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10 Industrial Arts - Engineering
Alternative Energy Mr. Sleap
Ali Al-Mudafer 10ENGINY
2
Table of Contents Abstract ................................................................................................................................................... 3
The Nature and Purpose of Alternative Energy Systems ........................................................................ 4
Alternative Energy Systems .................................................................................................................... 5
Solar Energy ........................................................................................................................................ 5
Bio-Fuels .............................................................................................................................................. 6
Wind Power......................................................................................................................................... 7
Hydroelectric Power ........................................................................................................................... 8
Advantages and Disadvantages of Alternative Energy Systems ............................................................. 9
Evaluation of Advantages and Disadvantages .................................................................................. 10
Commercial and / or Industrial Applications ........................................................................................ 11
Solar Power ....................................................................................................................................... 11
Nyngan Solar Plant ........................................................................................................................ 11
Bio-Fuels ............................................................................................................................................ 12
Australian Renewable Fuels (ARfuels) .......................................................................................... 12
Wind Power....................................................................................................................................... 13
Macarthur Wind Farm .................................................................................................................. 13
Hydroelectric Power ......................................................................................................................... 14
Snowy Mountains Scheme ............................................................................................................ 14
Impact on Society .................................................................................................................................. 15
Solar Power ....................................................................................................................................... 15
Bio-Fuel ............................................................................................................................................. 15
Wind Power....................................................................................................................................... 16
Hydroelectric Power ......................................................................................................................... 16
Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................. 17
Glossary of Terms.................................................................................................................................. 18
Bibliography .......................................................................................................................................... 19
3
Abstract
This report will show how alternative energy solutions work and how it will reshape our future.
Alternative energy solutions is by definition any way of getting energy without the use of fossil fuels.
The purpose of this report is to give the reader a detailed examination of 4 different alternative
energy solutions to fossil fuels. This research task will explain how each of the alternative energy
solutions have evolved over time. It will explain how each of the systems work, and how major
improvements will happen over time.
The world is running out of fossil fuels. The only way to prevent the world losing electricity is by
using alternative energy solutions.
This report uses a range of different websites to show how alternative energy solutions will help the
growth of renewable energy. Many companies have already made the move to alternative energy.
The Australian Government is even assisting families that want to install solar panels on their roof,
by reducing the cost significantly.
This report shows how alternative energy solutions have impacted on society, and how it will impact
in the near and far future.
Some alternative energy systems will overtake others in terms of development and use, but right
now, I think the world is on track and improving.
4
The Nature and Purpose of Alternative Energy Systems
Alternative Energy by definition is energy that is generated in ways that do not deplete natural
resources or harm the environment. It is an energy source that is an alternative to fossil fuels. The
main types of harmful ways to generate energy is using fossil fuels and nuclear power. The meaning
of the word ‘alternative’ is used because it is the replacement for fossil fuels which is supplying most
of the population. There are many alternative ways to generate energy. Some are:
Biofuel
Biomass
Geothermal
Hydropower
Solar energy
Tidal power
Wave power
Wind power
The use of alternative energy is increasing considerably over time people have found out that fossil
fuels are running out and an alternative solution must be made. People will hopefully start making
the move to the cleaner future of energy. The annual growth rate fortunately is increasing, which
tells us that people have realised the very important fact that fossil fuels will eventually run out.
However, the switch to renewable energy comes at a cost. First of all, the owners of huge mining
and petroleum companies are making a huge profit. If you think about it, how many jobs in Australia
will be lost if the mining industry alone just stopped? It’s a lot. Secondly, at the moment alternative
energy systems are very expensive. It would cost a fortune to make Australia run on renewable
energy.
The world needs renewable energy in order keep the Earth living. The ozone layer is getting
destroyed, global warming is increasing. This will stop if the world used an alternative to fossil fuels.
5
Alternative Energy Systems
Solar Energy
The method of solar energy is definitely the fastest growing out of all other alternative energy
solutions. It is easier and cheaper to install, and when installed, it does its job silently and reliably.
Solar energy is captured by using solar panels which convert the Sun’s light energy into electrical
energy.
These solar panels are filled with solar cells which
absorb the Sun’s photons (particles from light).
