1010thth American History American HistoryUnit III- U.S. Foreign PolicyUnit III- U.S. Foreign Policy

World War II - TodayWorld War II - Today

Nixon-Bush #8Nixon-Bush #8

Foreign Policy of President ClintonForeign Policy of President Clinton

What did Clinton inherit?What did Clinton inherit?

Changes in the international position of the United States have complicated the making of its foreign policy

The Bush administration left Clinton a series of unresolved and difficult foreign policy challenges. A last-minute deployment to the chaos in

Somalia, An escalating war in Bosnia, An unrepentant Saddam Hussein still firmly

controlling Iraq. A NATO alliance on the verge of obsolescence. A NAFTA treaty with little hope of being

implemented.

What experience does Clinton have?What experience does Clinton have?

President Clinton and his senior advisers have claimed a lengthy list of foreign policy successes in such places as Bosnia, Haiti, Northern Ireland, North Korea, and the Middle East.

Criticisms his abandonment of his early

pledge to build a multilateral world order.

foreign policy too easily swayed by ethnic lobbies, public opinion polls, and media.

Clinton's lack of foreign policy experience

too much hype to fix things

The Clinton administration's grand strategy of "engagement and enlargement"

We can and must make the difference through our engagement; but our

involvement must be carefully tailored to serve our interests and priorities. Enhancing our security-

Continue to pursue arms control agreements to reduce the danger of nuclear, chemical, biological, and conventional conflict and to promote stability.

We will use force if necessary. Bolstering our economic prosperity-

A vigorous and integrated economic policy designed to stimulate global environmentally sound economic growth and free trade and to press for open and equal U.S. access to foreign markets.

Promoting democracy (enlargement)- A framework of democratic enlargement that increases our security by

protecting, consolidating and enlarging the community of free market democracies.

EngagementEngagement

Clinton's policy of engagement has Led to an expanded NATO that

did little permanent damage to our relations with Russia

Gave Central and Eastern Europe an incentive to democratize

It helped bring peace to Bosnia and later Kosovo

It contributed to the Milosevic regime's demise

It helped open trade throughout North America

Gave Haiti a chance at

democracy.

However!However! Was Clinton too blind to Russia's

corruption and cronyism? Was Clinton too slow to use force

against states like Yugoslavia , and or Iraq?

Was Clinton tardy in his response to the bloodletting in the Balkans?

Some critics argue that the American attacks in Kosovo, Somalia, Bosnia, Sudan, and Afghanistan violated international law.

Bill Clinton turned over several U.S. islands to Russia without congressional approval or public debate, stripping American citizens of their citizenship - making them citizens of Russia

RussiaRussia President Clinton and his President Clinton and his

senior advisers have claimed senior advisers have claimed a number of foreign policy a number of foreign policy successes here.successes here.

However, Russia criticized However, Russia criticized US intervention in US intervention in Yugoslavia.Yugoslavia.

US protested Russian attacks US protested Russian attacks against rebels in the Russian against rebels in the Russian region of Chechnya.region of Chechnya.

ChinaChina President Clinton and his President Clinton and his

senior advisers have claimed senior advisers have claimed a number of foreign policy a number of foreign policy successes here.successes here.

Clinton tries to lean on China Clinton tries to lean on China to give citizens more rights.to give citizens more rights.

Clinton increases trade with Clinton increases trade with China- In Oct. 2000 he got China- In Oct. 2000 he got Congress to give China Congress to give China permanent normal trade permanent normal trade rights with the US.rights with the US.

North KoreaNorth Korea In 1994, Clinton negotiated

and signed the Nuclear Accords with North Korea.

The underlying concern was that North Korea was developing nuclear weapons technology under the guise of a nuclear power plant.

In exchange for assistance with energy needs, North Korea agreed to abandon all ambitions for acquiring nuclear weapons.

YugoslaviaYugoslavia 1991- Yugoslavia broke up into 5 nations.1991- Yugoslavia broke up into 5 nations. 1991- 1991- BosniaBosnia- Serbs began “ethnic - Serbs began “ethnic

cleansing” of certain ethnic groups. cleansing” of certain ethnic groups. Millions of refugees, and over 200,000 Millions of refugees, and over 200,000 killed. Clinton hesitates to help.killed. Clinton hesitates to help.

1995- 1995- Dayton AccordsDayton Accords- U.S helps negotiate - U.S helps negotiate a peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina, and a peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina, and US troops sent in to join NATO troops.US troops sent in to join NATO troops.

