7/31/2019 10 How to Manage Landscapes

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How to Manage Landscapes

Published by the Conservation & Environmental Management Division (CEMD) of the Ministry of Natural Resources & Environment. Copyright NRE 2008. NRE would like to thank agencies and individuals who have offered their comments and support. Design, layout and text by Micael Junkov. Translation to Bahasa Malaysia by Peregrine Services. This poster is published as part

of the Biodiversity Component implemented by the Governments of Malaysia and Denmark under the Environmental Cooperation Programme. The Component took off in November 2006 and runs until December 2009. Funding for this publication has been provided by the Danish International Development Assistance Danida.

Notes: For more information on the subjects dealt with see A Common Vision on Biodiversity in Government and the Development Processand supporting guidelines which can be downloaded from www.nre.gov.myUntuk maklumat tambahan berkenaan tajuk-tajuk yang dibincangkan, lihatA Common Vision on Biodiversity in Government and the Development Processdan garis panduan sokongan yang boleh dimuat turun dariwww.nre.gov.my1 Drawings by Yew Kiang Teh. 2 Bohnet, I. 2004. Agricultural landscapes in the wet tropics. Future visions balancing environmental, social and economic needs. Tropical Landscapes Program. CSIRO Sustainable Ecosystems. Tropical Forest Research Centre. Atherton, Queensland, Australia.

We cannot manage every individual species and every singleecological process. However, a useful approach is to mitigate thenegative impacts of our landscape modifications by managing

landscape patterns in a way that will benefit many speciessimultaneously.

In the absence of detailed ecological knowledge,the following five principles and pattern-basedmanagement interventions are likely to supportbiodiversity and ecosystem services.

Bagaimana Menguruskan Landskap

Kita tidak boleh menguruskan setiap satu spesies danproses ekologi. Bagaimanapun, satu pendekatan yangberguna adalah dengan mengurangkan impak negatif

pengubahsuaian landskap kita dengan menguruskancorak landskap dalam cara yang akan menguntung-

kan banyak spesies sekaligus.

Dalam ketiadaan pengetahuan ekologi yangmendalam, lima prinsip berikut dan campur tangan

pengurusan berdasarkan corak mungkin dapat menyo-kong biodiversiti dan perkhidmatan ekosistem.

No. 10

5 Manage disturbances

Managing disturbances is a risk-spreadingapproach which aims at ensuring that strate-gies are varied in the landscapes and acrossmultiple scales (i.e. do not do the same thingeverywhere).

4 Maintain landscape heterogeneity

Ecosystems are naturally diverse and land-scape heterogeneity is a feature reflectingenvironmental differences such as topogra-phy, climate, soils, drainage, and so forth.Maintaining appropriate levels of spatial com-plexity or landscape diversity is an essen-tial principle for conserving biodiversity andvaluable ecosystem services.

3 Maintain habitat structural complexity

Structural complexity is a common feature ofnatural habitat throughout the world and it iscommonly associated with greater speciesrichness than simpler systems. However, itis important that also in man-made systemsit applies that the more structural complexthe production system the more scope existsfor the five critical roles of the landscape insupporting biodiversity (see Poster No. 9).

2 Maintain the integrity of aquatic systems

A central goal of matrix management is to preservethe integrity of the aquatic ecosystem and thehydrologic processes upon which much biodiversitydepends. The degree to which the integrity ofaquatic ecosystems and associated processes ismaintained is largely determined by conditions inthe matrix. Forests have powerful influences onhydrological processes such as the interception ofrainfall, and the condensation, evapotranspiration,

and infiltration of moisture. Forest conditionsalso strongly affect nutrient retention and soilstability, especially on slopes. Riparian vege-tation stabilises riverbanks against erosion;filters sediments, nutrients, pesticides andmicrobes; provides aquatic and wildlife habitat;and mitigates floods.