Then the silicon cells in the panel react, causing
the electrons to be free from the atoms. The
silicon that the solar cells are made out of carries
millions of atoms that have charged electrons.
The most common design of solar panels these
days uses two different types of silicon. This is so it creates negatively and positively charged atoms.
To create a negative charge, the silicon is combined with boron. To create a positive charge, the
silicon is combined with phosphorus. This combination of different solar cells creates more electrons
on the positively charged silicon, which therefore results in less electrons in the negatively charged
silicon. The positively and negatively charged silicon cells are packed in together.
This configuration creates a reaction that produces direct current (DC) electricity, which then goes to
the inverter which then converts the direct current to alternate current (AC).
This electricity can be processed in two different ways. Either sell all the electricity produced by the
solar panels to the grid, and use the grid’s power for your home.
Or the other way, where you use the power
produced by the solar panels in your home. If you
don’t have enough power generating for your
needs, you use the extra needed from the grid. But
if you are generating too much power (more than
you need), you sell the extra power to the grid.
People use the first option if the price per kilowatt
generated is higher than the price of the grid
electricity used. People use option two if it is vice
versa (price of power generated is lower than price
of grid electricity). This is dependent on the type of contract you have.
Some people in remote areas who don’t have any access to the main grid need to have large
batteries. This is so all the extra power generated will go to the battery and is then used when it is
dark or when there isn’t enough power generated from the solar panels.
6
Bio-Fuels
Bio-Fuel is made using bio-mass. Bio-mass is the plants that could be bio-fuel. In other words, bio-
mass is just the plant itself, and when it is treated and the right things extracted from it to make it a
fuel, it becomes bio-fuel. The most common types of bio-fuels are ethanol and bio-diesel.
Ethanol is an alcohol, the same that’s in beer
and wine. It is made by fermenting the
biomass that’s high in carbohydrates like
starches, celluloses or sugars in a process like
preparing beer. Ethanol is used as a fuel
additive most of the time, just to reduce the
amount of carbon monoxide and other
emissions. But these days some vehicles that
run on 85% ethanol are available.
Bo-diesel is made using the combination of alcohol (or
methanol) with animal fat, vegetable oil or recycled cooking
greases. Similar to ethanol, it can be used as an additive with
normal diesel, or it can be used in pure form (using only bio-
diesel in your vehicle).
Bio-fuels are a great alternative to gasoline and diesel. But it
all comes at a significant cost. It is much harder to make
biofuel than to make regular diesel or gasoline.
Bio-fuels are a renewable energy, because it uses plant oils
and fats, and plants can be easily grown. This makes it
renewable.
At the moment the use of bio-fuels is a small percentage
compared to gasoline and diesel. Bio-diesel in theory is compatible with all vehicles that use diesel. I
think the percentage could have been more if manufacturers recommend bio-fuels. They don’t trust
the use of bio-fuels as they don’t want to have customers using a foreign material in an engine that
is designed to be used on gasoline/diesel. E.g. Below is a picture I took of the area you fill up your car
with fuel on my
mother’s car.
Notice how it says
not to use bio-
diesel and only to
use diesel.
Warnings like this
could mean that if
you fill it up with
bio-diesel, you
could void your
warranty.
7
Wind Power
A wind turbine is a name for a device
that converts the wind’s kinetic energy
into electrical energy. A wind turbine is
basically a generator that’s powered by
aerofoils. Wind turbines have no turbine
in them, but it gets the name from
parallel hydroelectric technology. Wind
is definitely is a very good way to
capture the free kinetic energy caused
by changing atmospheric pressure.
The first all steel windmill and tower was
produced by a company named United
States Wind Engine & Pump Co. the first
wind turbine that generated electricity
was invented by Charles F. Brush in 1888
in Cleveland, Ohio, US.
The way a wind turbine works is pretty simple. First the wind hits the blades. These blades have to
be angled at a sweet spot because the flatter they are, the higher the maximum speed is higher. But
if the blades were angled higher, the torque would be higher, but the maximum speed would be
less. It is the same principle to gearing. Then the central low speed shaft turns in the same speed
measured in revolutions per minute (RPM) as the rotors. The shaft is usually travelling at 16 RPM, so
a gearbox converts the low speed to rotation to a high speed 1600 RPM so the generator can
efficiently transform kinetic energy into electrical energy.