1998- Kosovo- Serbs attack ethnic 1998- Kosovo- Serbs attack ethnic Albanians. US and NATO launch air Albanians. US and NATO launch air strikes. Violation of International law?strikes. Violation of International law?

US troops stayed longer than promised- US troops stayed longer than promised- drawing criticism. 9 Years.drawing criticism. 9 Years.

KosovoKosovo #2 - History-1:59 min. #1- Rebuilding Kosovo- 3:25 min.

#3 - The Air War on Kosovo- 1:45 min.

Northern IrelandNorthern Ireland The US was encouraged by The US was encouraged by

efforts to end decades of efforts to end decades of violence between Protestants violence between Protestants and Catholics.and Catholics.

1996- Clinton asks a US 1996- Clinton asks a US Senator to lead talksSenator to lead talks

1998- Good Friday Accords- 1998- Good Friday Accords- agreement for major reforms agreement for major reforms in Northern Irelandin Northern Ireland Power sharing between Power sharing between

Protestants and Catholics.Protestants and Catholics. Demilitarization of the Demilitarization of the

ProvinceProvince Voters would later agree.Voters would later agree.

Israel and Palestine- The “Oslo Accords”Israel and Palestine- The “Oslo Accords”

1993- PLO leader Yassir Arafat and 1993- PLO leader Yassir Arafat and Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin signed the agreement in Washington.signed the agreement in Washington. Difficult for both sidesDifficult for both sides Palestinian self-rule in the Gaza Strip Palestinian self-rule in the Gaza Strip

and the town of Jericho on the West and the town of Jericho on the West Bank.Bank.

PLO recognize Israel’s right to exist.PLO recognize Israel’s right to exist. Not everyone on both sides agree

1995- Rabin assassinated by extremist 1999- New Prime Minister of Israel

wants new talks. Still unable to decide what to do about

many things like Jerusalem.

Afghanistan and the TalibanAfghanistan and the Taliban

1996- Taliban, an Islamic 1996- Taliban, an Islamic fundamentalist group, seize fundamentalist group, seize power. Sanctuary for Osama power. Sanctuary for Osama bin Laden and his terrorists.bin Laden and his terrorists.

Clinton demands the Taliban Clinton demands the Taliban shut down the terrorist shut down the terrorist training camps and turn over training camps and turn over bin Laden. They refuse.bin Laden. They refuse.

In 2002, a UPI story stated that documents discovered in Afghanistan showed that al-Qaeda may have plotted to assassinate Clinton toward the end of his term.

Afghanistan and the TalibanAfghanistan and the Taliban

00:54 min. 5:38 min

Osama and Al-QaedaOsama and Al-Qaeda Al-Qaeda began to emerge as a major terrorist threat. Al-Al-Qaeda began to emerge as a major terrorist threat. Al-

Qaeda ('The Base') is a conglomerate of groups spread Qaeda ('The Base') is a conglomerate of groups spread throughout the world operating as a network.throughout the world operating as a network.

1998, the group bombed US embassies in Tanzania and 1998, the group bombed US embassies in Tanzania and Kenya.Kenya.

Aug. 20, 1998- Retaliation- Operation Infinite Reach- a Aug. 20, 1998- Retaliation- Operation Infinite Reach- a US cruise missile strike on purported terrorist bases in US cruise missile strike on purported terrorist bases in Afghanistan and SudanAfghanistan and Sudan

Clinton also gave orders authorizing the arrest or, if need Clinton also gave orders authorizing the arrest or, if need be, assassination of Al-Qaeda leader Osama bin Ladenbe, assassination of Al-Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden

Bin Laden typically selects a few historical incidents, takes Bin Laden typically selects a few historical incidents, takes them out of their context and twists their significance, and them out of their context and twists their significance, and uses them as a rational and moral pretext for his terrorist uses them as a rational and moral pretext for his terrorist crimes. crimes.

He lists his enemies as #1- America, #2- Sultanates of the He lists his enemies as #1- America, #2- Sultanates of the Perisan Gulf, #3- Corrupted Islamic states.Perisan Gulf, #3- Corrupted Islamic states.

Late 2000, the terrorists struck again with the USS Cole Late 2000, the terrorists struck again with the USS Cole bombing. By this time, Clinton has stated he regarded Al-bombing. By this time, Clinton has stated he regarded Al-Qaeda as the foremost threat to national security.Qaeda as the foremost threat to national security.

USS Cole

IraqIraq Clinton launched military strikes on

Iraq several times to punish violations of UN sanctions

Operation Desert Fox was the military code name for a major three-day bombing campaign on Iraqi targets from Dec. 16-18, 1998 by US and UK.

