10.1: Imperialism and America (2-6) 10.2: The Spanish-American War (7-14) 10.3: Acquiring New Lands...
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Chapter 10: America Claims an Empire 10.1: Imperialism and America (2-6) 10.2: The Spanish-American War (7-14) 10.3: Acquiring New Lands (15-20) 10.4: America as a World Power (21-27)
10.1: Imperialism and America (2-6) 10.2: The Spanish-American War (7-14) 10.3: Acquiring New Lands (15-20) 10.4: America as a World Power (21-27)
10.1: Imperialism and America (2-6) 10.2: The Spanish-American
War (7-14) 10.3: Acquiring New Lands (15-20) 10.4: America as a
World Power (21-27)
Slide 2
What is the policy of imperialism? Policy in which stronger
nations extend their economic, political, or military control over
weaker territories. Global competition European nations had been
establishing colonies for centuries (Africa being their prime
target). Territory in Asia (especially China) Japan joined the
competition after dropping their feudal order for a central
government, in hopes that military strength would bolster
industrialization. What were the major factors that contributed to
the growth of American imperialism? Desire for military strength
build up American naval power to compete with other powerful
nations (Alfred T. Mahan Admiral of U.S. Navy). New Markets
technological advances led to America producing far more than
American citizens alone could consume. Needed raw materials for its
factories and new markets for its agricultural and manufactured
goods. Foreign trade = solution to overproduction and related
problems of unemployment and economic depression. Belief in
Cultural Superiority U.S. had the responsibility to spread
Christianity and civilization (narrowly define based on the
standards of one culture) to the worlds inferior peoples.
Slide 3
Why was the purchase of Alaska significant? William Seward
(Secretary of State) arranged the purchase of Alaska from Russia
($7.2 million/2 cents an acre). Some saw Alaska as a wasted
purchase with nothing to offer WRONG! Land rich in timber,
minerals, and oil.
Slide 4
What groups were interested in increasing Americas presence in
Hawaii? Why? American merchants (stopping on their way to China and
East India) and Yankee missionaries settled and became sugar
planters (selling most of their crop to the U.S.) American owned
sugar plantations = of the islands wealth Laborers from Japan,
Portugal, and China outnumbering native Hawaiians 1875 U.S. agreed
to import Hawaiian sugar duty-free (white planters benefited
greatly). 1890 McKinley Tariff eliminated the duty-free status
(Hawaiian sugar growers faced competition in the American market)
American planters in Hawaii called for the U.S. to annex the
islands so they wouldnt have to pay the duty.
Slide 5
1887 U.S. military and economic leaders pressured Hawaii to
allow the building of Pearl Harbor (naval base that became a
refueling station for American ships). How did Hawaii eventually
come under the control of the United States? Hawaiis King Kalakaua
was forced by white business leaders to amend Hawaiis constitution
to limit voting rights to only wealthy landowners. Queen
Liliuokalani came in after Kalakauas death with a Hawaii for
Hawaiians agenda remove property owning voting qualifications.
Revolution overthrew the queen and set up a government headed by
Stanford B. Dole. President Cleveland formerly recognized the
Republic of Hawaii when Dole refused to surrender power back to the
queen. Cleveland would not consider annexation unless a majority of
Hawaiians favored it (so nothing changed for a while) 1898 (new
president) William McKinley who favored annexation got Congress to
proclaim Hawaii an American territory (without the vote of
Hawaiians).
Slide 6
Is this reflective of how a person might behave when they feel
superior to others? Describe the analogy. Manifest destiny greatly
influenced American policy during the first half of the 19 th
century. How do you think manifest destiny set the stage for
American imperialism at the end of the century? In your opinion,
did Sanford B. Dole and other American planters have the right to
stage a revolt in Hawaii in 1893? American business interests in
Hawaii The rights of native Hawaiians
Slide 7
Have you ever been shocked or angered by something you read or
heard? How did it make you want to act? Did you consider whether
what you had heard was true or not? Newspapers in the late 1800s
often exaggerated stories to boost their sales as well as to
provoke American intervention in Cuba (Cuba is pushing for
independence from Spain). End of the 19 th century Spain lost most
of its colonies, only retaining the Philippines, Guam, outposts in
Africa, Cuba, and Puerto Rico.
Slide 8
Cuba lies 90 miles south of Florida U.S. had a strong interest
in getting Cuba from Spain (Spanish would not give it up). During
Cuban revolts against Spain, America supported the Cuban people.