The electricity generated is then transferred through a cable which leads to a transformer, which
changes to the suitable voltage for residential or commercial use.
The best way a wind turbine can
generate power efficiently is by
mounting them on high areas.
Blades need something to spin. It’s
a law of physics that you can’t
make energy out of nothing. The
wind will slow down as it passes
the wind turbine. So if you want to
build a wind farm, having the wind
turbines close together is not a
good idea.
8
Hydroelectric Power
Hydroelectric power
(also known as
hydropower or
hydroelectricity) is
where you use the
gravitational force of
the water as it flows
down a hill or dam.
Hydroelectric power is
similar to a wind
turbine, but instead of
using the kinetic
energy from the wind,
it uses the
gravitational force on
the water.
The way hydroelectric power works is using a turbine. The higher water level is trying to move to the
lower water level because of gravitational potential energy. As the water leaves the dam, it passes
through the turbine, the turbine turns, due to the high force of the falling water.
The turning turbine turns the generator, where the generator converts kinetic energy into electrical
energy. This electricity is then connected to the grid to supply the people.
Hydro-plants range from small
‘micro hydros’ that can power
only a few homes, to huge
dams that can provide
electricity for millions of
people.
Hydroelectric power relies
heavily on the height of the
water in the catchment,
compared to the level in the
river (or where the water is
released into).
The number of hydroelectric power plants are increasing, which is a good thing, as hydroelectric
power plants make good use of the gravitational force that the Earth gives us.
Overall, the use of hydroelectricity is very important, as gravitational force is constant, therefore it is
a very efficient way to produce electricity.
9
Advantages and Disadvantages of Alternative Energy Systems
Energy System Advantages Disadvantages
Solar Power Doesn’t cause pollution
Can be used in remote areas
Solar energy is infinite (will last forever)
Many things can run using solar power
Require little maintenance
Can only be harnessed in daylight
Relatively expensive to make
Unreliable climate means unreliable source of energy
The most efficient solar panels can only convert 20% of sun’s energy
Bio-Fuel Is renewable
Reduces greenhouse gasses
Low levels of pollution
Expensive
Could cause shortage of foods
Could damage your vehicle
Harder to make
Wind Power Runs during day and night
Doesn’t cause greenhouse gasses
Can be placed anywhere
Range in sizes
Loud
Strength of wind varies
Take up a lot of space
Produce a lot less electricity than the average fossil fuelled power station
Hydroelectric Power Reliable and efficient
Clean and renewable
A hydroelectricity dam can be used not only for electricity
Flexible when it comes to electricity demands
When dams need to be built, the town needs to be flooded so everyone has to move out
Expensive to build
Safety concerns (worries about dam failures)
10
Evaluation of Advantages and Disadvantages
The shown advantages and disadvantages show the main reason why companies aren’t switching
over to alternative energy solutions. There’s always going to be a negative for every positive. Wind
power can be run at night and during the day. They can be put virtually anywhere on high grounds.
But they are way too expensive to make and install. Even some of the public say that it’s in the way
and they want to leave to landscape as it is and enjoy the nice quiet view. Wind turbines need to be
a fair distance away from each other, because as the wind passes one of them, the air is slowed
down, due to energy conservation.
Solar power can only be run
in daylight, and only
generate a decent amount
of electricity in a very sunny
day. In some countries, that
is a rare thing. Solar panels
are very expensive. And for
some people it is not worth
making the upgrade. But
solar isn’t just about the
bad, it is very efficient.
When installed, it runs
virtually in a silent manner.
In fact it even gives your
house more insulation
against the heat from the roof. When sola farms are built, and rotors are installed so the solar panels
rotate in the direction of the sun, they become very efficient.
Hydroelectric power can run in the day or night (like wind power). But it requires a fast flow of water
to achieve a decent amount of electricity. Hydroelectric power plants are a very good idea to be
installed in an area where not many people live, because the building procedure requires all the
water to be flooded down the river.