It was a major flare-up in the Iraq disarmament crisis. The goal of the cruise missile and bombing attacks was to "degrade" Saddam Hussein's ability to produce weapons of mass destruction.

IraqIraq

1:21 min.

Somalia- African CountrySomalia- African Country Pres. Bush had sent troops into Pres. Bush had sent troops into

Somalia to help distribute food Somalia to help distribute food to starving people due to a civil to starving people due to a civil war there.war there.

1993- Mission had grown to try 1993- Mission had grown to try and end the Civil war there.and end the Civil war there.

American service men were American service men were dying in the violence. The worst dying in the violence. The worst was Oct. 1993 in Mogadishu- 18 was Oct. 1993 in Mogadishu- 18 killed and 84 wounded. To killed and 84 wounded. To capture Idide.capture Idide.

Clinton chooses to withdraw Clinton chooses to withdraw American forces.American forces.

Somalia- African CountrySomalia- African Country

2:08 min.

Rwanda- African CountryRwanda- African Country

1994- Due to the experience 1994- Due to the experience of Somalia, Clinton refused of Somalia, Clinton refused to send forces to Rwanda to to send forces to Rwanda to stop a terrible genocide stop a terrible genocide claiming hundreds of claiming hundreds of thousands of lives.thousands of lives.

Clinton criticized because Clinton criticized because he did not intervene he did not intervene militarily to end the militarily to end the Rwandan genocide.Rwandan genocide.

Rwanda- African CountryRwanda- African Country

#1 Rwanda- 1:54 min. #2- Genocide- 1:52

HaitiHaiti 1991- Haitian Military 1991- Haitian Military

leaders force the first leaders force the first democratically elected democratically elected President President ((Jean-Bertrand Aristide) from office.) from office.

1994-American troops were 1994-American troops were sent to Haiti to force the sent to Haiti to force the military rulers to step down.military rulers to step down.

HaitiHaiti

#1 - 1:27 min. #2 - 2:08 min.

VietnamVietnam 1994- Clinton lifted the 1994- Clinton lifted the

Vietnam trade embargoVietnam trade embargo Clinton announces Clinton announces

normalization of normalization of relations with Vietnam relations with Vietnam without a full accounting without a full accounting of U.S. MIAs and POWsof U.S. MIAs and POWs—after having said as a —after having said as a candidate that this "was candidate that this "was putting the cart before putting the cart before the horse."the horse."

NAFTA- North American Free Trade AgreementNAFTA- North American Free Trade Agreement

Brings US, Canada and Mexico into a Brings US, Canada and Mexico into a free-trade zone.free-trade zone.

Supporters-Supporters- it will strengthen all three it will strengthen all three economies, and create more jobs.economies, and create more jobs.

OpponentsOpponents- - American jobs would be transferred to American jobs would be transferred to

Mexico where wages are lower. More Mexico where wages are lower. More than 100,000 low-wage jobs went to than 100,000 low-wage jobs went to Mexico after NAFTA passed.Mexico after NAFTA passed.

Environment would be harmed due to Environment would be harmed due to Mexico’s lower standards.Mexico’s lower standards.

Competition with foreign companies Competition with foreign companies caused US companies to keep wages low.caused US companies to keep wages low.

Treaty Ratified- January 1, 1994Treaty Ratified- January 1, 1994

NAFTA- North American Free Trade AgreementNAFTA- North American Free Trade Agreement

1:34 min.

Free Trade and Global EconomyFree Trade and Global Economy 1994- US joins many countries is adopting 1994- US joins many countries is adopting GATTGATT- -

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade.General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade. 1995- WTO- World Trade Organization. (replaces 1995- WTO- World Trade Organization. (replaces

GATT)GATT) Organization that promotes trade and economic Organization that promotes trade and economic

development- settling trade disputes and forming rules for development- settling trade disputes and forming rules for global trade.global trade.

1999- Demonstration in Seattle that WTO doesn’t use 1999- Demonstration in Seattle that WTO doesn’t use public input, and its decisions harm the environment, public input, and its decisions harm the environment, poorer countries, and American Manufacturing workers.poorer countries, and American Manufacturing workers.

Growing importance of Multinational Corporations. Growing importance of Multinational Corporations. (Enron, WoldCom, etc.) Benefit?(Enron, WoldCom, etc.) Benefit?

Set minimum standards for most forms of intellectual

property. World Wide anti-globalization protests- violent clashes.World Wide anti-globalization protests- violent clashes. FTAA- 2006 Free trade Area of the Americas- 34 FTAA- 2006 Free trade Area of the Americas- 34

Western Hemisphere countries.Western Hemisphere countries.