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UNITUNIT
10 Verbs
332
Lesson 101 Action Verbs and Direct Objects 333
Lesson 102 Indirect Objects 335
Lesson 103 Linking Verbs and Predicate Words 337
Lesson 104 Present Past and Future Tenses 339
Lesson 105 Main Verbs and Helping Verbs 341
Lesson 106 Present and Past Progressive Forms 343
Lesson 107 Perfect Tenses 345
Lesson 108 Irregular Verbs 347
Lesson 109 More Irregular Verbs 349
Grammar Review 351
Writing Application 359
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2004
22465298
Action Verbs and Direct Objects
There are two main kinds of verbs action verbs and linking verbsAction verbs tell what the subject does
An action verb names an action It may contain more than oneword
An action verb is often followed by a noun that receives the actionof the verb This noun is called the direct object In the sentenceabove the noun Africa is the direct object of the verb has visited
A direct object receives the action of a verb It answers the ques-tion whom or what after an action verb
Not all action verbs take direct objects
A transitive verb has a direct object
An intransitive verb does not have a direct object
You must examine how an action verb is used in a sentence todetermine whether it is transitive or intransitive Some verbs can beused both ways
Sheila read a book about Africa [transitive]
Sheila read in a great hurry [intransitive]
Sightseers paid the fees
DIRECT OBJECT
what
Jay has visited Africa
ACTION VERB
101 Action Verbs and Direct Objects 333
101101
Verb
s
ACTIONVERB
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2004
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334 Unit 10 Verbs
Ver
bs
Exercise 1 Identifying Action Verbs and Direct Objects
For the sentences below write each action verb If the verb has a directobject write it and underline it
1 The equator divides Africa in two2 Streams and wells create oases in the desert3 Camels can travel in the desert for days without water4 Not even cars cross the sand dunes5 In the eastern Sahara the sun shines for thousands of hours every year6 Boats transport goods down the Nile River7 In flat regions the Nile River flows slowly8 Many people build their homes in the Nile Valley9 Grasslands border the Sahara on the south
10 Bushes and small trees grow in the grasslands11 Wild animals roam the grasslands of Central Africa12 Large herds of cattle graze on the grasslands13 Herders tend the cattle14 African farmers grow coffee15 Much rain falls in the tropical forests16 Many tourists visit the jungles17 Europeans established colonies in Africa18 Explorers crossed the Mediterranean Sea for riches19 Others hunted elephants for their ivory tusks20 Miners sought gold under the ground21 Many African nations later gained their independence22 Anthropologists explore for evidence of early peoples23 Scientists study gorillas in remote forests24 Game parks protect wildlife25 Some Africans raise livestock
Exercise 2 Writing Action Verbs
Write five brief sentences about yourself Use an action verb in each sen-tence Underline the action verb If the verb has a direct object circle thedirect object
SAMPLE ANSWER I eat a big breakfast
332-359 wc6 U10 829814v6 11607 219 PM Page 334
Indirect ObjectsA direct object answers the question whom or what after an
action verb In the sentence below the direct object is Egypt Egyptanswers the question what after the action verb visited
Rachel visited Egypt last year
An action verb may also have an indirect object
An indirect object answers the question to whom or for whomthe action was done
The direct object in the sentence above is fees It answers the ques-tion what after the action verb paid The indirect object is guidesGuides answers the question to whom after the action verb
Indirect objects appear only in sentences that have a direct objectTwo clues will help you identify indirect objects First the indirectobject always comes before the direct object Second if you add theword to or for in front of the indirect object the sentence still makessense
her friends
post cardsRachel bought her friends
forRachel bought
post cards
Sightseers paid the guides fees
INDIRECT OBJECT
to whom
what
102 Indirect Objects 335
102102
Verb
s
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2004
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336 Unit 10 Verbs
Ver
bs
Exercise 3 Distinguishing Between Direct and Indirect Objects
Write whether the underlined word is a direct object or an indirect object
1 Egypt gives tourists lessons in history2 The pyramids show visitors life in the past3 Sculptors produced statues for tombs and temples4 Artists made decorative objects of pottery5 Archaeologists study the ancient tombs6 The tombs contain valuable historic scrolls7 The guide read the tourists the scrollsrsquo messages8 Send us a map of Egypt9 We gave my parents a cruise on the Nile