Unsuccessful aside from gaining emancipation for Cuban slaves and
the U.S. was able to move in on economic opportunities of sugar
plantations! Jos Mart Cuban journalist and poet in exile in New
York launched a revolution in 1895 Cuban resistances against Spain
guerilla campaign and destroying property (especially American
owned sugar mills and plantations) provoke U.S. intervention to
help free Cuba. Split opinions business people wanted the
government support Spain to protect their investments vs.
historical connections to rebel cause.
Slide 9
Spain responds by sending Valeriano Weyler to restore order
herded large numbers into concentration camps, where thousands died
of hunger and disease. In war over newspaper circulation, William
Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer printed exaggerated accounts of
Butcher Weylers brutality. Yellow Journalism sensational style of
writing, which exaggerates the news to lure and engage readers.
McKinley tried diplomatic means to resolve the crisis Spain
recalled General Weyler, modified the concentration camp policy,
and offered Cuba limited self-government. 1898 a private letter
written by the Spanish minister to the U.S., Enrique Dupuy de Lme,
was published in Hearsts New York Journal. Criticized President
McKinley, calling him weak the insult angered many Americans (even
though the Spanish government apologized and the minister
resigned). U.S.S. Maine was sent to Cuba to bring home American
citizens in danger from the fighting and to protect American
property (1898). Ship blew up in the harbor of Havana (killing more
than 260 men) American newspapers claimed that the Spanish did it
Remember the Maine.
Slide 10
Public opinion favored war April 20, 1898 (Congress approved
war despite Spanish concessions) First battle was in the
Philippines (Spanish colony) rather than invading Cuba. Commodore
George Dewey gave command to open fire on the Spanish fleet in
Manila (destroying everything) victory allowed U.S. troops to land
in the Philippines. Victory demonstrated U.S. naval superiority;
however the army was only a small professional force (inexperienced
and ill-prepared volunteer force). Inadequate training, lacked
supplies and effective leaders, not enough modern guns, uniforms
did not fit the tropical climate. Support from the Filipinos (led
by Emilio Aguinaldo), who also wanted freedom from Spain.
Slide 11
Slide 12
In the Caribbean, hostilities began with a naval blockade
sealing up the Spanish fleet in the harbor of Santiago de Cuba.
Landed in Cuba in June 1898 to converge on the port city of
Santiago. Four African American regiments and the Rough Riders
(voluntary Calvary) Most famous battle began with an uphill charge
by two of the African regiments and the Rough Riders, clearing the
way for an infantry attack on the strategically important San Juan
Hill. Naval battle along the Cuban coast ended in the destruction
of the Spanish fleet. American troops then invaded Puerto Rico. The
splendid little war only last 15 weeks, ending in the U.S. and
Spain signing and armistice a cease-fire agreement (peace talks in
Paris) Spain freed Cuba and turned over Guam and Puerto Rico to the
U.S. Spain sold the Philippines to the U.S. for $20 million.
Slide 13
Slide 14
Did the U.S. have the right to annex the Philippines? Issue of
Imperialism McKinley decided that we needed to take the Filipinos
and educate them and uplift and Christianize them (most had been
Christian for centuries) Political, moral, and economic arguments
were also presented against the annexation. Treaty violated the
Declaration of Independence by denying self- government to newly
acquired territories. Booker T. Washington said we should settle
race-relations at home first. Laborers thought the Filipinos would
compete for American jobs. February 1899 the Senate approved the
Treaty the U.S. Empire now included Guam, Puerto Rico, and the
Philippines what next?
Slide 15
When Puerto Rico became part of the U.S. after the Spanish-
American War, many Puerto Ricans feared the U.S. would not give
them the same measure of self-rule they had gained under the
Spanish. Not all Puerto Ricans wanted independence some wanted
statehood and others wanted some measure of local self- government
as an American territory. Puerto Rico remained under control of the
military until Congress decided otherwise (making no promises
regarding its independence). Puerto Rico was strategically
important to the U.S. in maintaining a presence in the Caribbean
and to protect a future canal America had planned across the
Isthmus of Panama. Foraker Act (1900): ended military rule and set
up a civil government. U.S. president appointed Puerto Ricos
governor and members of the upper house of its legislature Puerto
Ricans could only elect members to the lower house. In 1901, the
Supreme Court ruled that the Constitution does not automatically
apply to acquired territories In 1917 Congress granted Puerto
Ricans U.S. citizenship and the right to elect both houses of their
legislature.
