OTI COUNTRY INITIAL ENVIRONMENTAL EXAMINATION (C-IEE): NIGERIA LAKE CHAD BASIN PROGRAM

INITIAL ENVIRONMENTAL EXAMINATION (IEE) FACTSHEETTitle of Program: Nigeria Lake Chad Basin (NLCB), Office of Transition Initiatives (OTI), Bureau for Democracy, Conflict and Humanitarian Assistance (DCHA), DCHA/OTI

Geographic Location: The Lake Chad Basin includes a portion of northeast Nigeria, and the waters and wetlands are partially included in three other countries: Cameroon, Chad, and Niger. This program is located only within Nigeria.

Contract/Award Name(s) &Number(s): Contract No. AID-OAA-I-14-00011, Nigeria and Lake Chad Basin Countries, Order No. 7200AA18F00013

Operating Unit: Democracy, Conflict, and Humanitarian Assistance (DCHA)/Office of Transition Initiatives (OTI)

☐ Amendment

☒ Supplemental IEE

Original Tracking ID and Date: TRACKING ID: DCHA OTI Global IEE_2017-22 - Annex B

Web link of Original: N/A

Amendment No.:

Life of Project Amount: $95,000,000 Ceiling

Implementation Start/End: August 01, 2018 – April 5, 2022

Prepared By: Tom Mullen, MSc, MBA, PE California (not current) Date Prepared:April 6, 2019

IEE Expiration Date: February 5, 2022

Recommended Threshold Determination:

☐ X Categorical Exclusion

☐ X Negative Determination

☐ Positive Determination

☐ Deferral

☐ X Conditions

Climate Risk Rating:

☐ X Low Climate Risk X ☐ Moderate Climate Risk ☐ High Climate Risk

Implementing Partner(s): Contractor to (and previous employee of) Creative Associates International, Inc., 5301 Wisconsin Ave. NW, Suite 700, Washington DC 20015-2015

1

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS:This face sheet to the Country- Initial Environmental Examination (C-IEE) and Environmental Threshold Decision (ETD) for this Office of Transition Initiatives (OTI) program summarizes the IEE determinations and climate risk ratings and provides for mandatory clearances in Nigeria’s Lake Chad Basin. The C-IEE that accompanies this face sheet specifies a set of steps (summarized in Annex A, Annex C, and Annex D of the Global IEE) to ensure adequate environmental review and provide guidance for screening risks, and for developing, resourcing, and implementing EMMPs for USAID/OTI-supported activities.

RECOMMENDED DETERMINATIONS AND CLIMATE RISK RATINGS:A Categorical Exclusion is recommended under this C-IEE for activities pursuant to 22 CFR 216.2(c)2 (i) for activities involving education, technical assistance, or training programs except to the extent such programs include activities directly affecting the environment (such as construction of facilities, etc.), CFR 216.2(c)2 (iii) for analyses, studies, academic or research workshops and meetings, and 22 CFR 216.2(c)2(v) for activities involving document and information transfers. Categorical exclusion is specifically requested for the following activities:

Not applicable.

A Negative Determination with Conditions pursuant to 22 CFR 216.3(a)(3) is recommended for the following specific activities:

Activities that include construction: Repair and rehabilitation of one-story, small and medium structures less than

1,000 square meters, including schools, health clinics, various government administration buildings (including secretariats), public meeting halls (including TV viewing centers and town halls), lodging locations for public administration officials, police stations, police living quarters, radio station buildings and traditional leadership administrative buildings;

New construction of and rehabilitation or establishment of small-scale water points and/or sanitation facilities that will include solar powered and generator-fueled boreholes, artesian wells for agricultural support/livestock (not for human consumption);

New construction of and rehabilitation of existing small-scale irrigation systems; this work will not reinforce dams and is estimated to provide a cumulative total of 8 kilometers or less of drainage channels;

Rehabilitation/construction of dirt and asphalt roads less than 6 miles (10 kilometers) in length, as well as the cleaning and extension of drainage canals alongside the roads, and

Installation of small-scale photovoltaic arrays.