10 Artists gave the pharaohs beautiful golden objects11 The ruins offer historians facts about a culture of long ago12 Ancient Egyptians built pyramids for their pharaohs13 Government leaders gave the people direction14 Instructors taught students mathematics15 Scribes taught composition skills to the boys16 Festivals gave Egyptians relaxation from work17 Musicians offered the families entertainment18 Governors sent the pharaoh taxes19 The people gave the priests their obedience20 People sail barges down the Nile
Exercise 4 Identifying Direct and Indirect Objects
For each sentence write the direct object Then write and underline eachindirect object
1 The floodwaters of the Nile gave farmers rich soil2 Wealthy Egyptians built themselves beautiful homes3 Parents fed their children bread4 Some Egyptians wrote relatives letters5 Gardens and rivers gave the Egyptians food
332-359 wc6 U10 829814v6 11607 220 PM Page 336
Linking Verbs and Predicate Words
A linking verb connects the subject of a sentence with a noun oran adjective in the predicate
In the sentence above the linking verb is connects Africa the sub-ject with continent a noun in the predicate Continent is called a pred-icate noun
A predicate noun is a noun that follows a linking verb and tellswhat the subject is
A predicate adjective is an adjective that follows a linking verb andtells what the subject is like
In the first sentence above the predicate noun country renames thesubject In the second sentence the predicate adjective scenic describesthe same subject Predicate nouns and predicate adjectives follow onlylinking verbs
Some linking verbs can also be used as action verbs
The farmer grows tired [linking verb]
The farmer grows corn [action verb]
103 Linking Verbs and Predicate Words 337
103103
Verb
s
Common Linking Verbs
be seem feel growbecome appear taste look
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2004
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338 Unit 10 Verbs
Ver
bs
Exercise 5 Identifying Action and Linking Verbs and Predicate Words
For each sentence write the verb Then write whether it is an action verb or alinking verb If it is a linking verb write whether it is followed by a predicatenoun or a predicate adjective
1 Village life changes slowly in Zambia2 Many people live in grass-roofed houses3 Villagers raise food crops on the land4 Some farmers appear content with their lives5 Other people move to the mining towns6 The country is rich in copper7 The copper industry grows successful8 A common food in Zambia is corn porridge9 Many Zambians respect the old customs
10 They seem happy with their traditions11 Zambia is a land of farmers and miners12 Each family group developed its own culture13 Traditions became important for each group14 No individual owned land15 The family group was responsible for its members16 Most Zambians speak a native Bantu language17 Sometimes communication between groups is a problem18 The English language is common among businesspeople19 Some languages seem unfamiliar to a nearby group20 Zambiarsquos population grows quickly
Exercise 6 Using Predicate Nouns and Adjectives
To complete each sentence write a predicate noun or predicate adjective asindicated in parentheses You may need to write more than one word
1 I feel (predicate adjective)2 My family is (predicate adjective)3 I am (predicate noun)4 My favorite food is (predicate noun)5 I think basketball is (predicate adjective)
332-359 wc6 U10 829814 11504 744 PM Page 338
Present Past and Future Tenses
A verb changes its form to show tense and to agree with its subjectThe tense of a verb tells when an action takes place
The present tense of a verb names an action that happens regularly It can also express a general truth
The present tense is usually the same as the base form of the verbWhen the subject is a singular noun or he she or it however youusually form the present tense by adding -s to the base form Thechart below shows the present tense forms of the verb visit
The present tense of the verb be differs fromthe base form be am are is
The past tense of a verb names an action thatalready happened
Form the past tense of most verbs by adding -ed to the base form of the verb
The future tense of a verb names an actionthat will take place in the future
Form the future tense by adding the helping verb will or shall to the base form of the verb
104 Present Past and Future Tenses 339
104104
Verb
s
Singular PluralSingular Plural
I visit We visit
You visit You visit
He she or it visits They visit
Present Tense Forms
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2004
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340 Unit 10 Verbs
Ver
bs
Exercise 7 Distinguishing Present Past and Future Tenses
For each sentence write the verb Then write whether it is in the present pastor future tense
