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System Software Interface Engine—a software program
designed to simplify the creation of management of interfaces between applications systems (Altis, 2004)
A HL7 interface engine is an interface or integration engine built specifically for the healthcare industry. It connects legacy systems by using a standard messaging protocol. Because hospitals and other healthcare providers usually have different systems for different aspects of services, they are often unable to communicate with each other. HL7 gets around that problem by providing the framework for the exchange, integration, sharing and retrieval of electronic health information. These standards and the most commonly used throughout the world.
HL7 Interface Engine
Data Management and Access Relational Databases
◦ Relational Database Management System (RDMS)◦ Applications have three layers
Interface Data manipulation Tables
A relational database is a database that has a collection of tables of data items, all of which is formally described and organized according to the relational model.
Relational Database
The relational model for database management is a database model based on first-order predicate logic, first formulated and proposed in 1969 by Edgar F. Codd. In the relational model of a database, all data is represented in terms of tuples, grouped into relations. A database organized in terms of the relational model is a relational database.
Relational Model
Data Management and Access Object-oriented Database
◦ Object-oriented database management system (OODBMS)
◦ Object-Relational Database management system (ORDBMS)
An object database (also object-oriented database management system) is a database management system in which information is represented in the form of objects as used in object-oriented programming. Object databases are different from relational databases which are table-oriented. Object-relational databases are a hybrid of both approaches.
Object Datase
Data Management and Access Data dictionaries—document data
definitions Clinical data repositories—large databases
that include data from a variety of sources
A data dictionary, or metadata repository, as defined in the IBM Dictionary of Computing, is a "centralized repository of information about data such as meaning, relationships to other data, origin, usage, and format
Data Dictionary
Data Management and Access Data Warehouse and Data Mart
◦ Non-relational structure to facilitate “drill down” retrieval
Data mining—discovering patterns in data
Networks and Data Communications Network Communication protocols Network Types and Configurations Network Media and Bandwidths Network Communication Devices
Network Communication protocols Needed for communication among
networked computers an devices Open Standards Interconnection (OSI)
◦ Seven Layers◦ Conceptual model, not a set of actual
specifications
Network Communication protocols Internet Model—Transmission Control
Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)◦ Layered model◦ Represents a set of actual protocol specifications
at each layer
Network Communication protocols Other protocols
◦ Ethernet—Local Area Networks◦ Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)—fast
transmission speeds◦ Bluetooth—wireless devices◦ IEEE 802.11b & g (Wi-Fi)—popular for wireless
computers
Network Types & Configurations Local Area Network (LAN) vs. Wide Area
Network (WAN)◦ LAN—devices are under the control of one
organization in the same geographic area◦ WAN—an network that extends beyond a LAN
Network Types & Configurations Topology
◦ Physical Topology Bus Ring Star
◦ Logical Topology Bus—Ethernet Ring—IBM Token Ring
Network Media Common Types
◦ Twisted pair wire (Category 1 – 5)◦ Coaxial cable (older)◦ Fiber optic cable◦ Wireless
Terrestrial Satellite microwave Spread spectrum
Network Media Communications across WAN require a
service carrier◦ POTS◦ Leased line◦ Integrated services digital network (ISDN)◦ Purchased T-1 (or other) line
Network Bandwidth Bandwidth = Capacity of the transmission
media Greater capacity = greater speed Rates expressed as bits per second (bps)
Network Communication Devices Hub—device in which data from the network
come together Bridge—connects neworks at the data link
layer; networks with the same protocols Router—operates at the network layer; help
determine the destination of data
Network Communication Devices Gateway—connects networks with different
protocols; operates at or above the transport level
Switch—may be a gateway or a router; all switches rout data to their destinations
Distribution Schemes Terminal to Host—dumb terminal interacts
with host computer File Server—application and database are
on one computer; user’s computer gets data files from file server
Client/server—multiple servers with specialized functions; client runs application & server has data
Internet Every computer or device has a unique
Internet Protocol (IP) address Use changed dramatically with the
introduction of Hypertext Transfer Protocol (http) and the World Wide Web (www)
Internet WWW
◦ Uniform Resource Locator (URL)Example-- http://www.josseybass.com
◦ Web Browser◦ Plug-ins◦ Mark up languages
HTML XML
Internet Other Protocols
◦ E-mail (smtp, pop3, imap)◦ File Transfer (ftp)◦ Internet telephoning (VoIP)
Intranets & Extranets Intranets
◦ Secure computer network that uses Internet technologies, but is internal to an organization
Extranets◦ Similar to intranets, but includes business
partners or the organization
Decision Support Three steps of Decision Making
◦ Intelligence◦ Design◦ Choice
Problems are ◦ Structured◦ Unstructured◦ semistructured
Decision Support Transaction based systems use for
structured problems DSS is needed for semi and un- structured
problems
Decision Support System Stand alone generally has three
components◦ Data Management Module—database, data
warehouse, clinical data repository◦ Model Management Module—user selects model
to be applied to problem◦ Dialog Module—the user interface (Oz, 2004)
Artificial Intelligence A branch of computer science that is
devoted to emulating the human mind◦ Example: Google◦ Multiple types
Expert systems Natural language processing Neural networks Fuzzy logic
An expert system is a computer system that emulates the decision-making ability of a human expert
Expert System
Natural language processing (NLP) is a field of computer science, artificial intelligence, and linguistics concerned with the interactions between computers and human (natural) languages.
Natural Language Processing
Artificial neural networks are computational models inspired by animal central nervous systems (in particular the brain) that are capable of machine learning and pattern recognition.
Neural Networks
Fuzzy logic is a form of many-valued logic; it deals with reasoning that is approximate rather than fixed and exact
Fuzzy Logic
User Interactions Input Devices Output Devices External Storage Devices Mobile Personal Computing Devices
Input Devices Standard—mouse & keyboard Other
◦ Trackball or trackpad◦ Touch screens◦ Source data input devices, such as bar coding◦ Document Imaging◦ Speech Recognition
External Storage Devices Sequential
◦ Magnetic tape Direct Access
◦ Magnetic disks◦ Floppy disks◦ Zip drives◦ RAID◦ CDs & DVDs◦ Optical tape◦ Flash memory
Mobile Personal Computing Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs) Pocket PCs Laptop computer Tablet computer Cellular phone combinations
Information System Architecture The coming together of an information
system is guided by the IS architecture Consists of concepts, strategies, and
principles Platforms are specific vendors and
technologies Infrastructure generally refers to networks
and network applications
Architecture It is important for health care organizations
to have thoughtful architecture discussions
Summary System Software Data Management and Access Networks and
Data Communications◦ Network Communication protocols◦ Network Types & Configurations◦ Network Media & Bandwidth◦ Network Communication Devices
Summary (cont.) Distribution Schemes Internet Intranets & Extranets Decision Support
◦ Decision Support System◦ Artificial Intelligence