2

Activities that do not include construction: Cash for work activities that include cleaning public spaces and clearing debris

and brush outside community perimeters, skills acquisition, entrepreneurship and apprenticeship programs for vulnerable youth;

Festivals, tournaments, rallies, concerts, distribution/handover ceremonies, sporting events, competitions and training sessions and community town hall meetings;

Microenterprise support and skills building for small and medium sized businesses. These will include livelihoods training and support, such as making ‘akara’ snacks (from groundnuts, beans and oil), sewing/tailoring, catering, water and soft drink sales, training in micro-business skills including financial management and bookkeeping, and technical skills training in community radio program content development and oversight, modern farming techniques, equipment maintenance—such as solar equipment and boreholes. It will also include non-technical skills training in counter-violent extremism, conflict mitigation, early warning systems, violent-extremist organization tactics, civilian/security relationship building, dangers of drug abuse and consumption, and community networking/platform building;

Commodity procurement relating to agricultural equipment and produce, veterinary, emergency power supplies, water treatment systems and moving and transport equipment.

A Moderate Climate Risk rating is recommended for:

Cash for work, skills acquisition, entrepreneurship and apprenticeship programs for vulnerable youth;

Microenterprise support and skills building for small and medium sized businesses;

Festivals, tournaments, rallies, concerts, distribution/handover ceremonies, sporting events, competitions and training sessions, and community town hall meetings, and

Commodity procurement relating to agricultural equipment and produce, veterinary, emergency power supplies, water treatment systems and moving and transport equipment

A High Climate Risk rating is recommended for:

Repair and rehabilitation of one-story, small and medium structures less than 1,000 square meters, including schools, health clinics, various government administration buildings—including secretariats, public meeting halls—including TV viewing centers and town halls, lodging locations for public administration officials, police stations, police living quarters, radio station buildings and traditional leadership administrative buildings;

3

Rehabilitation or establishment of small-scale water point and/or sanitation facilities that will include solar powered and generator-fueled boreholes, and artesian wells for agricultural support/livestock (not for human consumption);

New construction of and rehabilitation of existing small-scale irrigation systems; Rehabilitation/construction of roads less than 6 miles (10 kilometers) in length Installation of small-scale photovoltaics, and Trench excavation related to drainage, irrigation rehabilitation, repair and

rehabilitation of structures and modification of open spaces.

CONDITIONS:Pre-Award: 1. Review of Global IEE as included with proposal solicitation (i.e., SWIFT IDIQ

Request for Task Order Proposals, or RFTOPs).

2. Preparation and Submission an Environmental Capabilities Statement. The Environmental Capabilities Statement (ECS) must: articulate the IPs anticipated approach for fulfilling climate risk and environmental management requirements with regards to internal staffing, institutional arrangements, and project budget. Specifically, the ECS must articulate how the IP will be able to effectively respond to all climate risk and environmental management conditions established in the Global OTI IEE and this C-IEE throughout OTI project implementation.

Post-Award:

1. Environmental Impact and Climate Risk Verification for Program Start-Up - Screening process to confirm that designations of low environmental impact (Categorical Exclusion) or climate risk for selected activities remain applicable for country programs. Results of this process for each activity must be documented in the OTI Activity Database by each country program (there are unique fields for each)1. Activities that are Categorical Exclusions and Low climate risk rating may proceed without any further USAID clearances prior to the C-IEE, EMMP, and IAP being developed.

2. Development of a Country-IEE (C-IEE) – This supplemental IEE must developed by the IP targeted to the specific activities, country implementation and crisis context.

3. Environmental Mitigation and Monitoring Plan (EMMP ) The IP must develop an EMMP, which shall establish the required measures to ensure that all conditions established in this Global OTI IEE are fulfilled and their implementation achieves the intended mitigation of impacts.