1 Maintain connectivity

Connectivity is the linkage of habitats, interactingorganisms and ecological processes at multiplespatial and temporal scales. Connectivity influencesessential processes such as population survival andrecovery after disturbance, the exchange ofindividuals and genes in a population, and the

occupancy of habitat patches. Connectivity may beachieved by strips of retained (or rehabilitated)habitat also called biological corridors orwildlife corridors (Figure to the right).

A: A present day tropical landscape dominated by sugar-cane. B and C: How local people would like their landscapeto appear. In both cases higher landscape heterogeneitybetter protect biodiversity and ecosystem services, thusbalancing environmental, social and economic needs.2

Envisioning the future

Complex Simple

Vertical

Horizontal

Other landuse systems

Patch Patch

Natural Human made

Structurally complex production systems and managementof the matrix-to-buffer edges can substantially increasethe effective area for biodiversity within the matrix.

Differences in structure and edge1

Runoff velocityreduced;

contaminantsretained

High evaporation andabsorption of nutrients

Water and dissolved nutrientstaken up by riparian vegetation

Riparian vegetation is partof river ecology1

How to get connectivity

Fragmentswith no

connectivity

Stepping stones

A cluster of steppingstones is better

A corridor providesmovement also forinterior species

Riparian vegetationmay also be a corridor

for some species

1 Kekalkan kesalinghubungan

Kesalinghubungan adalah rantaian habitat-habitat,organisma yang berinteraksi dan proses-proses ekologi

di pelbagai skala ruang dan masa. Kesalinghubunganmempengaruhi proses-proses penting seperti

kemandirian populasi dan pemulihan selepas gangguan,pertukaran individu dan gen dalam suatu populasi, danpenghunian tompok habitat. Kesalinghubungan mampudicapai dengan jaluran habitat yang dikekalkan (atau

dipulihkan),juga digelar koridor biologi atau koridorhidupan liar (Rajah di kiri).

2 Kekalkan keutuhan sistem-sistem akuatik

Matlamat utama pengurusan matriks adalah untukmengekalkan keutuhan ekosistem akuatik dan proses-

proses hidrologi di mana kebanyakan biodiversitibergantung. Darjah di mana keutuhan ekosistem

akuatik proses-proses berkaitan dikekalkan banyakditentukan oleh keadaan di dalam matriks. Hutan

mempunyai pengaruh yang kuat ke atas proses-proses hidrologi seperti pintasan jatuhan hujan,dan pemeluapan, evapotranspirasi, serta penyu-

supan lembapan. Keadaan hutan juga sangatmempengaruhi pegangan nutrien dan kestabilantanah, terutamanya di cerun-cerun. Tumbuhanriparia menstabilkan tebing-tebing sungai dari

hakisan; menapis kelodak, nutrien, racunperosak dan mengawal banjir.

3 Kekalkan kerumitan struktur habitat

Kerumitan struktur adalah ciri biasa habitatsemula jadi di serata dunia dan seringkali

dikaitkan dengan kekayaan spesies yang lebihbesar berbanding sistem yang lebih mudah.

Bagaimanapun, adalah penting diingatkan yangdalam sistem buatan manusia, sistem

pengeluaran yang lebih kompleks strukturnyamewujudkan lebih banyak skop untuk lima

peranan kritikal landskap untuk menyokongbiodiversiti (lihat Poster 9).

4 Kekalkan keheterogenan landskap

Ekosistem dengan semulajadinya adalahpelbagai dan keheterogenan landskap adalah

ciri yang mencerminkan perbezaan alam sekitarseperti topografi, iklim, tanah, saliran, danseterusnya. Mengekalkan tahap kerumitan

ruang yang bersesuaian atau kepelbagaianlandskap adalah prinsip yang penting untukmemulihara biodiversiti dan perkhidmatan-

perkhidmatan ekosistem yang berharga.

5 Kawal gangguanMenguruskan gangguan adalah pendekatan

perluasan risiko yang bertujuan memastikanyang strategi berbeza dalam landskap-landskap

dan merentasi banyak skala (iaitu janganlakukan perkara yang sama di semua tempat).