10.1 TEMPERATURE, THERMAL ENERGY AND HEAT Name: Date:

Block: (Reference: pp. 424 - 435 of BC Science 10)

• kinetic molecular theory: explains that matter is made up of tiny

________________ that are constantly ________________.

These atoms and molecules are constantly in motion.

kinetic energy: __________________________________________

__________________________________________

• The particles of a substance move differently for different states.

In solids, particles ___________________ slightly, but

do not change position.

In liquids, particles vibrate __________, __________

past each other, shape depends on

_________________, move around a __________

volume.

In gases, particles vibrate ______________, move

around _______________ to ______________ all

volume available.

TEMPERATURE

• Temperature: ______________________________________________

_________________________________________________________

• The movement of particles is what we measure as temperature.

• Three different temperature scales are used to measure

temperature: ___________________, ____________ and

______________.

THERMAL ENERGY

• Thermal energy: ____________________________________________

_________________________________________________________

Thermal energy = all kinetic energy + all potential energy

potential energy: ______________________________________

___________________________________________________

• = how much the particles vibrate, and therefore how much

space they take up.

HEAT

• Heat: ___________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

HEAT TRANSFER

• Heat transfer can occur in ____ ways:

1. Conduction: ________________________________________________

Heat is transferred from __________ temperature, ____________

kinetic energy, of particles to _________ temperature, where

particles have _________ kinetic energy.

Ex. a cold spoon warms when placed in a cup of hot coffee.

______________ __________________ transfer heat easily, while

______________________ do not.

2. Convection: ________________________________________________

Fluids: _______________________________________________

Ex. Melted rock under the Earth’s surface and clouds in the sky

move by convection.

Convection is the movement of heat from ______ to ________

within a fluid, or the movement of _____ liquid to an area of

_______ liquid.

Because there is a ___________ difference, hot fluid (_____

density) moves to cold.

• This is how convection currents form.

• Convection current: ___________________________

_____________________________________________

3. Radiation: _________________________________________________

electromagnetic radiation: ___________________________

____________________________________________________

____________________________________________________

infrared radiation (aka heat radiation): _________________

_______________________________________________

solar radiation: ___________________________________

_______________________________________________

made up of visible light and infrared radiation.

3 sources of thermal energy on Earth:

1. __________ _______________ accounts for much of

the thermal energy at Earth’s surface.

• Earth’s interior thermal energy comes from:

2. the core (where residual energy from the

_________________ of the Earth continues to

be released),

3. the decay of ______________________

______________ underground.

Complete p. 435 #1-10

10.2 ENERGY TRANSFER IN THE ATMOSPHERE Name: Date:

Block: (Reference: pp. 436 - 459 of BC Science 10)

• Earth’s __________________ is a key factor in allowing life to survive

here.

This ____________ band of air has the right ________________

and maintains the correct __________________, to allow life to

form and survive.

Originally, Earth’s atmosphere was very different and had no

_______________.

Scientists think that oxygen first came from the breakdown of water

by ______________, then later from _____________________ by

plants.

The composition of Earth’s atmosphere.

What we call “air” is a combination of gases in the ________

atmosphere, near Earth’s surface.

• The two main gases in the lower atmosphere are

_____________ and _____________ (about

99%).

The composition of the atmosphere remains constant up to a

height of about ______ km above sea level.

The density of the atmosphere ____________________ with

altitude.

THE LAYERS OF THE ATMOSPHERE

Earth’s atmosphere is made up of ____ layers:

1. _______________________

2. _______________________

3. _______________________

4. _______________________

5. _______________________

1. ___________________:

• closest to Earth’s surface; ____ km to _____ km thick

• _______________ density layer because all other layers compress

it.

• Almost all __________ ____________ in the atmosphere is found

here.

Therefore, this is where most _______________ takes

place.

Solar energy and thermal energy from Earth keep air

moving

• Temperatures range from average of +________ºC at the bottom to

–_______ºC at the top.

2. ______________________:

• the second layer, above the troposphere; ____ km to _____ km above

Earth,

• Warming from –_____ºC as altitude increases

• The air is cold, dry, and clean in the stratosphere.

• Strong, steady winds, __________ often fly here to avoid turbulent

troposphere.

• The __________ layer is found here, which blocks harmful UV

radiation.

The remaining three layers are known as the __________ atmosphere.

3. _______________________:

• _____ km to _____ km above Earth

• Temperatures are as low as –______ºC

• This layer is where __________ __________ burns up when it

begins to hit particles.

4. ___________________________:

• _____ km to ______ km above Earth

• Temperatures can reach +_______ºC to +______ºC

• This is where the _____________ __________, aurora borealis, are

found.