4. Development and Implementation of an Institutional Arrangement Plan (IAP) - The

1 The environmental impact risk (Categorical Exclusion or Negative Determination with Conditions and the climate risk rating (Low, Moderate, or High) should also be recorded in the Database for all activities for the life of the program.

4

IAP establishes the IP’s institutional arrangements to ensure that all environmental compliance and climate risk management requirements applicable to the IP’s programs are effectively executed and fulfilled.

5. Integrate Environmental Compliance Language in Sub-Grants and Sub-Awards - All implementation conditions established in this C- IEE that apply to an IP’s programming must be passed on to any sub-grantees and sub-awardees, via their solicitations and contracts.

6. Ensure Effective Monitoring, Evaluation, and Follow-Up and Ongoing Risk Verification - The implementation of all environmental and climate risk mitigation measures must be monitored to ensure it is occurring effectively and adjusted should issues be identified. Adjustments to environmental impact or climate risk ratings must be documented in the OTI Activity Database.

7. Environmental Mitigation and Monitoring Reporting (EMMR) - Following environmental and climate risk mitigation and monitoring, the status of environmental compliance and climate risk management must be reported upon on a semi-annual basis, with regular OTI program reporting (timing and details to be provided in each award).

8. Adhere to Local Laws and Regulations - Implementation will in all cases adhere to applicable partner country environmental laws, except in such cases where the laws are in conflict with USAID regulations or requirements, in which case the latter shall take precedence.

9. A dhere to Environmentally Sound Design and Management - All activities should adhere to USAID’s standards for environmentally sound design and management, per USAID’s Sector Environmental Guidelines and other reputable best practice resource guides relevant to OTI’s areas of implementation.

10. Preparation of a Water Quality Assurance Plan (WQAP) – The WQAP is intended to ensure that new and rehabilitated systems provide drinking water that meets the appropriate water quality standards identified by USAID, the Nigerian Government and the World Health Organization (WHO).

LIMITATIONS: This C-IEE does not provide an ETD for Classes of Actions Normally Having a Significant Effect on the Environment as specified in Section 22 CFR 216.2 (d). These activities, laid out in the Global OTI IEE and listed in Section 4 of this C-IEE, typically trigger a Positive Determination and therefore require a full Environmental Assessment.2

2 The specific content of an EA is outlined under 22 CFR 216.6 Environmental assessments and should be reviewed carefully by both the COR or Activity Manager and the EA Preparer/Contractor. See http://www.usaidgems.org/laws.htm#lawsRegsExecOrder for the details. Also, review ADS 204 at

5

This C-IEE does not cover Pesticides, including their procurement, transport, storage or disposal; additional analytical review and clearance is required by the DCHA/BEO, per 22 CFR 216.3(b), USAID’s Pesticide Procedures. Additionally, this C-IEE does not cover activities in environmentally- or culturally-sensitive areas such as wetlands, wildlife reserves or parks, coastal areas, religious or communally sacred lands, or archeological sites.

http://www.usaid.gov/ads/policy/200/204.

6

USAID APPROVAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ACTION(S) RECOMMENDED:Clearance:DCHA/OTI Country Representative (JHirst) cleared via email Date: 11/7/2018 DCHA/OTI TOCOR (LBattos) cleared via email Date: 11/7/2018DCHA/OTI Team Leader (JGattorn) cleared via email Date: 2/26/2019DCHA/OTI Program Office (LKukelhaus) cleared w/edits Date: 3/25/2019DCHA/OTI Director (SLennon) cleared via email Date: 4/10/2019Mission Environmental Officer __________ Date:

Concurrence: DCHA BEO: Cleared Date: 2/21/2020DCHA CIL: Cleared Date: 2/21/2020

Optional: Mission Director: ___________ Date:Regional Environmental Officer: ___________ Date:Regional Bureau Environmental Officer: ___________ Date:

7

1.0 BACKGROUND

1.1 PURPOSE AND SCOPE OF IEE

This Country-Level Initial Environmental Examination (C-IEE) covers all activities carried out under the OTI Nigeria Lake Chad Basin Program, which falls within the US Department of State/USAID overall foreign assistance framework goals. The purpose of this document is to review activities that will be undertaken by the OTI program in order to provide:

1. Threshold Decisions on environmental impacts;2. Climate Risk Ratings for climate risks to activities; and3. Conditions for mitigation and monitoring of environmental impacts and climate

risks.

