in the KAPPAdatabase ensuring that simultaneous requests fromvarious users remain consistent. It protects data lockedby a user against possible interference from other users.

Database interface (EDBI): The beauty of standards isthat there are so many to choose from. So it is in the OilIndustry; there is no standard way to store PDG data.There are many providers, and each has their own datamodel. It is common for Operators to have severalproviders and hence different data models will co-exist.Most databases have low level access (ODBC, OLEDB,OPC, etc), but this is, at best, cumbersome for end users.

WEB based administration of Diamant Master

Each solution would require a specific adaptor to navigateand access the data. KAPPA has implemented a uniquedatabase protocol (EDBI) that permits the connection tocustomized adaptors. In most cases the adaptor will bewritten by KAPPA. Each adaptor is delivered as a DLLthat includes the data access and the user interface tonavigate the database. It acts as a plug-in.

At the first connection, Ecrin will automatically downloadthe plug-in from Diamant Master and the user willnavigate without further installation. The databaseinterface also has adaptors to export the filtered data toexternal client databases.

Mirror, Filter and Calculations: When an Ecrin userdecides to mirror PDG data or to create new filtered data,the server will store the new instructions in the KAPPAdatabase. The mirroring process (DMMP) and the filteringprocess (DMFP) are independent. In their operation cyclethey regularly check their lists of tasks. The calculationprocess (DMCP) creates and permanently updates tagsthat are derived from other tags, for example thesummation of production at well group and field levels.Virtual metering simulation of rates from pressures usinga Topaze model, will be accessible in a later version ofDiamant Master.

KAPPA database: Diamant Master stores objects andfield information in SQL Express installed by defaultwith Diamant Master. However it is possible to store DMdata on a higher level of SQL server or under Oracle.Raw and filtered gauge data are stored in fast access files(BLI), only file pointers are stored in the database.

Workflow using Diamant onlyFor very small workgroups, the Diamant module in Ecrinhas a subset of Diamant Master PDG capabilities. Thedatabase connection (EDBI), and therefore the ability toaccess filtered data from various sources is the same.Mirroring is allowed but incremental loads are triggeredby the user. The filtration process is identical but data arestored in a local Diamant file. Direct sharing is notpossible however filtered data may be exported to files.

The simplified PDG data process of Diamant is shownbelow. It is not necessary to acquire Diamant in order tooperate Diamant Master, unless local and independentdata processing is required.

Diamant Master processes

PDG data workflow in Diamant

Saphir was first developed eighteen years ago by two engineers whoneeded a tool for their own interpretation work. Since then Saphir hasgrown to a dominant position with over 2000 commercial licensesacross operators, service companies and consultants alike.

The reason for this wide acceptance was the ease of use and thetechnical decision to converge modern methodology with increasingPC processing power. The Saphir methodology has always been basedon the Bourdet derivative as the main diagnostic tool, complementedby matching the measured data to the model taking into account thedetailed production history.

The ever increasing processing power of PCs has enabled us toaggressively expand the technical capability of Saphir. This hasresulted in the development of extensive and fast numerical modelingcapability, extended to nonlinear problems (Saphir NL p.18), andmore recently deconvolution.

Simultaneously the testing world has changed. Operators needtransient data analysis but are reluctant to test in the classical sense.Today's engineers have to grab what data they can, beyond normalwell test operations. This requires particular processing and additionalmodeling capabilities, permanently updated in Saphir.

Saphir main window

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Pressure TransientAnalysis

Main additions in v4.0 (2005)Saphir was integrated as the PTA module of Ecrin. Usingthe shared browser, drag-and-drop of technical objectsbetween documents from the same or different modulesbecame possible. A sensitivity option in the control panelmatched the data with multiple ranges of parameters ofthe selected model in the same interpretation tab.wavelet filtration was added at load time, with somedatabase (ODBC, OLEDB) load capabilities. The creationand editing of the rate history was also improved. Newnumerical models included limited entry, fractured andhorizontal wells. Horizontal and vertical anisotropies andmultilayer reservoirs with crossflow permitting multiplewells and partial completions were added. It was alsopossible to visualize geometries in 3D. Analyticalmodels could account for horizontal anisotropy andSaphir NL could handle unconsolidated formations withreversible / irreversible between porosity / permeabilityand pressure relations

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Key features User-friendly software with a powerful kernel Very short training, no retraining for occasional users Software under constant development Methodology based on the Bourdet derivative Modern deconvolution (v4.02) No limitation to the number of gauges or data points Real time interface with acquisition systems Powerful wavelet filtration for production data Extensive analytical model catalog Unique 2-D numerical module extending the modeling

capabilities to situations with arbitrary outer boundaryshapes, any fault trajectories, composite zones, etc

Unlimited number of analyses on different gauges,build-ups, models and/or model parameters

Fast and robust optimization routine Gas material balance correction for closed systems Artificial Intelligence based model adviser Free Reader for reporting and exporting 24-hour on-line and telephone technical support Extensive training and consulting services Real gas and real dead oil diffusion (Saphir NL) Non-Darcy flow (Saphir NL) Water+Hydrocarbon 2-phase flow (Saphir NL) Water injectors in oil or gas reservoirs (Saphir NL) Unconsolidated formations (Saphir NL) Simulation with minimum pressure control (Saphir NL)

Interpretation using the numerical module

Main additions in v4.02 (2006)The main focus of Ecrin v4.02 was on the operation ofDiamant Master and its compatibility with all Ecrinmodules, including Saphir. However Saphir v4.02 had amajor enhancement with the integration of recentdevelopments in deconvolution. This method ispresented on page 15 of this document. A new verticalinterference external model to match the observationprobe of a formation tester was also added.

3D cross-sectionmultilayer crossflowwith two wells open

in different layers

Local 3D refinementlimited entry well

Build-upresponse

Deconvolvedresponse2-Porosity PSS - Picking the transition

QA/QCThe QA/QC plots display all the loaded gauges. They canbe synchronized interactively or automatically usingnonlinear regression. For any plot, the difference betweenall gauges and a selected reference is dynamicallycalculated, and serves as a basis for detailed analysis ofwellbore effects such as phase segregation. QA/QC canbe used to correct reservoir trends, analyze gradientsurveys and correct tidal effects.