Bio-fuel is increasing over time. Some Holden vehicles are modified at the factory to be able to run
on bio-fuels (ethanol for gasoline, bio-diesel for diesel). This shows that Australia is taking steps into
a greener future. Bio-fuels reduce the amount of pollution by a significant amount. In fact, if you
have the right equipment at home you can even make your own, but that’s only recommended for
experienced people (or it could damage your vehicle). Manufacturers are even not recommending
the use of bio-fuels on their modern cars, because it is a foreign type of fuel and they fear it will
damage your vehicle.
11
Commercial and / or Industrial Applications
Solar Power
Nyngan Solar Plant
The Nyngan solar plant site is located on an agricultural property, which is nearly 10 kilometres away
from the town of Nyngan. This town receives a good amount of sunlight, which makes it an ideal
place for a solar plant. The solar plant will be built on a site that’s 460 hectares, but the solar field
will use nearly 250 hectares of space.
The company AGL installed these solar panels. The area used to be a sheep paddock. The site is flat,
and is a rural land, which makes it a very efficient place to build a solar plant. The Cobar – Nyngan
132 kV transmission line is located south of the site, which allows for efficient connections to the
grid.
The Nyngan solar plant will generate 102 megawatts of power, which puts it at the forefront of
Australian solar power generation. This solar plant at the moment is the biggest in the southern
hemisphere, which makes Australia (and the earth) proud. It is expected that this solar plant will
generate approximately 233000 MWh of electricity per year, which provides around 33000 homes.
The Nyngan power plant will be
The Materials Used
In this huge project, the good choice of
materials could mean much more
durability and much less repairs. The
Nyngan solar plant will consist of
approximately 1.35 million solar PV
modules. They are well installed on
aluminium frames. The use of aluminium
helps in durability and construction
because it is lightweight. The around
150000 steel posts will be supporting the
aluminium frames. The solar panels are
going to be on a 25 degree angle, so the
frames have to be accurately cut to size.
12
Bio-Fuels
Australian Renewable Fuels (ARfuels)
Australian Renewable Fuels is a bio-diesel plant located in Barnawartha which is in Victoria. The
company Australian Renewable Fuels has 3 plants. One in Picton in Western Australia, one in
Adelaide in South Australia and one in Barnawartha in Victoria. This company used a combination of
vegetable oil, used cooking oil and animal fat (or tallow). ARfuels is Australia’s largest bio-diesel
producer in Australia. It produces a capacity of 150 million litres annually.
ARfuels was listed on the Australian Securities Exchange in May, 2005. The construction of the
company was completed in 2006. Mr Andrew White is the Managing director and CEO of ARfuels.
(About) The Materials Used
ARfuels is a company that
ensures that materials used in
the bio-diesel is at the best
quality. All production facilities
are capable of reliably running
at design capacity. ARfuels
uses a good range of feedstock
like tallow, vegetable oil and
used cooking oil. They continue
to research new sources of supply. They don’t want to interfere with the world’s food chain supply.
Australian Renewable Fuels efficiently uses the materials of animal fat, used cooking oil and
vegetable oil efficiently. The efficient use of burnable material from plants is next step towards
helping our earth. They are a well-known wholesaler to many fuel retailers.
13
Wind Power
Macarthur Wind Farm
The Macarthur Wind Farm took
about 2.5 years to build. It has
been fully operational since early 2013. The farm was constructed by Vestas and Leighton
Contractors. The company AGL Energy was part of the development of this giant project that cost $1
billion.
The Macarthur Wind Farm is located
on three properties that are used for
sheep grazing. The land that’s about
5500 hectares is about 16km away
from Macarthur. The wind farm is
made up of 140 3MW turbines, which
gives a huge total of 420MW. That’s
very impressive, because not only
does it save about 1.5 million tonnes
of greenhouse gases each year, it is
the largest wind farm in the southern
hemisphere.
The benefits of having wind turbines
on flat ground is so the wind isn’t
disrupted, resulting in a much efficient
operation. They made sure that each
turbine had a good amount of space
around it, so after the air passes one
turbine and it slows down, it can
regain speed for the next turbine.
This wind turbine is truly impressive,
because it provides power for 220
thousand average Victorian
households.