This IEE falls under the framework established by the OTI Global OTI IEE. The relationship of the C-IEE to the Global OTI IEE is shown in Figure 1 below.

Figure 1: Program- and Country-IEE coverage comparison

This C-IEE provides country-specific biophysical, socio-economic, climate risk and cultural contexts, environmental impact mitigation measures, and organizational management structures necessary for environmental mitigation, implementation, and monitoring. This C-IEE documents Categorical Exclusions and Low Climate Risk ratings and includes a specific Environmental Mitigation and Monitoring Plan (EMMP) for activities with Negative Determinations with Conditions and/or Moderate/High Climate Risk ratings to avoid and minimize adverse social and environmental impacts and climate risks.

This environmental compliance process is tailored to OTI programming needs by relying on an EMMP and activity screening. The EMMP details mitigation and monitoring requirements matched to environmental impacts and climate risks for an initial set of Activity Types identified during the startup phase. As shown in Figure 2, activities are screened over time and the EMMP is updated on a scheduled and ad hoc basis. This process is described in greater detail in Annexes A, C, and D of the Global OTI IEE.

8

Figure 2: Environmental Management Overview for OTI Programs

This C-IEE provides a country-level analysis of OTI programs for potential environmental impacts and climate risks as well as laying out a process for the development of country/program-specific analysis for field implementation that has been tailored to OTI’s rolling assessment model.

C-IEE Development and Implementation RequirementsThe following is the process for developing and implementing a C-IEE and country-level EMMP:

1. Activity Screening;2. Develop C-IEE (incorporate local laws and regulations);3. Develop and Implement Institutional Arrangement Plan (IAP);4. Develop and Implement EMMP;5. Integrate Environmental Compliance Responsibilities into Sub-Awards;6. Ensure Effective Monitoring, Evaluation, and Follow-Up;7. Environmental Reporting;8. Adhere to Local Laws and Regulations; and9. Adhere to Environmentally Sound Design and Management Principles.

Please refer back to Section 4.2.3 of the Global OTI IEE for further elaboration of what is required for each of these C-IEE Process Requirements.

1.2 COUNTRY PROGRAM DESCRIPTION

Under the SWIFT IV IQC mechanism, the USAID/OTI funded Nigeria Lake Chad Basin program is being implemented as a quick-response mechanism that supports activities to strengthen and extend stability within the region, and to deny and undermine extremist groups, such as Boko Haram and Islamic State West Africa (BH & ISIS-WA), as well as to address other relevant issues that arise out of violent extremist

9

organizations (VEOs) in the Lake Chad Basin within Nigeria. Additionally, as directed by USAID/OTI, the Contractor will respond as required on an as-needed basis to other possible relevant regional programming opportunities that may arise in other Sub-Saharan African countries outside the Lake Chad Basin.

The initial objectives of the program, as identified in the Task Order, are to offer alternatives to extremist action for vulnerable individuals; increase community resilience to extremist action; strengthen to ability of moderate actors to engage in key communities prioritized for stabilization, and inform the U.S. government and U.S. government stakeholders by providing analytical data on local, national and regional instability and/or violent extremist trends.

Illustrative examples of the activities to be carried out include:

Facilitating festivals, tournaments, rallies, concerts, distribution/handover ceremonies, sporting events, competitions and training sessions to foster community cohesion, and holding community level town hall meetings to foster community cohesion as a means of increasing community resilience to extremist actions.