1 Larry learns about archaeology in the library2 Someday he and his parents will travel to Egypt3 Larry and his friend Ann watched a film about the Sahara4 This vast desert extends into Egypt5 The survival of the ancient Egyptians depended on the Nile River6 The Nile still provides the countryrsquos water7 Silt from the Nile fertilized farmland8 The Nile flows into the Mediterranean Sea9 Silt protected land near the Mediterranean from erosion
10 The Aswan High Dam harnesses the water of the Nile11 Water from the dam will increase Egyptrsquos agricultural production12 The dam traps the silt from floodwaters in Lake Nasser13 Instead of silt farmers will use chemical fertilizers14 The dam will damage the environment15 A Greek historian called Egypt the ldquogift of the Nilerdquo16 Like other ancient civilizations Egypt developed on fertile land near
a river17 Egyptian monuments will puzzle people far into the future18 The Nilersquos floods help the crops19 Farmlands cover less than 4 percent of the land of Egypt20 Today Egypt exports cotton
Exercise 8 Using Present Past and Future Tenses
For each sentence write the present past and future forms of the verb inparentheses
1 The capital Cairo (prosper) near the base of the Nile delta2 This part of the country (collect) the most rain3 The Western Desert (contain) few oases4 Oases (support) small villages and farms5 The sands of the Eastern Desert (extend) from the Nile River almost to the
Red Sea
332-359 wc6 U10 829814 11504 744 PM Page 340
Main Verbs and Helping Verbs
Verbs have four principal parts The chart below shows the princi-pal parts of the verb learn
The principal parts of a verb can be combined with helping verbsto form verb phrases
A helping verb is a verb that helps the main verb tell about anaction or make a statement
A verb phrase consists of one or more helping verbs followed by amain verb
The most common helping verbs are be and have The helping verbbe makes a verb phrase with the present participle of a main verb
The helping verb have makes a verb phrase with the past participleof a main verb
Present PastPresent PastSingular Plural Singular PluralSingular Plural Singular Plural
I am learning We are learning I was learning We were learningYou are learning You are learning You were learning You were learningShe is learning They are learning He was learning They were learning
Base Form Present Participle Past Form Past ParticipleBase Form Present Participle Past Form Past Participle
learn learning learned learned
105 Main Verbs and Helping Verbs 341
105
Verb
s
Principal Parts of the Verb Learn
Be and the Present Participle
Present PastPresent PastSingular Plural Singular PluralSingular Plural Singular Plural
I have learned We have learned We have learned We had learnedYou have learned You have learned You had learned You had learnedShe has learned They have learned He had learned They had learned
Have and the Past Participle
105
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2004
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342 Unit 10 Verbs
Ver
bs
Exercise 9 Identifying Helping Verbs in Verb Phrases
Write each verb phrase Then underline the helping verb
1 Some African societies have changed greatly2 The people of Malawi were living in family groups3 They have looked to chiefs for leadership4 They have formed one nation from many different family groups5 Many children in Malawi are working at jobs6 Malawi workers have produced beautiful items for export7 The countrys name has changed along with its society8 Today it has become Malawi ldquoland of flamerdquo9 Before 1964 people had called the country Nyasaland
10 For almost thirty years Hastings Banda had ruled the country
Exercise 10 Identifying Past and Present Participles
Write each verb phrase and label its main verb as a present participle or pastparticiple
1 Malawi had acquired independence in 19642 Bingu wa Mutharika has now assumed leadership3 The people have named Mr Mutharika president4 The president has appointed a cabinet5 The cabinet is helping the president6 Malawi is developing into a stable nation7 The government has improved agriculture8 Malawirsquos economy has strengthened9 Young people are training for leadership roles
10 The people of Malawi have learned valuable skills11 Farmers are tending cattle goats and sheep12 Malawi is depending on other nations for access to the sea13 Men with jobs in cities have mailed money home14 Most farmers are growing food for themselves and their families15 Most of the people in Malawi are living in rural areas16 In Malawi women historically have raised the crops17 The economy is based on agriculture18 Malawi has received money from the United States for its schools19 Europeans have planted tea in the highlands20 The Bantu people had arrived in the region of Malawi in the 1500s
332-359 wc6 U10 829814v6 11607 220 PM Page 342
106 Present and Past Progressive Forms 343
Present and Past Progressive Forms
The present tense of a verb names an action that occurs regularlyTo describe an action that is continuing use the present progressiveform of the verb
The present progressive form of a verb tells about an action thatis continuing right now
