101 About Semiconductor Devices

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Power Semiconductor Devices: 101

Inverter

1 What is an Inverter?An Inverter is a Power Semiconductor Electronic device or circuitry that

converts Direct Current (DC) to Alternating Current (AC)

2 What does an Inverter do? Converts Direct Current (DC) to Alternating Current (AC)

3What are the other names of

Inverters?Phase inverter! Power inverter! DC to AC Converter

4What are dierent types of

Inverters?

"here are #asically three ty$es o% Inverters: Sine &ave! 'odied Sine

&ave! and Suare &ave

5

How does an Inverter operate

and what is the technology

used?

In one sim$le inverter circuit! DC $ower is connected toa trans%ormer through the center ta$ o% the $rimary winding A switch is

ra$idly switched #ac* and %orth to allow current to +ow #ac* to the DC

source %ollowing two alternate $aths through one end o% the $rimary

winding and then the other "he alternation o% the direction o% current in

the $rimary winding o% the trans%ormer $roduces alternating current (AC) in

the secondary circuit

Where Inverter would typically

!e used?

Common a$$lications o% inverter are in dc $ower sources! ,PS! electric

motor s$eed control! induction heating! $ower grids as grid-tied inverter!

./DC $ower transmission! solar %or #alance o% system (S)! $hotovoltaic

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array! etc!

#

What are the !ene$ts of

Inverters?

Static Inverters are highly e2cient way o% $ower conversion method %rom

DC-AC "hey are used in s$eed control AC drive! ,PS! Power 3rid-"ie!4enewa#le energy su$$ly etc!

%Who are the manufacturers for

Inverters?

Advanced Energy Industries Inc ! Advanced Solar Photonics! A$ollo Solar!

Carlo 3ava55i! Co#ra!

En$hase! E6el"ech! 3E (3eneral Electric)! 'agnete*! 'agnum! 'orningstar!

ut#ac*! Power ne! Satcon! Sensata! Sinerge6! Solectria 4enewa#les!

Sun$ower! /anner! etc!

&

Why would a customer need a

High 'peed 'emiconductor(use for Inverter?

4ectier are made u$ o% $ower semiconductors eg diodes! 'S7E"! I3"

and silicon controlled rectiers have very short thermal time constants

Conseuently! e6treme current levels and surges caused #y load or line

%aults! even i% only a$$lied over e6tremely short time $eriods! may cause theswitching devices to $ermanently %ail .igh s$eed %uses are relia#le! uic*

reactors that can reduce the amount o% short circuit current

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How do you select a High

'peed semiconductor fuse for

an Inverter?

ased on a$$lication and $ower semiconductor device in the circuit the

nominal voltage! current and I8t rating o% high s$eed semiconductor %use can

#e selected %or AC9DC #us (a%ter a$$ro$riate de-rating)

11

Who are the target customers

for High 'peed 'emiconductor

(uses used in Inverters?

'anu%acturers and end user who are using dc $ower sources! ,PS! electric

motor s$eed control (Conveyer #elt! com$ressors! li%ts)! induction heating!

$ower grids as grid-tied inverter! ./DC $ower transmission! solar %or

#alance o% system (S)! $hotovoltaic array! etc!

)ecti$ers

1 What is a )ecti$er?

A rectier is an electrical device that converts alternating current (AC)! which

$eriodically reverses direction! to direct current (DC)! which +ows in only one

direction

2 What does a )ecti$er do? Converts Alternating Current (AC) to Direct Current (DC)

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)ecti$ers?ridge rectier! AC-DC converter! Diode rectier

4

What are dierent types of

)ecti$ers?

4ectier circuits may #e single-$hase or multi-$hase 7urther rectier can #e

classied #ased on out$ut wave%orm ie .al%-wave rectier or 7ull-waverectier

5

How does a )ecti$er operate


used?

A sim$le e6am$le o% rectier is Single $hase .al%-wave rectier reuires a

single diode 4ectiers yield a unidirectional #ut $ulsating direct current

hal%-wave rectiers $roduce %ar more ri$$le than %ull-wave rectiers! and

much more ltering is needed to eliminate harmonics o% the AC %reuency

%rom the out$ut.

Where )ecti$ers would

typically !e used?

DC $ower su$$lies! 4adio signals or detectors! A source o% $ower instead

o% generating current! As +ame rectication to detect the $resence o%

+ame! .igh-voltage direct current $ower transmission systems! Several

household a$$liances use $ower rectiers to create $ower! li*e note#oo*s

or la$to$s! video game systems and televisions

#What are the !ene$ts of

)ecti$ers?

4ectiers are highly e2cient method o% $ower conversion %rom AC-DC

"here $rimary a$$lication is to derive DC $ower %rom an AC su$$ly "hey

can #e used to charge #atteries or even re$lace them

% Who are the manufacturers for

)ecti$ers?

Dyna$ower Cor$oration! Delta Power Solutions!