Encouraging and organizing cash-for-work schemes, and programs for skills acquisition, entrepreneurship and apprenticeship programs for youth to offer alternatives to extremist action for vulnerable individuals.

Implementing small-scale infrastructure rehabilitation works, including but not limited to, the repair and rehabilitation of one-story, small and medium sized structures less than 1,000 square meters in area. Examples include schools, health clinics, various government administration buildings—including secretariats, public meeting halls—including TV viewing centers and town halls, lodging locations for public administration officials, police stations, police living quarters, radio station buildings and traditional leadership administrative buildings;

These actions are intended to help foster community cohesion and thereby increase the likelihood of resilience to extremist actions. This may include excavating trenches related to drainage, irrigation rehabilitation, repair and rehabilitation of structures and modification of open spaces.

Supporting microenterprises and building skills associated with livelihoods training and support, such as making ‘akara’ snacks (from groundnuts, beans and oil), sewing/tailoring, catering, water and soft drink sales, training in micro-business skills including financial management and bookkeeping, and technical skills training in in community radio program content development and oversight, modern farming techniques, equipment maintenance—such as solar equipment and boreholes. It will also include non-technical skills training in counter-violent extremism, conflict mitigation, early warning systems, violent-extremist organization tactics, civilian/security relationship building, dangers of drug abuse and consumption, and community networking/platform building;

10

Economically empowering communities and individuals by such actions can reduce their vulnerability and help offer alternatives to becoming involved with extremist actions.

Rehabilitation or establishment of small-scale water points and/or sanitation facilities that will include solar powered and generator-fueled boreholes, artesian wells for agricultural support/livestock (not for human consumption);

Procuring commodities such as agricultural starter kits (which include sacks for harvested crops, water pumps and hoses and processing machinery—including threshing machines, corn haulers and grinding machines; they do not include fertilizer, seeds or pesticides) and veterinary supplies, agricultural equipment, emergency power supplies and transformers, package water treatment systems and transport equipment to boost local economies and provide alternatives to extremist actions.

Rehabilitation/construction of dirt and asphalt roads less than 6 miles (10 kilometers) in length, as well as the cleaning and extension of drainage canals alongside the roads These actions can facilitate local commerce and communication and potentially reduce vulnerabilities of local populations that could otherwise be attracted toward extremist activities.

Installation of small-scale photovoltaics.

2.0 COUNTRY ENVIRONMENTAL, CLIMATE, AND CONFLICT CONTEXTThe following is a brief assessment of the relevant Site-Specific Information:

Environment and Climate ContextBiophysical and socio-economic environmentThis specific program will take place within the Lake Chad Basin region within the country of Nigeria. A discussion of the larger Lake Chad Basin—which is located in four countries—is given below to provide an overall ecological context, followed by a discussion of the Nigeria program region to provide more specific regional information.

Lake Chad in Central and West Africa is one of the most important transnational freshwater resources in the world. The lake, fourth largest in Africa, and associated wetlands are within the borders of four nations: Nigeria, Chad, Niger and Cameroon. This lake is endorheic, which means that it retains water and allows no outflows to the ocean. The size of the lake recently, (as well as historically) dramatically changed in size and volume: the lake has lost over 80 percent of its water mass since 1963—shrinking from 25,000 square kilometers (9,650 square miles) to 4,800 square kilometers (1,850 square miles) in area by 2014. According to the United Nations Environment Programme, half of this was due to climate change. This geophysical change has had a tremendous impact on the surrounding population that relies on the lake for fishing and irrigation-based agricultural activities. Lake Chad is generally

11

shallow. Measurements taken in 1969, when the lake was considerably larger and deeper, showed a maximum depth of 12 meters (39 feet).