Selecting data for analysisAfter loading and editing data, a gauge and a productionor shut-in period are selected and automatic semilog andloglog plots are created. A Saphir document can containmultiple gauges and, during the analysis, the user maydynamically change the gauge or simultaneously displayseveral gauges on all plots. Similarly, several build-upscan be compared. The Bourdet derivative is used as themain diagnostic tool. Analysis relies on matching datawith a model response generated for the full rate history.Since version 4.02, it is possible to extract a deconvolvedversion of the selected data. The deconvolution algorithmand method are detailed on page 15.

QA/QC

Extraction and matching of multiple build-ups

Feature detailsData Load and structure Saphir can load an unlimited number of data points froman unlimited number of gauges, and individual productionhistory from an unlimited number of wells. Data input canbe made from the clipboard, ASCII (flexible formatdescription), P.A.S. files, databases using ODBC andOLEDB, keyboard or a real time interface with acquisitionsystems. Data can also be loaded by drag-and-drop fromany other Ecrin document. For large data sets, waveletfiltration can be applied at load time. A Saphir documentis organized in a well-defined hierarchy visualized withthe Data Browser. Whilst analyzing, if several gaugeshave been loaded, it is possible to switch the activegauge, or use several gauges simultaneously. With asingle gauge selected, multiple production, injectionand/or shut-in periods can be considered simultaneouslyand displayed together on all relevant plots.

Rate editingThe tested well production history may be adjustedgraphically or in a spreadsheet. A comprehensive set ofediting facilities includes insertion, deletion, merging,splitting and synchronization. Graphical synchronizationmay be set to cursor position, closest data point andintersection of two user defined straight lines. Otherfeatures include the creation of slug rates from pressures,adaptive averaging, and refining the production historyfrom pressure breaks using wavelets. Production events(drawdown, build-up, etc) are automatically identifiedwhen the rate history is loaded then displayed with a clearnaming convention.

Data editingThe user may select all or any part of a pressure data seteither from the table display or graphically (box, timerange, data range, individual points, search criteria, etc).A selection processing toolkit enables deletion, post-filtration, global arithmetic operations, removal of outliers,copy to clipboard, averaging, and wavelet denoising.Edited data may be stored as a new gauge hencepreserving the original.

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Edit rates

Selecting data withDeconvolution

Analytical and numerical modelsSaphir has a wide range of built-in analytical well,reservoir and boundary models (see technicalreferences). Constant or rate dependent skin, constant orchanging wellbore storage may also be added. Additionalexternal models may also be dynamically connected,either from the KAPPA website (see technical references)or independently developed by a third party. Pick optionsare offered for most parameters for a first estimate bypointing to a characteristic feature of the model on thederivative plot, eg the time when a boundary effectcauses the derivative to depart from IARF.

Well IntakeThis option is used to define an intake model that Saphircan run in conjunction with the reservoir model tosimulate the pressure at gauge depth, in particular atsurface. As the modification is part of the model, it can bechanged as required, and possible alternatives can easilybe compared. Well intake correction is also integrated inthe nonlinear regression.

Material balanceWhen an analytical or a numerical model is used for aclosed reservoir, average reservoir pressure is calculatedand displayed. For gas, the average pressure, obtainedfrom a p/Z calculation, is used at any simulated time tocalculate the reference gas properties, hence correctingthe model response for material balance.

Changing wellWith the changing well option, the user can assign adifferent well model to different phases of the productionhistory whilst the reservoir and boundary conditionsremain the same. An example of this application is in preand post-frac tests, where the changing model will offer aunique and consistent treatment of the total response.

Multilayer analytical modelsSaphir integrates a comprehensive multilayer option withan unlimited number of commingled layers. Each layerhas its own initial pressure, and the engineer may selectany standard or external model. All layers are connectedto a single wellbore. Individual stabilized and/or transientrates can be loaded and associated to any combination ofcontributing layers. The model simulates the pressureresponse and the combination of layer rates that wereloaded. It will allow simultaneous optimization on bothpressures and layer contributions.

Model menu

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Well intake

Gas material balance correction

Multilayer interpretation

ExportingAny document data can be sent to the clipboard orexported to ASCII, Excel and dBase files. The exportoption provides direct access to the candidate data,including information, PVT tables, gauges, rate history,model, etc. P.A.S. files, the Alberta Energy and UtilitiesBoard required format for electronic well test datasubmission, can also be exported as TRG (pressure andtemperature) and AOF (IPR / AOF results) files.

ReportingSaphir provides a quick way to produce a built-in reportincluding all relevant sections of the analysis. Thisincludes a main results summary page, history listings,and one page dedicated to each plot with the appropriateinformation and results. The report can be previewed, anda number of options are given to customize the fonts,change the logos, etc. When a single plot page isrequired, the print option can be called from the plot itself.Saphir is also an OLE automation server providingaccess to all current interpretation parameters and resultsfrom external applications such as MS-Word. TheSaphir installation comes with a template MS-Worddocument including macros to access and retrieve thosevalues. All Saphir plots can be sent to the clipboard inWMF, BMP, JPEG, or TIFF format.

Multiwell analytical modelsAnalytical models for homogeneous and double-porosityreservoirs and various boundary effects can account forthe interference of other wells. In the model menu, theuser may decide to take into account, or not, the influenceof these wells. Comparing the model with, or without, thisinterference will allow the user to decide whether nearbywells had a significant impact on the transient response.These models also account for horizontal anisotropy.

Improving, comparing and sensitivity analysisAfter model generation, nonlinear regression is used tooptimize the model parameters. Regression may beautomatic, or the user may control the list of variableparameters and acceptable parameter ranges.Optimization may be performed on the loglog plot or onthe whole production history. Confidence intervals may bedisplayed at the end of the regression process. Sensitivityanalysis may be performed by running the same modelfor different ranges of parameters. Multiple analyses maybe overlaid and compared on all plots. A loglogcomparison across multiple files is also possible for build-ups years apart or with nearby wells.

Test designAll Saphir analytical and numerical models are availablefor Test Design whereby a virtual gauge is created onwhich a complete analysis may be simulated. Options tosimulate the actual gauge response, taking into accountits resolution, accuracy and potential drift can be the basisfor selecting the appropriate tools or to check if the testobjectives can be achieved in practice.

Specialized analysesFlexible plots can be created to complement the defaultloglog and derivative diagnostics with options tailored tospecific flow regimes. Pre-defined types are available,such as MDH, Horner, square root and tandem root. On aflexible plot the user can create straight lines, byregression or interactively, and Saphir calculates therelevant parameters.