The children are listening to a story
The present progressive form of a verb consists of the presentparticiple of the main verb and the helping verb am are or is
The past tense describes an action that was started and completedin the past To describe an action going on some time in the past usethe past progressive form
The past progressive form of a verb names an action that continued for some time in the past
The women were singing a folk song
The past progressive form of a verb consists of the present participleand the helping verb was or were
106106
Verb
s
Singular PluralSingular Plural
I am singing We are singing
You are singing You are singing
He she or it is singing They are singing
Present Progressive Form
Singular PluralSingular Plural
I was singing We were singing
You were singing You were singing
He she or it was singing They were singing
Past Progressive Form
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2004
95345955
344 Unit 10 Verbs
Ver
bs
Exercise 11 Using Present and Past Progressive Forms
For each sentence write the present progressive or past progressive form ofthe verb in parentheses Be sure your sentences make sense
1 Students today (learn) about African nations2 For years a few European countries (rule) some parts of Africa3 Many Africans (grow) eager for independence by the 1950s4 Today most African countries (govern) themselves5 Now changes (take) place in African governments6 Many countries now (hold) elections7 More Americans (visit) Africa nowadays8 They (find) the scenery spectacular9 The Mali Empire (flourish) in West Africa for about two hundred years
10 People still (visit) Timbuktu in Mali
Exercise 12 Using the Progressive Forms
For each sentence write the progressive form of the verb If the verb is in thepresent tense change it to the present progressive form If the verb is in thepast tense change it to the past progressive form
1 Visitors see great differences across the continent2 Temperatures average more than 100deg in the Sahara3 Oases become dry4 Nomadic herders roam across northern Africa5 A family constructed a house with hard mud walls6 Architects design modern houses or apartments7 Technology replaces some traditions8 Families cooked food over an open fire9 Modern stoves reduce wood use by 500 percent
10 Textile mills in Cairo make cloth from cotton11 Tourists shop in Cairo12 Visitors explore the old parts of many cities13 The economy of Egypt improves14 In the nineteenth century tourists visited Egypt in large numbers15 Each year tourism becomes more important to the economy
332-359 wc6 U10 829814v6 11607 220 PM Page 344
107 Perfect Tenses 345
Perfect Tenses The present perfect tense of a verb tells about something that
happened at an indefinite time in the past It also tells about anaction that happened in the past and is still happening now
Sheila has collected African jewelry for years
In the sentence above Sheila began to collect African jewelry atsome time in the past and still collects it
The present perfect tense of a verb consists of the helping verb haveor has followed by the past participle of the main verb
The past perfect tense of a verb names an action that happenedbefore another action or event in the past
Before her last birthday Sheila had collected only coins
In the sentence above Sheila started and finished collecting coinsbefore another event that also occurred in the past her last birthday
The past perfect tense of a verb consists of the helping verb hadand the past participle of the main verb
107107
Verb
s
Singular PluralSingular Plural
I have collected We have collected
You have collected You have collected
He she or it has collected They have collected
Present Perfect Tense
Singular PluralSingular Plural
I had started We had started
You had started You had started
He she or it had started They had started
Past Perfect Tense
332-359 wc6 U10 829814 11504 744 PM Page 345
2004
9952533
346 Unit 10 Verbs
Ver
bs
Exercise 13 Review Identifying Tenses
For each sentence write the verb Then write whether the verb is in thepresent past present perfect or past perfect tense
1 Moroccan ships pass through the Strait of Gibraltar2 Morocco has exported fish and minerals3 In the year 711 Moroccans invaded Spain4 For some time they ruled most of Spain5 The Moroccans had left many influences in Spain6 Most Moroccans speak Arabic7 Farmers had raised dates olives and citrus fruit8 Craft workers have handed down their skills9 Craft workers have often learned their skills from earlier generations
10 Tourists value Moroccan leather
Exercise 14 Using the Perfect Tenses
For each sentence write the perfect tense of the verb If the verb is in thepresent tense change it to the present perfect tense If the verb is in the pasttense change it to the past perfect tense