• Charged particles in Earth’s _____________ __________ collide

with particles in the thermosphere.

5. ________________________:

• _______ km to _______ km above Earth where the atmosphere

merges with __________ ______________.

RADIATION AND CONDUCTION IN THE ATMOSPHERE

• Almost all of the thermal energy on Earth comes from the _______.

Yet, this is only a small fraction of the solar radiation that

________________ Earth.

Most thermal energy is transferred near the ______________,

which receives a more direct source of solar radiation.

Insolation: ___________________________________________

_________________________________________________________

Insolation _________________ if there are particles of

matter (dust, smoke) in the way or if the angle of incidence of

the solar radiation is too great.

angle of incidence: _________________________________

_______________________________________________

_______________________________________________

Solar radiation does not heat the atmosphere _________________.

Earth’s surface ______________ solar radiation, heats up,

then ______________ the thermal energy into the

atmosphere.

• This provides ______ percent of the air’s thermal

energy.

___________________________________ in the air spread

the thermal energy around.

THE RADIATION BUDGET AND ALBEDO

• The radiation budget is used to explain __________________________

________________________________________________________

If all 342 W/m2 of solar radiation that reaches Earth was stored in

the atmosphere, it would be far too hot to support life as we know it.

Earth’s radiation budget = heat __________ – heat _________

Of the of the solar radiation that reaches Earth, _____ percent is

reflected by clouds back into space, _____ percent is reflected by

particles back into space, _____ percent is absorbed by clouds and

the atmosphere, and ____ percent reaches Earth’s surface

• ____ percent of this amount is reflected back out into

space by Earth’s surface

• ____ percent drives the water cycle, ____ percent

creates wind, and ____ percent is re-radiated from

Earth’s surface.

• Albedo: ___________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________

Light-coloured surfaces (snow, sand) have a _______ albedo and

____________ energy.

Dark-coloured surfaces (soil, water) have a _______ albedo and

_______________ energy.

WHAT IS WEATHER?

• weather: __________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________

“Weather” describes all aspects of the atmosphere and is closely

related to the transfer of thermal energy.

ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE

force: _______________________________________________

Ex. The force of gravity pulls you to the ground.

pressure: ____________________________________________

atmospheric pressure (aka air pressure): _____________________

____________________________________________________

____________________________________________________

measured with a ________________________

SI Unit: _______________ (____)

Used to measure the vertical force per unit area.

1 Pa = ________

A small amount so most measurements given in

________________ (____).

THREE FACTORS THAT AFFECT ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE

1. Altitude

At sea level, atmospheric pressure = __________ (equal to 101.3 kPa)

As you increase altitude, the density of air __________, therefore

the atmospheric pressure _______________ (fewer particles means

fewer collisions).

On average, the atmospheric pressure at the top of the troposphere

is only about ____ percent of that at sea level.

However, pressure differences _____throughout the

troposphere because of the ____________ of air.

Our bodies equalize pressure = why our ears _____ with pressure

change.

2. Temperature

Warm air is ______ dense and ____________ than cool air and so

warm air has a _______ pressure than cool air.

The movement of air at different temperatures also affects

atmospheric pressure.

When warm air pushes into an area of cold air near the

ground, the atmospheric pressure in that area

_____________________.

When cold air pushes into an area of warm air, the

atmospheric pressure in that area

_______________________.

3. Humidity

Humidity: __________________________________________

_________________________________________________

Humid air (air with ______ water vapour) is ________ and has

_________ pressure than dry air.

As the amount of water vapour increases in a region of

the atmosphere, it ____________ an equal volume of

dry air (mostly nitrogen and oxygen).

Water vapour is lighter than nitrogen and oxygen gas, so

the air will become _____________.

This makes humid air exert ______ pressure than dry

air.

Meteorologists use atmospheric pressure readings to predict

the __________________.

A decrease in atmospheric pressure suggests that

_______, __________ air is coming and that the

temperature will ____________________.

An increase in atmospheric pressure suggests that

________, ______ weather is on its way.

Specific humidity:_____________________________________

__________________________________________________

Equal to the number of grams of water vapour in 1 kg (or 1 m3)

of air.

As the temperature of air increases it can hold _______

water vapour.

Dew point: ______________________________________

______________________________________________

when the specific humidity ____ the capacity of air to hold

water at a specific temperature.

Relative humidity: _____________________________________

_________________________________________________

_________________________________________________

_________________________________________________

45 percent relative humidity means that the air is holding

____ percent of the water vapour it could before reaching its

______ ___________. 

CONVECTION IN THE ATMOSPHERE

• Wind: ____________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________

air mass: _____________________________________________

_______________________________________________

Air masses take on the conditions of the _______ below.