AOF / IPRAOF / IPR analyses are available for vertical (straight line,Vogel, Fetkovitch, Jones, c&n), horizontal (Joshi, Renard,Borisov, Giger, Vlis, P.S.S.), and fractured wells (P.S.S.).IPR can be used for flow after flow, isochronal, ormodified isochronal tests, and includes options to displayextended, stabilized, and transient IPR.

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Comparing normalized build-ups years apart from different files

IPR plot

History plot preview

The deconvolution process will then twist the shape ofthe unknown derivative response within reasonable limitsuntil a best match is obtained. In other words, the processwill ensure that the resulting derivative shape is within thebounds of what would be expected from a model.

ExampleLook at the well production history and its correspondingPDG pressure response below. The two selected build-ups, of 120 and 300 hours are coherent and therefore, onthe loglog plot, their derivatives are consistent. Thedeconvolved response is shown as white/red thick lines.The duration of the deconvolved signal is 2,500 hours. Itexhibits a close system behavior that was not detected ineither build-up.

Why does it work?No real magic here. In the case above the processobtains the additional late time behavior by having thesimulated response honor both build-ups simultaneously.

The additional information comes from the depletionbetween build-up #1 and build-up #2. If there was onlyone buildup, this depletion could be calculated to honorthe initial pressure (if known). Before deconvolution, agood engineer would match one of the buildups with aboundary, see that the simulation is incoherent with thesecond build-up and add the extra boundaries until the fullpicture matches. Deconvolution just takes you there inonly one step.

What is the catch?Be careful and remember the assumptions made. Themain assumption is that superposition works and isapplied to the spline model. If the model changes in time,and in particular the skin, the process will not work. If thedifferent build-ups are inconsistent deconvolution will notwork. For multiple wells deconvolution will not work either.

There is more: you create a theoretical response bymatching data. Then you match a drawdown model to thisresponse. Any mistake in the deconvolution calculationwill remain for the rest of the interpretation process. So itis vital to always check the simulation match on the REALdata, at least on the history plot, and return to the originalbuild-ups at the end of the process as a last validation.

Do not try to use the deconvolution any cost. It is a nicetool, but sometimes it just does not work. Caveat emptor.

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Deconvolution in Saphir v4.02Deconvolution in principleThe old idea behind deconvolution was to create atheoretical response to an ideally constant producing ratefrom the real pressure response to a complex, sometimesinaccurate production history. From this response, wearrive at an idealized drawdown solution that may besubsequently and directly matched with a model over atime period much greater than any single componentbuild-up. Therefore, with such a deconvolved responsewe could see much further into the reservoir, hencemaking earlier reserve bookings from defined limits.

Good theory but in practice pure deconvolution isunstable, especially at late time and this is just where it ismost useful. However, recent publications (e.g. SPE#77688 and SPE #84290) suggested a method which,given the proper caveats, could be of significant help.

Saphir deconvolution processThe unknown is the derivative response for a unitproduction, which we decompose as a polyline on aloglog scale. We obtain the unit pressure response bynumerical integration of the derivative, and we cansimulate the pressure response with the usualsuperposition. Another potential unknown is the initialpressure.

The optimization process adjusts the derivative responsein order to match the data and minimize the curvature ofthe derivative response, i.e. it will find the simplestderivative response that will best match the data.

The process also allows a certain flexibility on the(inaccurate) rate values. The optimization will also ensurethat these rate changes are as small as possible. Theduration of the deconvolved response is the whole timeinterval between the start of the production history andthe last pressure point.

Saphir deconvolution for the end userThe engineer selects the periods, which would typicallybe a set of coherent build-ups, where the deconvolutionwill be calculated. At this point the initial pressure is inputif known and rate adjustment selected or not.

The variables of the deconvolution process

Deconvolution on two consistent build-ups

On numerical well testingNumerical well testing is not a new idea and has beentried since the advent of the simulator. In the early 1990sthe first automatic gridding designed for well testing wasdeveloped. KAPPA became involved in this at that timeworking under three specifications: first, the model musttake minutes to build and run so that using a numericalmodel should not significantly change the duration of aninterpretation; second, the reliability of the numericalmodel, and especially its automatic gridding, should becomparable to the reliability of an analytical model; andfinally nonlinear regression should work.

The 2-D Map optionThis is the starting point for any detailed description of thereservoir, accessible from a dedicated tab in the Saphirmain window. It may be used to:

Simply visualize the reservoir for report purposes Position interfering wells to be used in analytical models Define the numerical model: reservoir shape, wells

geometry and position, faults, composite zones in thereservoir and/or around the wells, special distribution ofthickness and porosity, etc

Visualize the automatic gridding and allow a small coreof specialist users a high level of user control

Numerical models in SaphirOne of the main achievements of earlier versions ofSaphir was to provide the interpretation engineer with avariety of tools to get closer to the real reservoir. This wasdone by creating reservoir visualization, adding multiwellcapabilities to some analytical models, and developing anumerical module based on an unstructured (Voronoi)grid with a modeling flexibility far beyond that of ananalytical model.

In Generation 4 the third dimension was added as a localgrid refinement for modeling limited entry wells, horizontalwells and multi-layer formations. Horizontal and verticalanisotropies were also added.

These capabilities, integrated in the standard version ofSaphir, correspond to the same assumptions of lineardiffusion as used for analytical models. They constitute asort of super-analytical model extended to complexgeometries, as described in these two pages.

In Saphir NL the numerical model was extended to handlenonlinearities including real gas, dead oil and two-phaseflow restricted to water and one hydrocarbon phase.Saphir NL can also handle compaction and non-Darcyflow. Saphir NL is detailed in page 18 of this document. Inthe two present pages we will focus on the geometry.

16

2-D field display of simulated pressuresNumerical model dialog 3-D field display of simulated pressures

Automatic gridding User controlled griddingThickness fields

4 5 6

Vector image builtInput bitmap Composite zones

1 2 3

7 8 9

Defining the numerical modelAfter loading a bitmap (BMP) representing the reservoir(Fig. 1), the engineer first sets the scale by defining aknown distance between two points. Once thesedimensions are known, the tested well is positioned andthe reservoir outer limits described as a closed polygon.Any segment of this polygon may be set as a sealing orconstant pressure boundary.

If inner boundaries are present, any number of polylinefaults may be drawn with control of individual faulttransmissibility. Individual wells (vertical, horizontal and/orfractured) may also be created and positioned, and theirproduction history entered. Later, when the model isdefined, vertical and fractured wells may be individuallyset as fully penetrating or limited entry.