1 Before modern times Moroccan artisans created intricate silver jewelry2 They pounded metal into delicate shapes3 In the recent past craftspeople constructed products from leather4 They also work on carpets for export5 Farmers raise barley wheat fruits and vegetables6 Shepherds tend their flocks in green meadows7 Morocco trades with many other countries8 Long ago ships from many countries docked in Casablanca9 Tourists visited the old section of the city
10 Merchants crowded the narrow streets11 Marrakeshrsquos hospitality charmed many travelers in the nineteenth century12 Fat bears dance in the public square13 Visitors watch talented jugglers and acrobats14 The Berbers lived in the mountains for centuries15 Centuries ago the Moroccan Berbers helped the Arabs conquer Spain
332-359 wc6 U10 829814 11504 744 PM Page 346
108 Irregular Verbs 347
Irregular VerbsIrregular verbs do not form their past forms and past participle by
adding the ending -ed The irregular verbs below are grouped accord-ing to how their past forms and past participle are formed
108108
Verb
s
Pattern Base Form Past Form Past ParticiplePattern Base Form Past Form Past ParticipleOne vowel begin began begunchanges to form drink drank drunkthe past form and ring rang rungthe past participle shrink shrank or shrunk shrunk
sing sang sungspring sprang or sprung sprungswim swam swum
The past form bring brought broughtand the past buy bought boughtparticiple are catch caught caughtthe same feel felt felt
get got got or gottenkeep kept keptlay laid laidlead led ledleave left leftlend lent lentlose lost lostmake made madepay paid paidsay said saidseek sought soughtsell sold soldsit sat satsleep slept sleptswing swung swungteach taught taughtthink thought thoughtwin won won
Irregular Verbs
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2004
14482137
348 Unit 10 Verbs
Ver
bs
Exercise 15 Using the Past Tense of Irregular Verbs
For each sentence write the past tense form of the verb in parentheses
1 African merchants (begin) work before dawn2 Peddlers (bring) their goods to market3 They (lay) out their wares in attractive displays4 The sun (feel) hot in the open marketplace5 Children (seek) the shade of date trees6 Infants (sleep) in spite of the chaos7 People (make) requests about animals for sale8 Some traders (sing) songs about their goods9 Some people (buy) gourds of all sizes
10 A tailor (win) some new customers
Exercise 16 Using the Past Participle of Irregular Verbs
For each sentence write the past participle of the verb in parentheses
1 Some women have (sell) bracelets and necklaces2 Traders had (bring) gorgeous robes and veils3 The material has not (shrink)4 Herders have (leave) cattle in the stalls5 Herders had (lead) livestock to market6 The herder has (catch) the stray7 Some people have (keep) pots of stew warm8 Craft workers have (teach) their children their craft9 Some merchants have (sleep) in the sun
10 The market has (lose) business to other villages11 The merchants had (think) competition might be good12 One merchant has (say) the market needs competition13 People have (pay) by trading14 How much fruit have people (buy)15 A mother has (lend) her child money to buy a trinket16 The child had (get) some candy17 The candy had (begin) to stick to the childrsquos fingers18 Merchants have (sit) on beautiful rugs19 By evening a cool breeze has (spring) up20 Wind chimes have (ring) in the breeze
332-359 wc6 U10 829814 11504 745 PM Page 348
109 More Irregular Verbs 349
More Irregular Verbs109109
Verb
s
Pattern Base Form Past Form Past ParticiplePattern Base Form Past Form Past ParticipleThe base form become became becomeand the past come came comeparticiple are run ran runthe same
The past form blow blew blownends in -ew and draw drew drawnthe past participle fly flew flownends in -wn grow grew grown
know knew knownthrow threw thrown
The past bite bit bitten or bitparticiple ends break broke brokenin -en choose chose chosen
drive drove driveneat ate eatenfall fell fallengive gave givenride rode riddenrise rose risensee saw seenspeak spoke spokensteal stole stolentake took takenwrite wrote written
The past form be (am are is) was were beenand the past do did doneparticiple do go went gonenot follow any tear tore tornpattern wear wore worn
The base form burst burst burstpast form and cut cut cutpast participle are let let letall the same put put put
Irregular Verbs
FLEW
FFLLYY
FLOWN
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2004
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350 Unit 10 Verbs
Ver
bs
Exercise 17 Using the Past Tense of Irregular Verbs
For each sentence write the past tense form of the verb in parentheses
1 Crystal (do) research for her project2 She (go) to the library for books about Nigeria3 Some of her information (come) from magazines4 Fulani people (eat) well in the rainy season5 Children (ride) on cattle from camp to camp6 Their camps (are) temporary homes7 The Hausa (become) skilled potters and weavers8 The men (wear) long robes and loose-fitting trousers9 Teachers (run) schools for Nigerian children
10 In 1954 the government (take) control of all the schools
