Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
10 UrbanizationUrbanizationC
HA
PT
ER
Growing Pains in Portland, OregonGrowing Pains in Portland, Oregon
• Senate Bill 100 sets guidelines for land use in Oregon, restricting development to urban areas and leaving open areas largely untouched.
• In recent years, further measures have challenged Senate Bill 100, arguing that it restricts landowners from increasing the value of their property through development.
• Senate Bill 100 sets guidelines for land use in Oregon, restricting development to urban areas and leaving open areas largely untouched.
• In recent years, further measures have challenged Senate Bill 100, arguing that it restricts landowners from increasing the value of their property through development.
Talk About It Should governments be able to limit development on privately owned land if it means protecting the environment? Why or why not?
Talk About It Should governments be able to limit development on privately owned land if it means protecting the environment? Why or why not?
Lesson 10.1 Land Use and UrbanizationLesson 10.1 Land Use and Urbanization
For the first time in history, there are now more urban residents than rural residents.
Land Cover and Land UseLand Cover and Land Use• Land cover: Vegetation and structures that cover land.
• Land use: Human activities that occur on land
• Humans change land cover, especially in urban areas. These changes have environmental and economic effects.
• Land cover: Vegetation and structures that cover land.
• Land use: Human activities that occur on land
• Humans change land cover, especially in urban areas. These changes have environmental and economic effects.
Lesson 10.1 Land Use and Urbanization
Urban and Rural AreasUrban and Rural Areas• Rural: Any other type
of land use or land cover (includes forests, cropland, etc.)
Lesson 10.1 Land Use and Urbanization
• Urban: Land mostly covered with buildings and roads (includes suburbs)
UrbanizationUrbanization
•Occurs when people move from rural areas to cities
•Cities are not new, but the enormous size of today’s cities is. More than 20 cities have at least 10 million residents.
•Occurs when people move from rural areas to cities
•Cities are not new, but the enormous size of today’s cities is. More than 20 cities have at least 10 million residents.
Lesson 10.1 Land Use and Urbanization
The Rise of CitiesThe Rise of Cities
• Factors that contribute to the rise of urbanization include population growth and industrialization.
•Most cities are located near a transportation route such as a large body of water, railroad, or highway.
• Factors that contribute to the rise of urbanization include population growth and industrialization.
•Most cities are located near a transportation route such as a large body of water, railroad, or highway.
Lesson 10.1 Land Use and Urbanization
Did You Know? Since 1950, the world’s urban population has more than quadrupled. According to U.N. projections, it will double again by 2050.
Did You Know? Since 1950, the world’s urban population has more than quadrupled. According to U.N. projections, it will double again by 2050.
Chicago’s location on Lake Michigan helped it grow into a large and prosperous city.
Environmental Costs of Urbanization
Environmental Costs of Urbanization
Lesson 10.1 Land Use and Urbanization
• Pollution: Increased waste, industrial byproducts, noise pollution, light pollution
• Heat islands: Cities, several degrees warmer than surrounding areas, affect local weather and trap pollutants.
• Imported resources: Fossilfuels are burned to import food, water, fuel, and raw materials.
Environmental Benefits of Urbanization
Environmental Benefits of Urbanization
• Efficiency: Less fuel and resources needed to distribute goods and services to residents
•Universities and research centers: Urban areas tend to foster education and innovation.
• Land Preservation: Dense urban centers leave room for agriculture, wilderness, biodiversity, and privacy.
• Efficiency: Less fuel and resources needed to distribute goods and services to residents
•Universities and research centers: Urban areas tend to foster education and innovation.
• Land Preservation: Dense urban centers leave room for agriculture, wilderness, biodiversity, and privacy.
Lesson 10.1 Land Use and Urbanization
Lesson 10.2 SprawlLesson 10.2 Sprawl
In 1950, 65% of the U.S. population lived in urban (including suburban) areas, while 35% lived rurally. In 2010, 89% was urban and only 11% rural.
Los Angeles, CA, is one the most sprawling U.S. cities.
What Is Sprawl?What Is Sprawl?
• The spread of low-density urban or suburban development outward from a dense urban core
•Often, growth of suburban areas outpaces population growth because suburbs allow more space per person than cities.
• The spread of low-density urban or suburban development outward from a dense urban core
•Often, growth of suburban areas outpaces population growth because suburbs allow more space per person than cities.
Lesson 10.2 Sprawl
Las Vegas, NevadaLeft: 1972;Right: 2002
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Primary Contributors to SprawlPrimary Contributors to Sprawl
• Population growth
• Increased per capita land consumption
• On average, these two factors are equally important, but one may be more important than another in a specific city.
• Population growth
• Increased per capita land consumption
• On average, these two factors are equally important, but one may be more important than another in a specific city.
Lesson 10.2 Sprawl
Patterns of SprawlPatterns of Sprawl• Uncentered commercial strip development
• Low-density single-use residential development
• Scattered, or leapfrog, development
• Sparse street network
• Uncentered commercial strip development
• Low-density single-use residential development
• Scattered, or leapfrog, development
• Sparse street network
Lesson 10.2 Sprawl
Impacts of Sprawl Impacts of Sprawl
• Transportation: Little to no public transportation
• Pollution: Increased driving leads to pollution.