Once the geometry of the problem is defined, the displayof the original bitmap is turned off and the 2-D Mapdisplays a vector description of the problem (Fig. 2).

Composite zones and thickness/porosity fieldsFault polylines may also be used to delimit compositezones where separate mobilities and diffusivities can bedefined. Additional composite zones may also be addedaround each well (Fig. 3). Porosity, thickness orpermeability fields may be defined, either interactively orby importing an ASCII file. Kriging and other interpolation/ extrapolation algorithms are used to define theseproperties at each cell (Fig. 4).

Checking and controlling the griddingThe 2-D Map displays automatic gridding, adapted tohonor the reservoir contour, inner faults and wells (Fig. 5).The default is recommended but specialists may modifythe basic grid geometry, size, main directions, and thelocal grid refinement around each well (Fig. 6).

Running the numerical modelA tab in the model menu permits switching betweenanalytical and numerical. Well parameters andpermeabilities are retained, but the analytical geometry isreplaced by the 2-D reservoir description (Fig. 7).

2-D and 3-D visualization / animationThe simulated pressure fields may be stored for usercontrolled time steps, allowing a 2-D display during thesimulation and later an animation (Fig. 8). The same realtime display and replay is available in pseudo 3-D, thehorizontal plane being the reservoir geometry and thepressure being displayed in the Z plane. The usualOpenGL display capabilities (angle, lighting, scale, gain,etc) are available (Fig. 9). When the model uses true 3-Dgridding (complex wells, multilayer) a full 3-D view can bedisplayed representing the real 3-D geometry, where it ispossible to define arbitrary cross sections, to show onlycertain pre-defined groups of cells (see page 11).Coloring and animation are also available in this mode.

Complex well geometries and anisotropyThe numerical module allows for fractured (Fig. 10),partially penetrating (Fig. 11), limited entry fracture (Fig.12) and horizontal wells (Fig. 13). The 2-D grids aroundthe well is replaced by a 3-D module. Saphir also permitshorizontal (Fig. 14) and vertical anisotropy (Fig. 15).

MultilayerThe numerical model can simulate multilayer reservoirs.Any number of layers can be considered, and any numberof wells penetrating those layers. The well model isrestricted to vertical or hydraulic fracture. Each well canbe selectively opened or closed in individual layers.Crossflow may also be modeled. The contour, faults, etcare identical in all layers.

Fractured well with limited entryLimited entry well : display of one sector

17

Horizontal well : local grid refinement Limited entry well + vertical anisotropy

Fractured well : pressure field

Horizontal anisotropy

10 11

13

12

14 15

Saphir NLSaphir NonLinear (NL) is the highest level PressureTransient Analysis (Saphir) module in the Ecrin suite. Itaddresses the specific issues of nonlinearities inPressure Transient Analysis. Saphir NL covers the samegeometries and well models as the numerical module ofSaphir, however the slightly compressible fluidassumption and pseudopressures are replaced by theexact diffusion equations. Superposition in time has goneand the numerical module is run as a standard simulatorseamlessly integrated into Saphir. Pressure control canbe activated in the model to supersede the usual ratecontrol when the simulated pressure goes outside pre-defined limits. When nonlinearities are non negligible,Saphir NL allows the engineer to solve the problem ofdiffusion of real gas, with or without non-Darcy, real deadoil, with or without water, and such specific conditions asformation compaction.

Using a numerical model to handle nonlinearities in welltesting is not a new concept. Other groups have madeattempts, with some success, to do this using local gridrefinement on standard simulators. But with Saphir NL, afast, easily handled and workable tool is at lastoperational.

Real gasWith analytical models gas is handled using pseudotimesand pseudopressures. This works to a point, butincreasingly the limitations can be seen. With Saphir NLthe exact real gas diffusion equation is implemented.Because the problem is often locally linear and remainssingle-phase, the nonlinear solver will converge quicklyand the generation time is in the order of a linear problem.

Real dead oilFor single-phase oil the slightly compressible fluidassumption implies that viscosity and compressibility areconstant. The dead oil PVT option models it exactly.

Water+hydrocarbonsThe model runs with two phases, one phase being water.Both detailed PVT and the Water-Oil or Water-Gasrelative permeability tables must be entered.

Water injector and oil producer

18

Water injectorsA particular application of two-phase flow is the case of awater injector in an oil reservoir. Fall-offs of a waterinjector can be reasonably modeled using a radialcomposite solution. But injections are different. Theinterface is moving and the problem changes in time.Depending on the relative permeability tables and thelevel of injection rate, different behaviors will occur intime. Semi-analytical developments have been made onthe subject, but with Saphir NL there is no assumptionexcept the inherent uncertainties of relativepermeabilities.

Non-Darcy flowFor real gas, the Forchheimer equation is used to handleturbulent flow, both at well level and within the reservoir,including the case of hydraulic fractures. A specificturbulence coefficient is entered for each fracture.

Pressure control vs rate controlWhen running a Saphir NL case, each well can be givena minimum and a maximum flowing pressure. Should thesimulated pressure go outside the imposed limits, theengine will switch to pressure control and the rate willvary in consequence. On the history plot, the simulatedrates will then be displayed.

Formation compactionThis feature allows the definition of pressure dependentpermeability and porosity. This dependency may bereversible or irreversible. It is reversible when theproperty is a function of the current pressure values,whether increasing or decreasing. In the irreversible casethe lowest historical pressure of each cell is stored andthe property is related to this lowest value.

Integration in the Saphir workflowA nonlinear analysis is just a particular type of Saphiranalysis. Each nonlinear analysis stores, in addition to themodel, its own PVT and relative permeability tables.

2-phase relativepermeabilities

Water injector:Evolution of the

water front

19

Built-in analytical modelsIn the analytical model dialog, the user can select a largecombination of well, reservoir and boundary models, incomplement of wellbore and skin options.