The incursion of extremists (see ‘Impact of Conflict on the Environment,’ below) such as Boko Haram and associated kidnappings, conflict and destruction have (among other results) led to farmers missing their harvests, livestock perishing from being abandoned by fleeing agriculturalists and millions of persons displaced from the worst affected conflict areas. As of July, 2018, 4.3 million individuals (80% of them in Nigeria) are Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs), refugees, and returnees. i

In April of 2017, the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) of the United Nations estimated that 7 million people risked suffering from severe hunger in the four countries of the Chad Basin, and that 50,000 people faced famine. In 2017, approximately 5 million people in northeastern Nigeria suffered from food insecurity. ii To avoid further deterioration of the food security situation of displaced persons, restoring agricultural livelihoods is a strong priority for the region.

GeomorphologyThe Lake Chad Basin is one of the largest sedimentary closed groundwater basins in Africa. The ancient Lake Chad Basin formed during the Cretaceous period (which ended 66 million years ago) and has historically undergone massive fluctuations in size. Today the catchment area (basin) represents approximately 8% of Africa’s total continental land surface.iii Its associated extensive arable land and abundant fish stocks historically made this an economically bountiful location for nations associated with the lake and its wetlands.

Soil TypesThere is a wide range of soil types and conditions within the Lake Chad Basin. Particle sizes range from gravel to fine clays. Widespread soils are Oxisols, Ultisols (red clay) and Alfisols and drainage can vary from excessive to poorly drained or seasonally waterlogged. Soil depth also varies, from shallow soils over rock to deep regoliths. Some soils are leached and acidic, while others are calcareous and base saturated. Quantities of soil water limits agricultural production within the basin.

Soils are crucial from the standpoint of environmental degradation, which may result from overcultivation, overgrazing, burning, and poor irrigation practices. These can lead to wind erosion of top soils, plant abrasion from wind blow particles, alkalization, salinization and top soil compaction. Degradation is not novel to the region; in the 19 th and early 20th centuries there were several written references about the impact of humans and livestock to local desertification.iv

ClimateThe Lake Chad Basin encompasses three climate zones: The Sahel (northern Chad) includes wet and dry seasons, the Saharan desert in the north is arid, and the Sudan

12

zone in the south has a hot and wet tropical climate. The division between these climatic zones results in marked regional and seasonal variations in precipitation.v The average rainfall over the basin varies from 1,500 millimeters (59 inches) in the southern parts to less than 100 millimeters (4 inches) in the northern parts of Chad, with the average rainfall over the entire basin being 320 millimeters (12.5 inches) annually.vi Rainfall occurs from June through October, and conditions are hot and dry from March through June, while they are cooler and drier from November through February.vii

The annual maximum temperatures in the basin are 35-40 degrees Celsius (95 to 104 degrees Fahrenheit) while the average lake temperature throughout the year is 21.4 degrees Celsius (69.8 degrees Fahrenheit).

Lake Chad is influenced by the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone (ITZC) that oscillates seasonally in position. From its north, air from the Sahara Desert blows in, suppressing rainfall and resulting in high temperatures on arid lands.

Climate change, mostly driven by temperature increases, has severely impacted agriculture, fisheries and cattle farming in the basin during the past decade. High rainfall variability acutely impacts agriculture, especially that which relies not on irrigation but on rainfall alone, while heavy rainfalls cause flooding and erosion. Such changes have resulted in increased food insecurity and poverty.viii Climate changes within the basin may alter ecological zones, agricultural ecosystems, freshwater resources, forestry and biodiversity; associated impacts could include increased soil erosion, flooding, desertification and further degradation of rural transport infrastructures.

Ground and Surface Water ResourcesLake Chad provides water to some 30 million people living in four countries that surround the lake and its associated wetlands. The lake is surrounded by a watershed, or basin, that is a closed catchment of approximately 2.5 million square kilometers (965,000 square miles). Surface water inputs to the lake are seasonal, and mostly (90%) originate from rainfall on the Adama Plateau; this is then delivered via the Chari and Logone river systems from the south. Except for direct precipitation, the balance of water inputs (10%) to the lake is supplied by the Komadugu/Yobe-Ngadda river systems from west of the lake.