Air masses can be several thousand kilometres wide and several

kilometres thick.

High pressure systems

• High pressure systems form when an air mass ________.

usually form over ______ water or land.

As the air masses cool, they become __________, _______ and draw

in more air from the upper troposphere, increasing the atmospheric

pressure.

The dense, high pressure air moves out toward areas of low pressure,

creating wind.

Winds blow ________________ around the centre of the system in

the northern hemisphere, counterclockwise in the southern

hemisphere.

As air sinks it becomes more dense and warmer, so it can hold

more water vapour than in the atmosphere.

Air becomes ___________ and ________.

• __________ skies

Low pressure systems

• Low pressure systems form when an air mass __________.

usually occurs over ________ water or land.

Air mass warms, expands, becoming _______ dense and ________.

It cools as it rises, causing water vapour to condense and form

_________ or ____________________.

The expanding air mass pushes away air in the upper troposphere,

causing atmospheric pressure below to drop, and draw in surrounding

higher pressure air.

Winds blow ____________________ around the centre of the

system in the northern hemisphere and clockwise in the southern

hemisphere due to Earth’s __________.

PREVAILING WINDS

• Prevailing winds: ___________________________________________

Ex. In southern British Columbia -> moist air masses from the Pacific Ocean

blows inland over the coastal mountains.

__________________ falls as air is forced up the

mountain slopes.

Air gets _________ as it moves inland, continuing to

drop precipitation.

_______ air rushes down the far side of the mountains

into the prairies.

Local winds

• sea breezes: _______________________________________________

____________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________

Daytime -> land ____ __ faster than nearby water body.

Air above the land heats up and rises, causing cool air from

over the ocean to be drawn in to replace it.

creates an ________________ ____________.

Night -> land _______ faster than nearby water body.

Air over water warms and rises, causing cool air from over the

land to be drawn out to replace it.

creates an _________________ ___________.

THE CORIOLIS EFFECT

• Winds move from _________ pressure to ________ pressure.

If the Earth was 1/6 its size, air would warm in the tropics and rise.

Cooler air from the north would rush in below to fill the empty spot.

The warm air at higher altitudes would move north to replace the

cooler air.

• Due to Earth’s actual size, as it rotates, air ______ long before it reaches

the _______.

• Over long distances winds are “bent” clockwise due to the _____________

of the Earth.

Coriolis effect: ________________________________________

____________________________________________________

• Because the equator moves much more ___________ than do

the poles.

• Deflects winds to the _________ in the northern hemisphere,

and to the ______ in the southern hemisphere.

Global wind systems

• wind systems: _______________________________________

• Earth has three major wind systems:

1. The _____________ _______: from east to west

2. The ___________________ __________________: from

west to east

3. The _________ _______________: flow east to west due

to the Coriolis effect

JET STREAMS

• jet stream: _______________________________________________

Flow west to east due to the Earth’s rotation.

___________ try to fly with these winds.

________ jet stream and ____________ jet stream are two

major jets streams over North America.

Produced by convection currents in the atmosphere, and affected

by temperature differences in the atmosphere.

Cooler times = __________ jet stream and __________

to the equator.

Affect the movement of air beneath them so can affect the

__________________.

FRONTS

• front: ____________________________________________________

indicated by a band of _____________

an approaching front means a ___________ in weather.

cold air forces warm air to rise, so fronts usually bring

______________________.

Four types of fronts and weather map symbols:

Cold front

EXTREME WEATHER

• Air masses often have very large amounts of ________ energy.

• Extreme weather can arise under certain conditions as this energy is

_________________.

• Three types of extreme weather:

1. Thunderstorms: _____________________________________________

_________________________________________________________

Produces large __________________ (cumulonimbus

clouds) can reach the top of the troposphere and form an

“________” shape.

Static energy can be built up and released as

_____________________.

Sea breezes in the tropics and energetic cold (and even

warm) fronts can cause thunderstorms.

2. Tornadoes: ________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________

form when high-altitude fast horizontal winds meet large

thunderstorms and produce a spinning vortex of air called

a funnel cloud that touches the ground.

When tornadoes form over water, they can form

____________ (funnel-shaped columns of water).

3. Tropical cyclones, typhoons, and hurricanes: ______________________

______________________________________________________________

Large masses of warm, moist air rise quickly and cool air rushes

in.

Air rotates ______________________ in the northern

hemisphere, _________________ in the south.

Complete p. 459 #1-19