Wellboremodels

No storageConstant storage (Fair, Hegeman)Changing storage

Wellmodels

Finite radiusFracture - uniform fluxFracture - infinite conductivityFracture - finite conductivityHorizontalLimited entry

Skinmodels

ConstantRate dependantTime dependant

Reservoirmodels

Homogeneous2-porosity P.S.S.2-porosity transient sphere2-porosity transient slab2-layer with X-flowRadial compositeLinear composite

Boundarymodels

InfiniteSingle sealing fault1 constant pressure faultClosed circleConstant pressure circle2 parallel faults2 intersecting faults any angleComposite rectangleLeaky fault

2-layers with X-flow & radial composite2-layers with X-flow & 2-porosity2-porosity & radial composite2-porosity with skin at matrix blocks3-porosity (1 fissure and 2 matrices)3-layers with X-flow4-layers with X-flow4-layers with X-flow in closed systemConductive faultHorizontal well with horizontal anisotropyHorizontal well with identical fracturesHorizontal well with non identical fracturesMulti-lateral wellWell in a reservoir pinchoutSlanted well, fully penetratingSlanted well in an infinite reservoirSlanted well in a closed reservoirRadial composite 3 zonesVertical interference (v4.02)

External modeldefinition and input

PVT correlations

Built-in numerical models

GasZ Dranchuk, Standing, Beggs & Brill,Hall-Yarborough

Viscosity Lee et al., Carr et al.,Lee compositional

Oil

Pb & RS

Lasater, Vasquez & Beggs,Standing, Glaso non volatile,Glaso volatile, Lasater-Standing,Petrosky & Farshad

Bo Standing, Vasquez & Beggs,Glaso, Petrosky & Farshad

Co Petrosky & Farshad,Vasquez & BeggsViscosity Beggs & Robinson, Beal

Water

Rsw Katz, Meehan & RameyBw Gould, McCain, Meehan & RameyCw Dodson & Standing, Osif

Viscosity Van-Wingen & Frick,Meehan & Ramey, Helmholtz

User defined reservoir contour in the X-Y plane,unlimited number of segmentsAny contour segment sealed or at constant pressureUser defined faults inside the contour with individualleakage factorTrue double-porosity model (duplication of grids)Composite regions with associated diffusivity,storativity and double-porosity modelHorizontal anisotropyVarying thickness and porosity fieldsConductive faultsMultiple wellsFractured well with finite / infinite conductivity Limited entry vertical well with vertical anisotropyFractured well with limited entry and vertical anisotropy Horizontal well with vertical anisotropyChanging storage (Saphir only)Time-dependent and rate-dependent skin Saphir and Topaze: slightly compressible liquid Non-Darcy flow for gas (Saphir NL only)2-phase W-O and W-G (Saphir NL only)Real gas diffusion (Topaze and Saphir NL only)

Technical References

External analytical modelsThe user may dynamically connect additional externalmodels, either delivered by KAPPA as a complement tothe built-in model catalog or developed internally by thecustomer.

Since the introduction of Topaze in 2003 Production Analysis (PA) hasmoved forward significantly. The old methods of assuming constantpressure or empirical decline functions have been replaced by aprocess employing advanced methodology such as the Blasingameplot and using true diagnostics based on the analytical and numericalmodeling capabilities developed in Pressure Transient Analysis.

The merging of the modeling capability of Topaze with the abundanceof data from permanent gauges installed at surface or downhole hasmeant that users are now able to obtain answers that were previouslyonly available from transient tests but remained hidden in long termproduction data. This information has the advantage that it isavailable at no extra cost and with no deferred production. As the longterm production is modeled, the evolution in time of the wellproductivity may also be quantified. Finally, forecasting may be basedon a real model as opposed to an empirical function.

In the Ecrin framework, data, technical objects, even completeanalysis models may be copied from Saphir into Topaze by simpledrag-and-drop providing a quick start point for production analysisand forecasting.

Main Topaze screen with production history plot

20

ProductionAnalysis

21

Main additions in v4.0 (2005) Integrated into Ecrin; Drag-and-drop of technical

objects within any opened documents; in particularmodels can be copied directly from/to Saphir

Wavelets at load time from databases using standardprotocols such as ODBC or OLEDB

Load DMP2 files Numerical model: limited entry well (vertical and

fractured), horizontal well, X-Y & H-V anisotropies Numerical models: 3-D grid display Analytical models: extended to all Saphir models Analytical models: horizontal anisotropy Analytical models: multiwell solution Sensitivity analysis by matching model with multiple

range of parameters Enhanced Arps with multiple simultaneous scales Arps water-oil extensions : fo vs Qo, log(fw) vs Qo, 1/fw

vs Qo, 1/qo vs Qo/qo Analytical correction for water production Enhanced output of production forecast Load multiphase production used for intake correction Enhanced interface, plots, annotations & report Edit options merged with Saphir; in multiwell, they can

be used to edit the production of any well Multiple analysis report

Main additions in v4.02 (2006)Ecrin v4.02 was focused on the operation of DiamantMaster and its compatibility with all the Ecrin modules,including Topaze.

However Topaze v4.02 has additional enhancementsincluding the possibility, in the numerical model, to controlmultiple well flowing pressures and productioncontributions. This allows PDG data to be used directly inthe model instead of relying on production data that mayonly be allocated or inaccurate.

Key features Full analysis spectrum from decline curve to complete

rate and pressure history matching Brings the advances of the last twenty years in

Pressure Transient Analysis to Production Analysis Processing very large data sets (permanent gauges):

wavelet filtration at load time Extensive analytical model catalog Unique numerical module extending the modeling

capabilities to situations with arbitrary outer boundaryshapes, any fault trajectories, composite zones, etc

Multi-well simulations Model compatibility with Saphir Simulate pressures from rates and rates from pressures Fast modeling option for large data sets Real gas numerical solution for exact material balance Calculate and display average reservoir pressure Time-dependent skin option Unlimited number of analyses on different gauges,

using different models and/or model parameters Fast and robust optimization routine Optimization on rates, cumulative production,

pressures or any weighted average Forecast of rate or pressure beyond the current history Built-in surface to downhole correction with single and

multiphase flow correlations 24-hour on-line and telephone technical support Extensive training and consulting services

Arps multiple scale analysis

Numerical model with multiple wells

Numerical model with mutiple wells

BlasingameThe Blasingame plot displays instant and averageproductivity index with respect to material balance time(cumulative production divided by instantaneous rate). Italso calculates the derivative, in a display similar to aninverted loglog plot tending to a negative unit slope whenpseudo-steady state is reached.

Loglog plotThe loglog plot can be used as a diagnostic tool withexceptionally clean data. When data is more scatteredsome trends may however be detected. The simulatedmodel can also be compared to the data on this plot.