• Public health: May promote inactivity, and by extension obesity and high blood pressure
• Land Use: Less land left as open space, forests, and farms
• Economics: Wealth tending to concentrate in suburbs, leaving urban areas poor
• Transportation: Little to no public transportation
• Pollution: Increased driving leads to pollution.
• Public health: May promote inactivity, and by extension obesity and high blood pressure
• Land Use: Less land left as open space, forests, and farms
• Economics: Wealth tending to concentrate in suburbs, leaving urban areas poor
Lesson 10.2 Sprawl
Did You Know? Every year, more than 1 million hectares (2.5 million acres) of rural land are converted to urban land in the United States.
Did You Know? Every year, more than 1 million hectares (2.5 million acres) of rural land are converted to urban land in the United States.
Lesson 10.3 Sustainable CitiesLesson 10.3 Sustainable Cities
More than 600 “new urbanist” communities are planned or in construction across North America.
City Planning and Zoning
• City planners attempt to design cities that both work well and look and feel appealing.• Zoning: Classification of land areas for different types of
development and land use• An area can be
mixed use or single use.• Involves
restrictions on the use of private land
• City planners attempt to design cities that both work well and look and feel appealing.• Zoning: Classification of land areas for different types of
development and land use• An area can be
mixed use or single use.• Involves
restrictions on the use of private land
Lesson 10.3 Sustainable Cities
Urban Growth Boundaries (UGBs)Urban Growth Boundaries (UGBs)
• A line drawn around a city to separate urban areas from rural areas, with limited permission for development
• Advantages: Saves 20% in infrastructure costs compared with sprawl; decreases per capita land use; promotes economic development within the city
• Disadvantages: Does not completely stop sprawl; limits rights of private landowners
• A line drawn around a city to separate urban areas from rural areas, with limited permission for development
• Advantages: Saves 20% in infrastructure costs compared with sprawl; decreases per capita land use; promotes economic development within the city
• Disadvantages: Does not completely stop sprawl; limits rights of private landowners
Lesson 10.3 Sustainable Cities
Smart GrowthSmart Growth
• Focuses on economic and environmental approaches to avoiding sprawl
• Builds “up,” not “out”
•Maintains open spaces by redeveloping existing urban areas, waterfronts, and industrial sites
• Focuses on economic and environmental approaches to avoiding sprawl
• Builds “up,” not “out”
•Maintains open spaces by redeveloping existing urban areas, waterfronts, and industrial sites
Lesson 10.3 Sustainable Cities
“New Urbanism”“New Urbanism”
• Seeks to design neighborhoods that minimize the need to drive
•Requires good public transportation systems
• Sometimes impossible due to zoning restrictions
• Seeks to design neighborhoods that minimize the need to drive
•Requires good public transportation systems
• Sometimes impossible due to zoning restrictions
Lesson 10.3 Sustainable Cities
Did You Know? A 2004 study found that residents of sprawling areas were heavier on average for their height, and had increased instances of high blood pressure.
Did You Know? A 2004 study found that residents of sprawling areas were heavier on average for their height, and had increased instances of high blood pressure.
• Public transportation a key factor in the quality of urban life
• Buses, subways, trains more efficient, less polluting than cars
•Cities encourage mass transit with fuel taxes, vehicle taxes, rewarding carpoolers, and encouraging bicycle and bus use.
• Public transportation a key factor in the quality of urban life
• Buses, subways, trains more efficient, less polluting than cars
•Cities encourage mass transit with fuel taxes, vehicle taxes, rewarding carpoolers, and encouraging bicycle and bus use.
Transportation OptionsTransportation Options
Lesson 10.3 Sustainable Cities
Did You Know? Paris, France removed 200,000 parking spaces to encourage the use of public transportation within the city.
Did You Know? Paris, France removed 200,000 parking spaces to encourage the use of public transportation within the city.
Open SpaceOpen Space• Provides greenery, beauty, freedom of movement,
recreation opportunities
• Includes parks, playgrounds, community gardens, greenways
•Regulates climate, produces oxygen, filters air and water, provides habitat
• Provides greenery, beauty, freedom of movement, recreation opportunities
• Includes parks, playgrounds, community gardens, greenways
•Regulates climate, produces oxygen, filters air and water, provides habitat
Lesson 10.3 Sustainable Cities
Did You Know? More than 24,000 km of abandoned public rail line in the U.S. have been converted to trails for walking, jogging, and biking.
Did You Know? More than 24,000 km of abandoned public rail line in the U.S. have been converted to trails for walking, jogging, and biking.
Green Building DesignGreen Building Design
• The goals of a green building are to save energy and resources without sacrificing people’s comfort.
• Ashland High School near Boston, Massachusetts is a sophisticated green building that saves the school system more than $75,000 a year in energy costs.
Lesson 10.3 Sustainable Cities
Urban Sustainability Successes
Urban Sustainability Successes
•Curitiba, Brazil
• Efficient bus network
• Recycling and environmental education provided
•New York City
• Plan underway to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, improve public transit, plant trees, clean up polluted sites, and improve open space access
•Curitiba, Brazil
• Efficient bus network
• Recycling and environmental education provided
•New York City
• Plan underway to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, improve public transit, plant trees, clean up polluted sites, and improve open space access
Lesson 10.3 Sustainable Cities
The tube at this Curitiba bus stop handles fare collection for passengers boarding or exiting.