As mentioned above, Lake Chad has lost over 80 percent of its water mass since 1963, half due to climate change, according to the United Nations Environment Programme, and half caused by inflows into Lake Chad being diverted for irrigation and population needs, especially in Nigeria, Cameroon and Chad. For example, the Chari-Logone river system (which contributes 80% of rainfall runoff water to the lake) was modified in the 1970’s when Chad built dams and dikes that diverted one third of its water. ix

Historically the lake has been utilized as a water resource for irrigation projects. This includes the South Chad Irrigation Project (SCIP) which began in 1979, designed to divert 3% of inflow moving the lake to agriculture use instead.

13

The basin subsurface is composed of three aquifers: the upper quaternary, the middle and the Cretaceous lower. The upper quaternary is composed of both the Phreatic and the artesian Pliocene aquifers which extend to a depth of 400 meters (1,300 feet) below the surface of the earth. Although groundwater extracted via dug wells and boreholes is used for domestic and livestock use, there are high nitrate concentrations as a result of fecal contamination and agricultural discharges. The middle aquifer, composed of sandstone and clay layers and extending 450 to 620 meters (1,475 to 2,030 feet) below the earth’s surface includes water suitable for domestic use, but the cost of extracting this water (due to the depth) is high. It supplies water to some urban centers (such as Maiduguri) in Nigeria. Groundwater within the basin is used primarily for agriculture, followed by domestic use; only small amounts (less than 5%) are dedicated to industrial uses.

In recent years groundwater recharge to these aquifers has decreased due to drought and to upstream diversions. In some locations the groundwater shows relatively high concentrations of fluoride, barium, boron, chromium, nickel, molybdenum, lead and uranium.x

EcosystemsThe Lake Chad Basin is biologically important because of the large number of migrant birds that utilize the region. Seventeen species of waterfowl and 49 other wetland bird species have been recorded, and an estimated one million wader ruff (Philomachus pugnax) were seen at one time on the lake decades ago. The decreasing level of water now threatens bird life—including the endangered black-crowned crane (Balearica pavonina pavonina).

The semi-arid Sahel savanna is home to a low number of species and low populations of mammals, while the wetlands of Lake Chad and the Hadejia-Nguru wetlands in Yobe state in northern Nigeria attract more mammals and are home to a greater diversity of species. These include three species of gazelle (Gazella rufifrons, dama, and dorcas), striped hyena (Hyaena hyaena), cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) and the endangered wild dog (Lycaon pictus). Other species include the African elephant (Loxodonta Africana) the hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibious) and the sitatunga (Tragelaphus spekei), although the latter is now considered extinct in Niger. Nile crocodiles (Crocodylus niloticus) are no longer abundant on the lake. Species that have vanished from the lake region include the oryx and black rhinoceros.

As human populations grow and the land is increasingly occupied by cattle, the number of large wild mammals continues to diminish.

Protected areas within the basin in Nigeria, but not included where this program will specifically be implemented include the following:

RAMSAR Wetland Sites:

14

According to RAMSAR online data there are five protected wetland sites in the vicinity of where this program will take place in Nigeria. However, no project activity is located within less than 45 kilometers of any RAMSAR site. The following wetlands are described with respect to their distance from program activities.

Dragona Sanctuary Lake This is located approximately 90 kilometers to the west of Yunusari, which is the nearest location where projects associated with this program will take place. The program is not expected to impact this wetland.

Baturiya WetlandThis is located approximately 120 kilometers southwest of Yunusari, which is the nearest location where projects associated with this program will take place. The program is not expected to impact this wetland.

Lake Chad Wetlands (in Nigeria)This is located approximately 45 kilometers northeast of Monguna, which is the nearest location where projects associated with this program will take place. The program is not expected to impact this wetland.

Waza Logone Floodplain (in Cameroon)This is located approximately 150 kilometers east of Maiduguri, and 85 kilometers southeast of Dikwa, which are the nearest locations where projects associated with this program will take place. The program is not expected to impact this wetland.