Slide 16
Since 1898 the U.S. has recognized Cubas independence from
Spain. Teller Amendment: stated that the U.S. had no intention of
taking over any part of Cuba. Upon wars end, American troops
remained in Cuba making some fear that the U.S. would merely
replace Spain and dominate Cuban politics. Same officials who
served Spain remained in office protestors were imprisoned or
exiled. At the same time, the American military government provided
food and clothing, helped farmers put land back into cultivation,
organized elementary schools, and helped eliminate yellow fever.
Because the Cuban constitution (1900) did not specify the
relationship between Cuba and the U.S., the U.S. insisted on the
addition of several provisions known as the Platt Amendment: Cuba
cannot make treaties limiting its independence or allow foreign
power to control any part of its territory. U.S. reserved the right
to intervene in Cuba. Cuba was not to go into debt that its
government could not repay. U.S. could buy or lease land on the
island for naval/refueling stations. U.S. would remain in Cuba
until the amendment was adopted (many thought Cuba lacked the
ability to govern themselves) In 1903 the Cubans ratified the new
constitution and Cuba became a U.S. protectorate (a country whose
affairs are partially controlled by a stronger power). The U.S.
needed to maintain a strong political presence in Cuba to protect
our businesses that had invested in the islands sugar, tobacco,
mining, railroads, and public utilities.
Slide 17
Filipinos were very upset that the Treaty of Paris called for
American annexation of the Philippines. Emilio Aguinaldo (rebel
leader) believed they were promised independence. 1899 the
Filipinos (led by Aguinaldo) rose in revolt (using guerilla
tactics) U.S. took almost the same role as Spain had (imposing
authority on a colony fighting for freedom). Filipinos were forced
to live in designated zones (many died) hypocritical? White
American soldiers treated Filipinos as inferiors, while many
African- American soldiers deserted to the Filipino side
disagreeing with the idea of spreading racial prejudice. Rebellion
lasted 3 years human and financial costs were high. U.S. set up a
government similar to the one it had established in Puerto Rico.
Philippines gradually moved towards independence (republic in
1946)
Slide 18
Imperialist saw the Philippines as a gateway to Asia China
(vast potential market for American products, and opportunities for
large-scale railroad construction). Weakened from war and foreign
intervention, China was known as the sick man of Asia having had
countries come in and claiming special rights and economic
advantages. If China was cut up into colonies, American traders
would be shut out, so U.S. Secretary of State John Hay, issued
policy statements known as the Open Door Notes (1899): Addressed to
leaders of the imperialist nations proposing the nations share
their trading rights with the U.S. (open door). No single nation
would have a monopoly on trade with any part of China. The others
accepted this policy.
Slide 19
Europeans still dominated most of Chinas large cities,
upsetting many Chinese leading some to form societies pledging to
rid the country of foreign devils (Boxers) Boxers killed
missionaries, foreigners, and Chinese converts to Christianity.
International forces put down the Boxer Rebellion. Second series of
open door notes fearing Europeans would use the victory of the
Boxer Rebellion to take even greater control of China. U.S. would
protect the idea of equal and impartial trade in all parts of China
(ulterior motives? Greater American influence in Asia) Open Door
policy reflected 3 beliefs of industrial capitalist economies
(bedrock of American foreign policy): Growth of U.S. economy
depended on exports U.S. had a right to intervene abroad to keep
foreign markets open Closing of an area to American products,
citizens, or ideas was a threat
Slide 20
1900 William McKinley (imperialist) is elected to a second
term, confirming that the majority of Americans favored his
policies. Anti-Imperialist League different opinions/reasons for
opposition but they were all in agreement that it was wrong for the
U.S. to rule other people without their consent. Under Roosevelt
and Wilson, the U.S. would continue to exert its power around the
globe
Slide 21
Roosevelt took office in 1901 (after McKinley was
assassinated), not willing to let Europe control the worlds
political and economic destiny. Roosevelt mediated a settlement in
war between Russia and Japan to increase Americas influence in East
Asia. In 1904, imperialist countries Russia and Japan were
competing for Korea. Japan attacked the Russian Pacific fleet and
destroyed it along with the reinforcement second fleet and secured
Korea and Manchuria in a series of land battles. Japan was running
out of men and money, so they approached Roosevelt and asked him to
mediate peace negotiations he agreed. Treaty of Portsmouth (won
Roosevelt the Nobel Peace Prize) gave Japan half of the Sakhalin
Island (and forgo a desired cash payment from Russia), while Russia
agreed to let Japan take over Russian interests in Manchuria and
Korea. U.S. and Japan continued diplomatic talks and in later
agreements, pledged to respect each others possessions and
interests in East Asia and the Pacific.