Model match on Blasingame plot

Loglog plot

22

Loading & editing dataTopaze can load an unlimited amount of production andpressure data with independent time sampling. Data maybe input as points (time, value) or as steps (duration,value), and this option can be dynamically or permanentlychanged later. Topaze will accept data from any type ofASCII and database files. Specific client customized database connections developed for Diamant / DiamantMaster may also be used to directly load data in Topaze.Comprehensive editing features include unique waveletfiltration that allows data reduction without losingsignificant trends or breaks in the pressure or ratesignature. Topaze can also retrieve data by drag-and-drop from another Topaze document, a Saphir documentor Diamant / Diamant Master.

Well intake correction and extractionWhen pressures are acquired at surface or at any pointdistant from the sandface, the well intake option allowseither the loading or generation of a well intake responseto simulate sandface pressure. When the engineerextracts the data for analysis, options include the choiceof pressure and rate gauge, time range, time sampling,and whether or not to correct pressures to datum.

Fetkovich type-curvesThese curves are available to process data in theabsence of permanent pressure measurementsassuming constant producing conditions. Normalizedrates and cumulative production can be superimposed onthe selected type-curve.

Arps plotThe default scale is log(q) versus time, but other scalesare available: q vs. t, log(q) vs. log(t), q vs. Q and log(q)vs. Q. The automatic match by nonlinear regression bestfits the end of the data and displays the best matchingdecline function, which may be changed interactively.When oil and water rates are available, it is also possibleto estimate the ultimate recovery from other graphs: fo vsQo, lof(fw) vs Qo, 1/fw vs Qo and 1/qo vs Qo/qo. Thesimultaneous display of several scales is possible withinthe same plot.

Arps

Fetkovich

When the well productivity changesIf the simulation deviates from the data and indicates achange in the well productivity index the user may assignindividual skin values to different production periods.Nonlinear regression is then applied on all skins, resultingin a relation between mechanical skin and time.

Production ForecastWithout data, or after history matching, a productionforecast for any model may be run based on theanticipated producing pressure. Sensitivity toimprovements or decay of productivity index can besimulated.

Reporting, Exporting and Topaze ReaderAs in Saphir, Topaze has an extensive range of reporting,exporting and printing capabilities. The free andunprotected Topaze Reader allows Topaze files to beread, printed and exported without the requirement for anactive Topaze license.

Common features with SaphirTopaze shares built-in analytical and numerical linearcapabilities with Saphir. The Saphir external models willrun in Topaze. Under Ecrin a complete Saphir documentmay be dragged-and-dropped into Topaze (or vice versa)to complement the analyses on the same data. For adetailed list of models refer to the Technical Referencesp.19. For a description of the numerical linear capabilities,see Saphir p.16-17.

Normalized rate cumulative plotThis variation of the Agarwal-Gardner plot showsdimensionless rate versus dimensionless cumulativeproduction. A straight line at boundary-dominated flowgives a direct estimate of reserves. For gas, an iterativesolution is implemented as the plotted values are in turna function of the reserves.

Model and nonlinear regressionWith a wide range of well, reservoir and boundary models(see technical references), Topaze offers the uniquecapacity to simulate pressures from the productionhistory, or simulate rates and cumulative production fromthe pressure history, or both simultaneously. Nonlinearregression then allows history matching, minimizing theerror in terms of pressures, rates, cumulative productionor any weighted average.

Model for simultaneous oil-water production When working with oil, an analytical prediction of waterproduction can be included. The simulated water ratemay be compared to the measured, and the differencemay be added in the nonlinear regression.

When the well drainage area changesThe same modeling and regression capacity is extendedto the Topaze unstructured numerical module in order tohandle complex geometries. The numerical module alsoallows the simulation of multiple well production, whereindividual wells can be pressure or rate controlled.Topaze permits 2-D and 3-D visualization of the welldrainage areas and their evolution with time.

Normalized rate cumulative plot

3-D model

Production forecast

Changing skin

23

Production logging is now seen as a powerful quantitative method thattakes its own place in the set of data acquisition tools for the reservoirengineer, along side transient and production analysis. No longer justthe tool of last resort, PL is now used as a calibration point for thereservoir model and as an important tool in the development overtime of the producing intervals in the wellbore.

The interpretation process has shifted into the hands of the end-userengineer due, to a great extent, to the development of client, asopposed to tool focused software; Emeraude.

Production logging surveillance has given the reservoir engineer apowerful tool in the drive for the more accurate and refined reservoircharacterization. Emeraude is now used by all the major servicecompanies and all the major producers and many independentoperators and service providers. Emeraude is seen as the industrystandard allowing a common platform for communication andinterpretation between service companies and operators.

From vertical injectors to horizontal or highly deviated multiphaseproducers, Emeraude provides a comprehensive and intuitive set oftools, to produce results from the log data from simple through to themost sophisticated tool strings. KAPPA remains committed to theongoing development of the industry standard PL interpretationpackage by remaining in close contact with tool manufacturers.

Emeraude is currently a standalone package. Integration in the Ecrinenvironment is now taking place, for release planned in 2007.

Emeraude main window - Deviated well - 3 phases

24

ProductionLogging

Key features Unlimited number of logging runs within a document

with one or several interpretations for each Logical data structure viewed/edited in a Data Browser Fast and extensive plotting options with automatic and

user-defined track creation Fast learning curve Fast path for simple cases Methodology based on nonlinear regression offers full

flexibility in the type and number of inputs Comprehensive list of flow models from 1 to 3 phase Specific models for apparent downflow, and flow

through a standing water column Temperature model Global log optimization with constraints Selective Inflow Performance (SIP) Multiple Probe Tools support (DEFT, GHOST, CAT):

image views / cross sections FSI visualization and interpretation module Pulsed Neutron Log (PNL) module CGM/TIF log output Well sketch Formation test data QA/QC Free reader for reporting and exporting

Main additions in v2.42 (2005) FSI module Spinner response based on momentum Surface contrib. in contributions tab (Zone Rates) Update log option in contributions tab (Zone Rates) Apparent downflow enabled when Vapp is positive Apparent downflow option can be customized with

possible factor and shift Average friction true calculation Grid customization Drag & drop from Data Store back to a Pass Collapse browser option View Up/ View Down Passes option Lateral average stores standard deviation Improved mnemonic management

25

Image view properties

Main window with browser

FSI cross-section

Main additions in v4.10 (2007)The integration of Emeraude in Ecrin will bring thepossibility to exchange components between Emeraudeand the other modules and between Emeraudedocuments. It will be possible to transfer PVT, wellboregeometry, full wellbore description including thepresssure drop model, as will feeding in a multilayer PTAanalysis with the PL rate results in Emeraude.