International 4ectier Cor$oration! Emerson ;etwor* Power! 7uture

Electronics! 3E (3eneral Electric)! /ishay Semiconductors! ;


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Semiconductors! 7airchild Semiconductor! ; Semiconductor! etc!

&


High 'peed 'emiconductor

(use for )ecti$er?

4ectiers are made u$ o% $ower semiconductors eg diodes! 'S7E"!

I3" and silicon controlled rectiers have very short thermal timeconstants Conseuently! e6treme current levels and surges caused #y

load or line %aults! even i% only a$$lied over e6tremely short time $eriods!

may cause the switching devices to $ermanently %ail .igh s$eed %uses

are relia#le! uic* reactors that can reduce the amount o% short circuit

current

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'peed semiconductor fuse for a

)ecti$er?

ased on a$$lication and $ower semiconductor device in the circuit the

nominal voltage! current and I8t rating o% high s$eed semiconductor %use

can #e selected %or AC9DC #us (a%ter a$$ro$riate de-rating)

11Who are the target customersfor High 'peed 'emiconductor

(uses used in )ecti$ers?

'anu%acturers and end user who are using DC $ower su$$lies! 4adio

signals or detectors! A source o% $ower instead o% generating current! As+ame rectication to detect the $resence o% +ame! .igh-voltage direct

current $ower transmission systems and household a$$liances(note#oo*s

or la$to$s! video game systems and televisions)*+ ,rive

1 What is an *+ ,rive?

An AC Drive (also *nown as /7D) is a ty$e o% motor controller that drives

an AC electric motor #y varying the %reuency and voltage su$$lied to the

electric motor2 What does an *+ ,rive do? An AC Drive is used in electro-mechanical drive systems to control AC

motor s$eed and torue #y varying motor in$ut %reuency and voltage

AC drive generally o$erates on two control $lat%orms: scalar control (/9%

control) or vector control (7lu6 and "orue control)

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*+ ,rives?

/7D! /aria#le 7reuency Drive! Ad=usta#le S$eed Drive! Ad=usta#le

7reuency Drive! 'icrodrive and inveter

4

How does an *+ ,rive operate

and what is the technologyused?

AC Drive is a solid-state $ower electronics conversion system consisting

o% three distinct su#-systems: a rectier #ridge converter! a directcurrent (DC) lin*! and an inverter There

5Where *+ ,rives would

typically !e used?

AC drives $rovide the o$timum method o% controlling the s$eed o%

electrical motors to match load demand ,sing an AC drive im$roves

energy e2ciency and $rovides signicant cost savings "hey are used in

Pum$ s$eed controls! Energy management solutions! Conveyors! 7ans

and com$ressors! crushers! li%ts! etc!

What are the !ene$ts of *+

,rives?

$timi5ing motor control system #y installing AC Drive (/7D) can reduces

energy consum$tion and energy cost o% AC 'otor #y >0?

#Who are the manufacturers for

*+ ,rives?

A Inc! Dan%oss @@C! Delta Products Cor$oration! Eaton! 7ran*lin ControlSystems! 7u=i Electric Cor$oration o% America! 3E Industrial Solutions!

.u##ell Industrial Controls! Inc! 'itsu#ishi Electric Automation! Inc!

;4D 3ear Cor$oration! 4oc*well Automation! Schneider Electric! SE&-

Eurodrive! Inc! Siemens Industry! Inc! "oshi#a International Cor$oration!

/acon! Inc! as*awa America! Inc Drives B 'otion Division

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%



(use for *+ ,rive?

AC drives are e6$ensive and e6tremely current sensitive device A small

surges caused #y load or line %aults! even i% only a$$lied over e6tremely

short time $eriods! may cause the $ermanent %ailure to AC drive .igh

s$eed %uses are relia#le! uic* reactors that can reduce the amount o%

short circuit current

&


'peed semiconductor fuse for

an *+ ,rive?

ased on a$$lication and AC drive used in the circuit will determine the


that can #e selected %or AC9DC #us (a%ter a$$ro$riate de-rating)

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(uses used in *+ ,rives?

;owadays most o% the com$anies are ado$ting /7Ds9AC drives to

im$rove energy e2ciency and it $rovides signicant cost savings

'anu%acturers and end-users using Energy management solutions!

Conveyors! 7ans ! Pum$ and com$ressors! crushers! li%ts! etc! will reuire

.igh S$eed Semiconductor 7uses,+ ,rive

1 What is a ,+ ,rive? A DC drive is DC motor s$eed control systems

2 What does a ,+ ,rive do?

A DC drive controls the s$eed o% a DC motor is directly $ro$ortional to

armature voltage and inversely $ro$ortional to motor +u6! either

armature voltage or eld current can #e used to control s$eed

3*re there any other names for

,+ ,rives? "hyristor dc drive! SC4 DC drive! DC /aria#le S$eed Drives (/SD)

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4

How does a ,+ ,rive operate


used?