Exercise 18 Using the Past Participle of Irregular Verbs
For each sentence write the past participle form of the verb in parentheses
1 In Kenyarsquos dry season no rain had (fall)2 A dry wind has (blow) over the land3 The families had (eat) beans and potatoes4 By March the farmers had (go) to the fields5 People have (do) the farm work by hand6 Pumps had (draw) water from wells7 Farmers had (grow) gardens close to the house8 By noon the sun had (rise) high in the sky9 Travelers have (go) to Kenya for years
10 Tourists have (see) herders with cattle sticks11 The herders had (choose) each new camp carefully12 A fire had (drive) away mosquitoes and flies13 Kenyans have (grow) tea and coffee in the highlands14 Tourists have (fly) over Kenyarsquos Tsavo National Park15 They have (ride) in trucks deep into the countryside16 Have you (speak) to any of them17 My parents had (take) many pictures on a photo safari18 One camera had (break)19 They had (knew) the tour guide20 The tour guide has not (let) tourists off the paths
332-359 wc6 U10 829814 11504 745 PM Page 350
Grammar Review 351
Grammar ReviewGrammar ReviewUNIT 10UNIT 10
Verb
s
V E R B S
The excerpt below is from a traditional Ashanti folktale The Ashanti are thelargest and most powerful ethnic group in the West African country of GhanaThe passage has been annotated to show some of the kinds of verbs covered inthis unit
Literature Model
from All Stories Are Anansirsquosan Ashanti folktale by Harold Courlander
In the beginning all tales and stories belonged toNyame the Sky God But Kwaku Anansi the spider
yearned to be the owner of all the stories known in theworld and he went to Nyame and offered to buy them
The Sky God said ldquoI am willing to sell the storiesbut the price is high Many people have come to meoffering to buy but the price was too high for themRich and powerful families have not been able to payDo you think you can do itrdquo
Anansi replied to the Sky God ldquoI can do it What isthe pricerdquo
ldquoMy price is three thingsrdquo the Sky God said ldquoI mustfirst have Mmoboro the hornets I must then haveOnini the great python I must then have Osebo theleopard For these things I will sell you the right to tellall storiesrdquo
Anansi said ldquoI will bring themrdquo
Past tensePast tense
PresentPresentprogressiveprogressive
formform
PresentPresentperfect perfect tensetense
Linking Linking verb verb
followed by followed by a predicatea predicate
nounnoun
Action Action verb followedverb followed
by a directby a directobjectobject
332-359 wc6 U10 829814 11504 745 PM Page 351
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352 Unit 10 Verbs
Grammar ReviewGrammar ReviewV
erb
s
Review Exercise 1 Identifying Action Verbs and Direct Objects
For the sentences below write each action verb and direct object Underlinethe direct objects If a sentence has no direct object write none
1 We boarded the ship for Africa2 Our ship entered the harbor after a long wait3 We photographed the animals4 We visited several African plateaus5 Boaters rode the river rapids6 Hikers walked through the jungles7 Our guide traveled with us8 She selected the best places for overnight camps9 We traced our trip on a large map
10 The tourists gave the guide a generous tip
Review Exercise 2 Identifying Direct and Indirect Objects
For each sentence write the verb plus any direct object and indirect objectThen circle the verb and underline each direct object once and each indirectobject twice (Not all sentences will have both kinds of object One sentencehas neither)
SAMPLE Storytellers tell children fascinating storiesANSWER tell stories children
1 Joel Chandler Harris adapted African American folk legends2 He collected the stories in the book Uncle Remus His Songs and Sayings3 Uncle Remus tells a boy stories about a fox a rabbit and a bear4 Brer Rabbit is the American version of the African character Zomo5 Brer Rabbit told Brer Fox his terms6 Harris used humor in his stories7 The Atlanta Constitution published the stories8 As a boy Harris visited a plantation near his home9 African Americans told Harris stories
10 The stories influenced modern authors
332-359 wc6 U10 829814 11504 745 PM Page 352
Grammar Review 353
Grammar ReviewGrammar ReviewV
erbs
Review Exercise 3 Distinguishing Linking Verbs from Action Verbs
For each sentence write the verb and whether it is an action verb or a linkingverb If it is a linking verb write whether it is followed by a predicate noun ora predicate adjective
1 The Nile River is the worldrsquos longest river2 The Nile flows from Lake Victoria3 Bright blue and orange birds seem exotic4 Africa is a land of geographical wonders5 Its plateaus appear flat6 Wild animals graze on the plains7 The weather in the high plateaus and mountains is mild8 The mountain looks beautiful9 Community ceremonies are an important rural tradition
10 Everyone gathers for celebrations of births and marriages
Review Exercise 4 Writing Predicate Nouns and Predicate Adjectives