Slide 22
Many felt the U.S. needed a canal cutting across Central
America, reducing travel time for commercial and military ships
(shortcut). In the Hay-Pauncefote Treaty, Britain gave the U.S.
exclusive rights to build and control the canal. In 1903, the U.S.
bought French Companys route through Panama for $40 million. Panama
was then a province of Colombia, so the U.S. had to get permission
from Colombia before building The negotiations broke down, so a
Panamanian rebellion was organized to free Panama from Colombia
(1903). Upon, declaring its independence, Panama and U.S. signed a
treaty stating the U.S. would pay Panama $10 million plus an annual
rent of $250,000 for an area of land across Panama (to begin in
1913). Work began in 1904 and was completed in 1914 it was one of
the worlds greatest engineering feats and very dangerous to build
The Atlantic and Pacific Oceans are at different levels, requiring
locks. Feeding and housing issues for all workers was difficult
leading to disease (but was positively dealt with by chief
engineer, John Stevens. U.S.-Latin American relations were damaged
due to the American support of the rebellion in Panama (despite
Congress paying Colombia $25 million to compensate for its lost
territory).
Slide 23
Roosevelt feared that Europe might step into help Latin
American countries financially, taking away our power in the
Caribbean and Central America. Reminder of the Monroe Doctrine
(1823) demanded that European countries stay out of the affairs of
Latin American nations. Added the Roosevelt Corollary U.S. would
use force to protect its economic interests in Latin America Taft
continued this by using the U.S. government to guarantee loans made
to foreign countries by American business people (dollar diplomacy)
keep European powers out of the Caribbean.
Slide 24
Wilson gave the Monroe Doctrine more of a moral tone
(missionary diplomacy) U.S. had a moral responsibility to deny
recognition to any Latin American government it viewed as
oppressive, undemocratic, or hostile to U.S. interests. Mexican
Revolution tested Wilsons policy
Slide 25
The military dictator of Mexico was a friend to the U.S.,
allowing for them to be dominant foreign investors (leaving the
common people poor). In 1911 a group under Francisco Madero
rebelled and overthrew Diaz, promising democratic reforms. But he
couldnt please everyone and was taken over by General Victoriano
Huerta Madero was killed within days of Huerta taking over (Wilson
would not recognize the government of butchers). Wilson developed a
plan of watchful waiting looking for a time to act against Huerta.
1914 mistaken arrest of American sailors gave Wilson an excuse to
intervene in Mexico. Mediators (Argentina, Brazil, and Chile)
proposed that Huerta step down and the U.S. troops withdraw without
paying Mexico for damages. Mexico rejected the plan and Wilson
refused to recognize a government that had come to power as a
result of violence. Huertas regime collapsed on its own and a
nationalist leader came to power so Wilson withdrew the troops and
formally recognized the Carranza government.
Slide 26
Carranza struggled rebels under Francisco Pancho Villa and
Emiliano Zapata opposed the provisional government. Despite Villas
friendship talks with the U.S., when Wilson recognized the Carranza
government, Villa threatened to viciously murder Americans in
Mexico. American public wanted revenge, so Wilson ordered General
John J. Pershing into Mexico to capture Villa dead or alive (forces
remained for almost a year upsetting Carranzas Mexicans) Both
forces backed down before going to war U.S. was facing war in
Europe and needed peace with its southern border. Pershing was
brought home in 1917 and Mexico adopted a constitution giving the
government control of the nations oil and mineral resources and
placed strict regulations on foreign investors. Carranza failed to
carry out its measures and instead ruled oppressively until 1920
when Alvaro Obregon came to power beginning reform.
Slide 27
U.S. intervention in Mexico was a model of American imperialist
attitudes superiority of free-enterprise democracy, would extend
our economic and political reach, even by armed intervention. U.S.
expanded access to foreign markets to ensure economic growth. U.S.
built a modern navy to protect its interests abroad. U.S. exercised
its international police power to ensure dominance in Latin
America. The Russo-Japanese War, the Panama Canal, and the Mexican
Revolution added to Americas military and economic power.
Involvement in conflicts around 1900 led to involvement in World
War I and later to a peacekeeper role in todays world.