The Materials Used
Building a wind turbine requires a
good choice of strong parts and light
weight parts. The towers are made of stainless steel, which is a good choice due to its strength.
Blades are made of carbon fibre due to its lightweight form and strength. The blades are designed to
be less sensitive to dirt, which results in improved performance.
14
Hydroelectric Power
Snowy Mountains Scheme
The Snowy Mountains Scheme is a 3950 MW hydroelectric power generation project located in the
Snowy Mountains in Australia’s Southern Alps. The hydroelectric plant is a well-engineered project
and structured with good thought. It took 25 years to complete, and was completed on time and
within budget.
The Snowy Mountains Scheme is built where there are steep mountains, which easily turn the
turbines due to the extra use of gravitational energy. Melted snow and rain is collected and stored in
lakes and reservoirs, which then is diverted through pipelines and tunnels to meet the turbines after
hundreds of metres.
Once the water passes the turbines, it needs to go somewhere. It flows through to rivers to be used
for irrigation in the dry lands west of the Great Dividing Range. This ensures that the Scheme is not
disadvantaging the flowing water from the dry areas of NSW
The Materials Used
The Scheme consists of 16 major
dams, 7 power stations, a
pumping station and a total of
225km of tunnels, pipelines and
aqueducts.
The Scheme’s power stations use
‘Francis’ Turbines. Francis turbines
have guide vanes, which control
the amount (volume) of water
required to turn the turbine and
determine how much electricity is
produced. This concept is like
gearing.
15
Impact on Society
Solar Power There’s no doubt that solar
panels is the most popular
renewable choice to be
made. Solar is the option
that is virtually always
taken when it comes to
people wanting to
introduce renewable
energy. Solar panels have
been a huge impact on
society because they are
becoming more and more
popular. They realise that
the huge cost will pay off
after a couple of years.
After those years are over,
you start making money (or reducing costs of electricity use).
I think solar will rapidly improve in the future because technology (efficiency) is constantly improving
and the panels are becoming cheaper to buy. Solar companies will increase and more competition
will happen amongst companies, which is part of the reason panels are getting cheaper. In the future
I predict that coal and fossil fuels will be a thing of the past. Solar will be one of the sources of the
world’s needs. New technologies of solar panels are getting introduced. Even bendable ones are out
for sale. I predict that bendable solar panels will be placed virtually anywhere
Bio-Fuel Bio-fuel is a fairly new thing. It has only
been sold commercially for the past
couple of years. Only a small
percentage of people use bio-fuel as
their source of fuel. Bio-fuel companies
are starting to expand, creating new
jobs. A small percentage of people are
against the making of bio-fuel. They
think that it disturbs the world’s food
chain, which could be the case if
companies use the farms that’s used for
eating crop. But some companies use
algae, which don’t affect us humans, but could affect the food chain of animals in the ocean.
I think biofuel is a really good alternative to fossil fuels. In the next coming years, bio-fuel will be an
alternative to vehicles that use combustion engines. But my prediction is that other zero emission
energy sources will replace bio-fuel. Although bio-fuel is renewable energy, it still does produce
some sort of pollution. Bio-fuel will at some point be a popular choice of fuel, but since it still gives a
bit of pollution, something better will replace it.
16
Wind Power Wind power is a very reliable source of electricity. If set up
in the right locations, it can produce a substantial amount of
electricity. Wind power can work during day and night, as it
depends on the one and only wind. Like solar farms, wind
farms are usually found in remote, elevated areas. This is
because wind is stronger and less obstructed. Wind farms
are utilised in farm areas, usually where livestock is grazed.
There are two sides of the argument when it comes to using
wind turbines. One side says it’s not affecting them and
they like the technological look to the farms. The other side
thinks that they produce a lot of noise pollution and they
want the nature to be left as it is. In my opinion I agree with
the first side (I want wind farms).
In the future I think wind farms will be a huge thing. They
will definitely replace fossil fuels and help the world
become much better. I predict that most farm lands will
have at least one wind turbine. New technologies will be
introduced to increase the efficiency of these turbines. The costs are decreasing and the efficiency is
increasing. One problem that may be encountered is finding the perfect land. Here in Australia it’s
not a problem (flattest and spacious country), but other congested or crowded countries will not
have enough land.