Write a predicate noun or a predicate adjective as indicated to complete eachsentence below You may need to add other words (Use the Literature Modelon page 351 to help you)
1 The Sky God was (predicate noun)2 Nyame was (predicate noun)3 Anansi was (predicate adjective)4 Anansi is a (predicate noun)5 Onini is a (predicate noun)6 Hornets are (predicate noun)7 Anansi stories are (predicate noun)8 The python is (predicate adjective)9 Osebo is (predicate noun)
10 The price of the stories is (predicate adjective)
332-359 wc6 U10 829814 11504 746 PM Page 353
354 Unit 10 Verbs
Grammar ReviewGrammar ReviewV
erb
s
Review Exercise 5 Using Present Past and Future Tenses
For each sentence write the verb form indicated in parentheses
1 Folklorists (present tense of collect) stories from all parts of Africa2 Many stories (future tense of tell) about the past3 Animals (present tense of act) like humans in some stories4 Folklorists (past tense of record) many ldquoWhyrdquo stories5 One story (present tense of explain) why there are rainbows6 Many storiesrsquo endings (past tense of surprise) listeners7 Children (present tense of enjoy) the surprises8 Folklorists (past tense of discover) versions of an Ethiopian tale in Turkey9 A Congolese fable (future tense of teach) children that families stick together
10 These stories (future tense of help) children understand other cultures
Review Exercise 6 Using Present Past and Progressive Forms
For each sentence write the verb form indicated in parentheses
SAMPLE Most Ashanti people (present progressive form of live) in GhanaANSWER are living
1 Desert (present tense of cover) most of northern Africa2 In parts of western Africa rain (present tense of fall) all year long3 Nomads (past progressive form of travel) to grazing areas4 Animals (present progressive form of roam) the lands by the lake5 Berber families (past progressive form of end) their meal with tea and
pastries6 The Ashanti (present tense of remain) a very powerful ethnic group7 Many Ashanti people (present progressive form of work) as farmers8 For years the Ashanti (past tense of speak) English as a second language9 The British (past tense of rule) several colonies in West Africa
10 In the 1950s the Ashanti and other African peoples (past progressive form ofstruggle) for their independence
332-359 wc6 U10 829814 11504 746 PM Page 354
Grammar Review 355
Grammar ReviewGrammar ReviewV
erbs
Review Exercise 7 Using Present Perfect and Past Perfect Tenses
For each sentence write the verb form indicated in parentheses
SAMPLE Young people (present perfect tense of learn) crafts from their elders
ANSWER have learned
1 Many people (past perfect tense of plant) crops2 Others (past perfect tense of raise) livestock3 Some people (present perfect tense of migrate) to the cities4 Many rural families (past perfect tense of live) in mud houses5 Village life (past perfect tense of stay) the same for generations6 Some farmers (past perfect tense of use) the same methods as their
ancestors did7 Some people (present perfect tense of try) new methods8 The architecture in cities (past perfect tense of reflect) traditional styles9 Some city families (present perfect tense of rent) modern apartments
10 Outdoor markets (present perfect tense of open) on city streets
Review Exercise 8 Using Past and Past Participle Forms of Irregular Verbs
For each sentence write the past or past participle form of the verb in paren-theses Be sure your sentences make sense
1 Explorers (seek) prehistoric paintings in the Sahara2 Early peoples (draw) pictures of animals3 Figures and masks of wood have (come) from many African sculptors4 Some early Africans (make) bronze or ivory sculptures5 Until the 1900s few people outside Africa had (know) about African arts6 Western art has (grow) from the influence of African sculpture7 African Americans (sing) songs incorporating African musical rhythms8 Africans have (sing) complicated rhythms9 Only in a few areas had Africans (write) their stories down
10 In the past many Egyptians (write) in Coptic letters
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Review Exercise 9 Writing Present Perfect and Past Perfect Tenses of Irregular Verbs
Write each sentence using the verb and tense indicated in the parentheses
SAMPLE Some Africans (present perfect tense of leave) their rural homesANSWER Some Africans have left their rural homes
1 Many African cities that were once poor (present perfect tense of become)prosperous
2 Before people began moving into cities many (past perfect tense of grow)corn or maize on farms in the countryside
3 Now city attractions (present perfect tense of lead) many rural people tomove
4 Many African countries (past perfect tense of make) progress in agriculture5 Periods of drought (present perfect tense of be) a problem6 Elders (past perfect tense of teach) traditional skills and values before
university-trained teachers set up schools7 Foreign rulers (past perfect tense of pay) little attention to education8 They (past perfect tense of give) no thought to independence for their