Beyond the benefit of the integration, Emeraude v4.10 willinclude a number of new options such as a complex userformula module, layout templates, and a test designoption.

FSI geometry definition

Feature detailsData load and displayEmeraude can load data from LIS, LAS, and ASCII filesor from the clipboard or keyboard. Versus depth logs orstationary data can be input. The load optionautomatically recognizes the file format. New mnemonicscan be defined and become part of the software settings.Mnemonics can be filtered for the current and futureloads. Log tracks are automatically created for eachmnemonic after the load, and scaled automatically todisplay all the available measurements.

Data structure and browser editingInternally, Emeraude uses a hierarchical representationthat may be visualized in the data browser. At the top ofthis hierarchy is the general well data that will typicallyinclude: open-hole gamma ray, T.V.D. or deviation log,zoned I.D. or caliper log and perforations. Next is thesurvey data, which is the basis for one or severalinterpretations, providing for sensitivity studies. Eachsurvey has an associated data store where copies ofchannels can be made. Editing facilities include: lateralaverages, depth stretch, shift, data cut and fill, merging,splicing, derivative and sampling.

Spinnercalibration

Spinner calibration and apparent velocityThe user interactively defines the spinner calibrationzones and the positive and negative lines on each zoneare automatically calculated. Two calibration modes areavailable: constant value of thresholds, or constant ratiobetween thresholds and intercepts. Calibration resultscan be viewed and edited directly with a full editing toolbox. Once the spinner calibration is satisfactory, the usergenerates an apparent velocity channel. At each depththe apparent velocity, Vapp, results from a user controlledweighted average of the calculations for each pass.

Single and zoned PVTThe PVT model defined by correlations provides theproperties of any phase at any temperature and pressure.It is also possible to redefine the properties for eachinflow zone. In each phase dialog, there are tabs for allthe relevant properties where the correlations can beviewed both graphically and inside a table, and matchedto user-entered data. The PVT needs to be created onlyonce, and can then be copied from one interpretation toanother. It is possible to save this to a file and to load thatsame file into the PVT of other documents.

MethodologyRate calculation is treated as a minimization problem andsolved using nonlinear regression, offering full flexibility inthe type and number of input measurements.Interpretations can be run from any number of sufficientinputs including: spinner apparent velocity, density,pressure gradient, capacitance, holdup of any phase,velocity of any phase, rate of any phase, andtemperature. The solution rates are found by minimizingthe error between measured and simulated values. Eachdifference, or residual can be weighted separately. Twodifferent nonlinear regression schemes are available; thelocal regression solves for the cumulative rates in thewellbore at a series of user-defined depths and globalregression solves simultaneously for all the zonecontributions and can be used as a second stage toimpose sign constraints.

Interpretation modelsEmeraude offers a full range of flow models from single to3-phase model which considers slippage between waterand oil (Liquid-Liquid model) and slippage between theliquid mixture and the gas (Liquid-Gas). Specific modelsare provided to handle flow re-circulation as well as flowthrough standing water columns.

Flow map

26

Data browser

Load dialog

View/match PVT correlation

Zone rates calculation The Zone Rates option calculates, views and modifiesrates for any calculation zone. Results are displayed as atable or graphically, in terms of measured values againstsimulated values. This can be used to assess therelevance of the models when compared to the measuredsurface rates and to alter the model to match those rates.The user has full control of the solution model and theresults. Additional results are also presented such as theflow regime, average velocities, holdups, slippagevelocities, as well as cumulative rates, downhole and atStandard Conditions. Input parameters for each zone canbe listed and edited. The value of the supplied referencechannels and all relevant PVT properties can be viewedin tabular form. Contributions can be directly edited.When a gradio tool is used, all components of thesimulated pressure gradient are output: tool friction,friction along the pipe, and acceleration gradient. A flowmap is used to spot discontinuities in the simulatedresponses due to the change of flow regime.

Global Regression The default calculation scheme in Emeraude involvessuccessively solving the cumulative rates at selecteddepths inside the wellbore. The contributions of the inflowzones, located in between the calculation zones, are thenobtained from successive differences. Because eachlocal regression is done regardless of the solution aboveor below, the overall solution may result in contributionsfrom the same interval showing different signs which,physically, is not possible.

Global Regression provides a method for solving thosecases. For every producing interval, the sign of thecontribution can be imposed. It is also possible to fix anyparticular contribution to a user-entered value, inparticular a null value. Global regression can be coupledwith a Genetic Algorithm to avoid local traps.

Schematic and complete logs Zone Rates results are plotted as schematic logs. Inaddition zoned simulated measurements are generatedand plotted together with the input channel.

A Complete Log output can also be obtained which, atevery selected depth increment, calculates thecumulative rates by nonlinear regression. Because thecomplete log is everywhere faithful to the data, it canserve as a good indication of the entry points.

Multiple Probe Tools with visualization Emeraude can process multiple probe tools giving eitherbubble counts, holdup of a given phase or capacitancemeasurements. The built-in options are tailored for theSchlumberger DEFT, GHOST, and the Sondex CAT butcan be customized. Image tracks can be created, andcross sections displayed at any depth. Average holdupscan be calculated using an arithmetic average or astratified average.

Flow Scan Imager A specific treatment is offered for the Flow Scan Imager(FSI). The holdup information provided by the six rows ofresistivity and optical probes can be viewed as an imageto assess the flow distribution. Cross sections can bedisplayed that provide a clear view of all the toolmeasurements at a given depth. The cross section isupdated continuously as the cursor moves along the log.On the cross section, the user can choose aninterpolation method for holdups and spinners along thevertical axis (see figures on p.25). Using the userselection, the software calculates average holdups, totalvelocity, and possibly phase velocities and rates. Notethat in this process each spinner has its own calibrationvalues for the different fluids. Any average channelcalculated from the FSI processing may then be input tothe usual calculation engine.

Well sketchThe well completion is built by drag and drop of pre-defined elements, e.g. tubing, casing, packer, etc., andthe depth and diameter information is entered. For thelatter, Emeraude can retrieve the values from an existingID channel.

Zone rates option

Global regression

27

Multiple probe tools - Image view - Cross-section

For gas rates, the SIP can be based on pseudopressureinstead of pressure. An unlimited number of SIPs can becreated and compared. Each zone can be assigned adifferent model: straight line, c&n, or Jones IPR. The SIPcan use the total rate, the rate of a given phase, or thetotal liquid rate. The analysis can be done downhole orwith surface values. Pressure datum correction can beapplied and a composite IPR displayed.