Hydroelectric Power Hydroelectric has been a very
successful way to harness
energy. It is an efficient way to
make good use of the force from
gravitational energy. The impact
it has on society is that
whenever one is built, it causes
huge flooding in the area. Which
means it could cost residents but
mainly the company building the
hydroelectric power plants.
The production of hydroelectric
plants will not be growing much,
because if affects many of the
residents living there. People will
have to leave their home whenever a hydroelectricity power plant is built, due to the place flooding.
Hydroelectricity can be used in a good way. It can be utilized in areas where there’s always flowing
water, like rivers, creeks and waterfalls.
17
Conclusion
Everything in this world has some sort of negative, even if it’s just a tiny one. One of my principles is
that for every positive, it will create a negative. Energy is something the world needs to stay alive.
Eventually, fossil fuels will run out. Alternative energy solutions is the main key to prevent that.
Companies are able to make a move right now to an alternative solution, but the reason that they
aren’t, is because there’s the same number of advantages as disadvantages. The main disadvantage
is money and the main advantage is efficiency and better ‘futureproofing’ to the earth. To some
people money is more important.
Alternatives to fossil fuels is considered because they reduce the carbon footprint by a lot. Our earth
will overall improve and stop getting polluted, which then virtually guarantees a nice non-polluted
life for the future generations. Alternative energy systems are able to produce energy without
destroying our earth. They have an infinite source of fuel, which is given to us by the nature. We
humans hog up a lot of energy to heat our homes, light our streets and transport us around the
world. Experts say that we need to decrease our dependence on fossil fuels and find alternative
ways of sourcing energy.
Solar panels will eventually be on most houses’ roofs. Solar farms will increase rapidly and
companies will have super giant solar farms. Prices will drop significantly which encourages more
people to use solar panels. Bio-fuels will hit its maximum potential, but other zero emission energy
systems will overtake it eventually. It is a good way to use waste cooking oils and fats. Wind power
has been a very successful way to harness free energy which would otherwise be wasted. It makes
good use of the farm lands that’s used for livestock grazing. Their efficiencies are increasing and
making better use of the wind that’s blowing. Hydroelectric power is a successful method to harness
electricity. The only problems happen is during construction, where surrounding citizens have to
leave their homes to flood, due to flood caused.
These alternative energy solutions will not only make the earth smile for us, it will decrease global
warming, greenhouse gasses and any other pollution caused by the burning of fossil fuels. When
fossil fuels finally runs out, we need to be prepared with renewable energy solutions. Our future
heavily relies on alternative energy solutions. If fuels run out and we’re not prepared, we must face
living like the old days, without cars, electricity or any mobile technology. We still have some time
left to make a move towards a cleaner, greener future. This generation can’t hog all resources and
leave it for future generations to figure out a solution themselves. We are a world that wants to
improve, invent and most importantly, help others.
18
Glossary of Terms
Alternative Energy: Energy fuelled in ways that do not use up the earth's
natural resources or otherwise harm the environment, especially by avoiding
the use of fossil fuels or nuclear power.
Solar: Light rays emitted by the Sun.
Bio-Diesel: An alternative fuel to the petroleum diesel
Renewable: A natural Resource or source of energy that is not depleted when
used.
Pollution: The presence in or introduction into the environment of a substance
which has harmful or poisonous effects.
Environment: The surroundings or conditions in which a person, animal, or
plant lives or operates.
Fossil Fuels: A natural fuel such as coal or gas, formed in the geological past
from the remains of living organisms.
Generator: A dynamo or similar machine for converting mechanical energy
into electricity.
Global Warming: A gradual increase in the overall temperature of the earth's
atmosphere generally attributed to the greenhouse effect caused by increased
levels of carbon dioxide and other pollutants.
Energy: Power derived from the utilization of physical or chemical resources,
especially to provide light and heat or to work machines.
Watt (W): A unit used to measure power or electricity.
Gearbox: A set of gears that converts or trades torque for speed (or vice
versa).
Wind: Power obtained by harnessing the energy of the wind.
Gravitational Force: The force that attracts an object towards the centre of the
earth.
19
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