African colonies9 Now most African peoples (present perfect tense of win) their independence
10 Black South Africans (past perfect tense of seek) and attained the right tovote and to rule themselves
Review Exercise 10 Identifying Verb Tenses and Forms
Write the italicized verbs in the following sentences For each verb writewhether it is in the present past future present perfect or past perfect tenseUnderline all the verbs that are in the progressive form
1I am leaving next week on a trip to Africa 2I have saved my moneyfor two years 3My whole family is going 4We have gotten all the touristbrochures 5The travel agent helped us plan our route 6We will go toMorocco Egypt and Kenya 7I had hoped for a stop in Ghana too 8Myparents chose a different tour 9We were studying the maps last night10The trip looks terrific
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Grammar Review 357
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Nancy Schutt Vanishing 1992
Review Exercise 11
ProofreadingThe following passage is about Nancy Schuttrsquos painting Vanishingwhich appears on this page Rewrite the passage correcting theerrors in spelling capitalization grammar and usage Add anymissing punctuation There are ten errors
Nancy Schutt1The artist has took an endangered species as the subject for this
painting the animal she has chose is the leopard 2The size and strengthof these cats have gave them a feirce reputation 3Will their reputation
(continued)
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saved them from extinction 4That is the question Nancy Schuttaddressing in her painting Vanishing 5Many of Schuttsrsquo paintings dealswith the theme of interaction among humans animals and the naturalworld
Review Exercise 12
Mixed ReviewFor each sentence write the verb and tell whether it is an actionverb or a linking verb Then write and label any direct object indirectobject predicate noun or predicate adjective
SAMPLE We left home last month for our tripANSWER left action verb home direct object
1 We boarded the ship for Africa2 The ship seemed large and modern3 It was a freighter4 We photographed the animals5 We sent our friends pictures
For each sentence write the form of the verb indicated in parentheses
6 Herds of elephants (past perfect tense of live) on many parts of the Africancontinent
7 People (present perfect tense of cause) animalsrsquo habitats to shrink8 The white rhinoceros and the gorilla (present progressive form of become)
extinct9 Animal parks (future tense of protect) some endangered species
10 Governments (present progressive form of outlaw) hunting in these areas
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Writing ApplicationWriting Application
Writing Application 359
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Action Verbs in WritingJean Craighead George uses preciseaction verbs in this passage from Julieof the Wolves to make her writinglively and vivid Examine the passagefocusing especially on the italicizedverbs
Amaroq [one of the wolves]glanced at his paw and slowly turnedhis head her way without lifting hiseyes He licked his shoulder A fewmatted hairs sprang apart and twinkled individually Then his eyessped to each of the three adultwolves that made up his pack andfinally to the five pups who weresleeping in a fuzzy mass near the denentrance The great wolfrsquos eyes soft-ened at the sight of the little wolvesthen quickly hardened into brittle yellow jewels as he scanned the flattundra [ground]
Techniques with Action VerbsTry to apply some of Jean Craighead Georgersquos writing techniques when you write and revise your own work
Whenever possible replace general words with precise verbsCompare the following
GENERAL WORD looked
GEORGErsquoS VERSION glanced scanned
Expand a single verb into longergroups of words with more thanone specific verb
SINGLE VERB A few matted hairs separated
GEORGErsquoS VERSION A few mattedhairs sprang apart and twinkledindividually
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Practice the Techniques with Action Verbs by revising the followingpassage Use a separate sheet of paper
The lioness lay lazily in the hot sun Her two cubs played nearby She occasionallymoved her head to look around her She was suddenly alert A herd of zebra wasnearby The lioness watched her prey Partially hidden in the tall grass she movedclose to the zebra herd She suddenly came out of the grass The zebras walked awaybut one was small and weak The huntress moved again and caught the zebra Shebrought the dead zebra back to the cubs They all ate their fill Afterward they cleanedthemselves and then they rested
PracticePractice
For more aboutthe importance ofusing interestingverbs see TIMEFacing the BlankPage page 98
Writing OnlineFor more grammar practice go to glencoecomand enter QuickPass code WC67666p2
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