Pulsed Neutron Log (PNL) interpretationClean formation, Shaly - Single water model, Shaly - Dualwater models are available. When a model has beenselected, Emeraude indicates which channel inputs areneeded. Those channels can be loaded from an open-hole interpretation, or estimated from correlations. In thestart-up phase they are given a unique constant value.They can later be redefined on user-selected zones.Zones can be defined anywhere along the log. Cross-plots are created on these zones and can be used toredefine locally the input measurements. For uncleanformations the plot can dynamically correct for shale. Therelevant capture cross-sections are changed on a cross-plot either by direct input or by dragging the plot lines.When the change is satisfactory, it is possible to modifythe logs with the new value, on the selected zone only, oron the whole range. When all inputs have been defined,a water saturation log can be generated which isautomatically used to display a Bulk Volume Analysis, anda Pore Volume Analysis view. Time-lapse presentationcan be obtained automatically by supplying theinterpretation with additional water saturations, anddefining the relevant chronology.

Well views In many situations understanding the measurements andresults may require visual representation. In a horizontalwell, oscillations in the well trajectory will be responsiblefor significant variations in the holdup due to the influenceof deviation on the slippage velocities. Displaying theholdups inside a representation of the wellbore istherefore essential. Well views can be created from thebrowser to display the well geometry, based on TVD ordeviation, the internal diameter and zones. Holdupchannels, obtained as direct tool measurements orcomplete log calculations, can also be added to the wellview and displayed within the wellbore.

PNL Interpretation

TemperatureThe temperature can be used to replace a faulty spinneror a spinner blinded by such effects as flow re-circulation. The temperature model requires the definitionof a formation temperature profile that may be directlyinput or interactively picked on the data. Fluid heatcapacities and an overall heat loss coefficient are alsorequired. The latter can be estimated on the topcalculation zone when surface rates are available. It mayalso be included as a variable of the global regression.

Selective Inflow Performance (SIP) Generating a SIP analysis can be done very quickly oncethe reservoir zones are defined. In every selectedinterpretation, the SIP plot will read the rate values on theschematic logs, the pressure and the temperature values.

SIP analysis28

Temperature Interpretation

Well sketch creation

Formation test data QAQCAn option of the special panel allows the loading ofreservoir pressure and reservoir permeability / mobilitychannels. They can be loaded together or separately; inwhich case the software will reconcile the depths. Eachdepth point can be assigned a legend, and a qualityindicator. All information appears on the tracks builtautomatically to display the pressure and permeability.Lines can be calculated or drawn and gradients / contactsare deduced.

ExportChannels present in an Emeraude document can beexported in LIS, LAS, or ASCII formats. Those files canthen be transferred to third party applications, corporatedatabases, etc.

OutputThe log output in Emeraude is WYSIWYG and can besent to any MS-Windows printer. Single or multiple logtracks, as well as any X-Y plot can be copied to theclipboard in Bitmap or WMF format. The Log printoutincludes a preview option where full control is given tomodify the fonts, scales and grid lines. Screen capturescan be made at any point and returned to later with asingle click. API logs can be produced from the printpreview option and stored within the document. A built-inreport can be printed and previewed that includespredefined sections. This report can be complemented bythe appropriate log outputs generated as required. Iffurther customization is required, it is possible to producea report in MS-Word using the OLE interface ofEmeraude. Through this interface, any parameter orresult of the active document can be retrieved using theappropriate macros. A template MS-Word report isinstalled and can be customized as required

Internet: Click & SendThe Click & Send option enables the user to send directlyan E-Mail with the current Emeraude file, or a subset, toany destinee, including KAPPA support. It is possible tosend a compressed version of the file, with all surveys oronly the active one.

Log preview

Pressure drop correlationsArtep Liquid-Gas; mechanistic; any angleAziz & Govier Liquid-Gas; mechanistic; verticalBeggs & Brill Liquid-Gas; empirical; any angleChoquette Liquid-Liquid; empirical; verticalDukler-Eaton Liquid-Gas; empirical; horizontalDuns & Ros Liquid-Gas; empirical; verticalHagedorn-Brown Liquid-Gas; empirical; verticalOrkiszewski Liquid-Gas; empirical; verticalPetalas & Aziz Liquid-Gas; mechanistic; any angleTaitel & Dukler Liquid-Gas; mechanistic; vertical

A flowmap for Petalas & Aziz

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GasZ Dranchuk, Standing, Beggs & Brill,Hall-Yarborough

Viscosity Lee et al., Carr et al.,Lee compositional

Oil

Pb & RS

Lasater, Vasquez & Beggs,Standing, Glaso non volatile,Glaso volatile, Lasater-Standing,Petrosky & Farshad

Bo Standing, Vasquez & Beggs,Glaso, Petrosky & Farshad

Co Petrosky & Farshad,Vasquez & BeggsViscosity Beggs & Robinson, Beal

Water

Rsw Katz, Meehan & RameyBw Gould, McCain, Meehan & RameyCw Dodson & Standing, Osif

Viscosity Van-Wingen & Frick,Meehan & Ramey, Helmholtz

PVT correlations

Gaz PVT - Z correlation match

Technical References

Ecrin v4.10 (2007) and v4.20 (2008)Diamant, Saphir and Topaze have a long list of additional featuresdefined in cooperation with our user group. In addition, Ecrin v4.10will see the integration of Emeraude as its PL module, and TopazeNL will be released. Finally two new modules that complement theEcrin suite will be released: a reservoir simulator (Rubis) and a nodalanalysis package (Amethyste).

Reservoir SimulationRubis will be a fast, interactive 3-D / 3-phase simulator that will bepositioned half way between material balance and the large standardsimulators in the market. The 3-D geometry will comprise a cartesianaccumulation of layers, each layer using a 2D, locally 3D, unstructuredgrid. This will be more coarse than, but compatible with, the PTAnumerical models. Rubis is scheduled for Ecrin v4.10 (2007).

Nodal AnalysisIn 2005, in collaboration with a major operator, KAPPA ported WAM,a client in-house nodal software package from DOS to Windows.This version is available now but with a limited deployment. It will bethe technical base of Amethyste, the nodal analysis module of Ecrin.Emeraude and Amethyste will share the same flow models, and it willbe possible to use the results of the production log to initiate the nodalmodel at the level of the formation. Lift curves generated byAmethyste will be usable with a drag-and-drop in the simulator, PTAor PA analyses.

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What is coming next?

Amethyste

Rubis

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