A DC drive uses two thyristor

one %eeding the armature and other thyristor or diode rectier is used to

su$$ly the eld o% the motor y altering the ring angle o% the thyristors

the mean value o% the rectied voltage can #e varied! there#y allowing

the motor s$eed to #e controlled

5Where ,+ ,rives would

typically !e used?

"hey are used in &inders9Coilers! 'arine A$$lications! Crane9.oist!

'ining9Drilling! E6truding! etc!

What are the !ene$ts of ,+

,rives?

DC oers several advantages in a$$lications that o$erate at low s$eed

ther advantages include low s$eed accuracy! short-time overload

ca$a#ility! si5e! torue $roving control! load sharing! si5e and cost

#Who are the manufacturers of

,+ ,rives?

A Inc! Dan%oss @@C! Delta Products Cor$oration! Eaton! 7ran*lin Control

Systems! 7u=i Electric Cor$oration o% America! 3E Industrial Solutions!

.u##ell Industrial Controls! Inc! 'itsu#ishi Electric Automation! Inc!

;4D 3ear Cor$oration! 4oc*well Automation! Schneider Electric! SE&-

Eurodrive! Inc! Siemens Industry! Inc! "oshi#a International Cor$oration!

/acon! Inc! as*awa America! Inc Drives B 'otion Division% Why would a customer need a


(use for ,+ ,rive?

DC drives are e6$ensive and e6tremely current sensitive device A small


short time $eriods! may cause the $ermanent %ailure to DC drive .igh


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&


'peed 'emiconductor fuse fora ,+ ,rive?

ased on a$$lication and DC drive used in the circuit will determine the

nominal voltage! current and I8t rating o% high s$eed semiconductor %usethat can #e selected %or DC #us (a%ter a$$ro$riate de-rating)

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(uses used in ,+ ,rives?

'anu%acturers and end-users using &inders9Coilers! 'arine A$$lications!

Crane9.oist! 'ining9Drilling! E6truding! etc!

'oft-'tarters

1 What is a 'oft-'tarter?A So%t-Starter is a device used with AC electrical motors to tem$orarily

reduce the load and electric current surge o% the motor during start-u$

2 What does a 'oft-'tarter do?Electrical so%t starters reduces the torue #y tem$orarily reducingthe voltage or current in$ut! or a device that tem$orarily alters how the

motor is connected in the electric circuit

3*re there any other names for

'oft-'tarters?4educed /oltage So%t Starter (4/SS)

4 How does a 'oft-'tarter

operate and what is the

technology used?

"he idea #ehind a so%t start is

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to gradually allow the motor current to rise until the motor reaches its

steady state "his reduces start-u$ current #ut also reduces start-u$

motor torue So%t starters ad=ust motor voltage through use o% #ac*-to-

#ac* thyristors or triacs in each ac su$$ly line to the motor "he thyristors

are actuated during the start-u$ $hase such that their turn-on issuccessively delayed less %or each ac hal% cycle "he delayed switching

eectively ram$s u$ the average ac voltage to the motor until the motor

sees %ull line voltage nce the motor hits its rated s$eed! the thyristor

switching circuit may #e #y$assed

5Where 'oft-'tarters would

typically !e used?

Common so%t starter a$$lications include: #lowers! com$ressors!

conveyors! chi$$ers! %ans! e6hausters! $um$s! roc* crushers

What are the !ene$ts of 'oft-

'tarters?

So%t-Starter hel$ to reduce inrush currents that could #e u$ to > times

higher than running current! and starting torue u$ to times higherthan running torue o% induction motors "his hel$s in reducing the

torue and also reducing sudden mechanical stress on the machine which

leads to a #etter service li%e 'oreover! it also $revents the high inrush

current stresses the $ower su$$ly! which may lead to voltage di$s

#Who are the manufacturers of

'oft-'tarters?

A Inc! 3E Industrial Solutions! 'itsu#ishi Electric Automation! Inc!

4oc*well Automation! Schneider Electric! Siemens Industry! Inc! 7air%ord!

&E3! Emerson! S"A.@! ;4D! D@D! 7ano6! "ele! Integra! @F grou$! AiP!

*imo! Eaton! etc!

%



(use for 'oft-'tarter?

So%t starter are e6$ensive and e6tremely current sensitive device A small


short time $eriods! may cause the $ermanent %ailure to so%t starter .igh



&


'peed 'emiconductor fuse for

a 'oft-'tarter?

ased on a$$lication and so%t starter used in the circuit will determine the


that can #e selected %or AC #us (a%ter a$$ro$riate de-rating)

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Who are the .arget customers


(uses used in 'oft-'tarters?

'anu%acturers and end-users using #lowers! com$ressors! conveyors!

chi$$ers! %ans! e6hausters! $um$s! roc* crushers

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101 About Semiconductor Devices