Nguru Lake (and Marma Channel) ComplexThis is located approximately 75 kilometers northwest of Mubi, which is the nearest location where projects associated with this program will take place. The program is not expected to impact this wetland.

Nigerian National Parks:

The 2013 publication Nigeria Biodiversity and Tropical Forestry Assessment includes locations of national parks in Nigeria, including those in proximity to program related activities. These are listed below, together with a description of their physical proximity.

Chad Basin National Park

The Chad Basin National Park has three geographically separate sectors, discussed below with respect to program activities.

15

The Bade-Nguru wetlands sector of Chad Basin National Park is part of the Hadejia-Nguru wetlands in Yobe state. It is located approximately 75 kilometers west of where the nearest program activities will take place, in Yunusari. The program is not expected to impact this park.

The Chingurmi Duguma sector of Chad Basin National Park in Borno state includes flood plain wetlands that attract waterbirds and wildlife, and is where dozens of elephants congregate. It is located about 70 kilometers southeast of Maidguru, where the nearest program activities will take place. The program is not expected to impact this park.

The easternmost location of the Bulatura sector of Chad Basin National Park is clustered just west of the Local Government Area of Geidam. Because program activities are taking place in Geidam, it will be necessary to coordinate with local NGOs such as the Nigerian Conservation Foundation and obtain information from the Hadejia-Nguru Wetlands Conservation Project, in order to avoid working within the wetlands, or impacting the wetlands.

Gujba National Park

Program activities may take place in the Local Government Area of Gujba. Therefore, all activities that take place should not impact the ecology of the national park. It will be necessary to coordinate with local NGOs and conservation groups working in that region, as well as possibly with staff from the College of Agriculture in Gujba, which contributed to a 2017 report on desertification and sustainable development in northeastern Nigeria.

Sambisa Forest Reserve

This reserve is located approximately 40 kilometers south of the nearest program activities that will take place in Maiduguri and the program is not expected to impact this reserve.

Erwa Nature Reserve

This reserve is located approximately 60 kilometers southwest of the nearest program activities that will take place in Maiduguri and the program is not expected to impact this reserve.

Gombole Nature Reserve

16

This reserve is located approximately 40 kilometers south of the nearest program activities that will take place in Maiduguri and the program is not expected to impact this reserve.

Bam Ngelzarma Forestry Reserve

This reserve is located approximately 40 kilometers west of the nearest program activities that will take place in Damatura and the program is not expected to impact this reserve.

Baturiya Wetland Games ReserveThe RAMSAR Baturiya Wetlands is located within this reserve, which is located approximately 120 kilometers southwest of Yunusari, which is the nearest location where projects associated with this program will take place.

The Yankari Game Reserve is located approximately 330 kilometers west of the nearest program activity in Mubi.

Other national parks, such as Gashaka-Gumti, Cross River, Okomu and Kainji—are not located close to any program activities.

Land Use ChangesLake Chad has traditionally served as a valuable economic resource within the basin. Fish are a source of protein and an economic resource. Along the shores, migratory pastoralists traditionally sustained cattle in balance with levels of vegetation. However, in the 1950’s and 1960’s, pastoralists began to settle around constructed wells, and consequently expanded their agriculture northward into what had traditionally been grazing lands used by pastoralists. The consequent increase in humans and cattle resulted in overgrazing and the loss of land productivity. This more intense use of land both by humans and livestock has resulted in cycles of famine.

The dramatic shrinking of the size and volume of Lake Chad during the past five decades has resulted in people who depend on it for water (and food) having to adjust to the changing environment of the lake basin. More recent changes to climate have also reduced the length of growing seasons, crop yields and the quantity of available lands suitable for agriculture.

Traditional drivers of population movements within the basin were fishing and livestock rearing. Today, these are supplemented by the need of populations to search for new farming opportunities (partially as a result of the shrinking of Lake Chad) as well disruption due to political instabilitiesxi and the impacts of extremism.

Land use changes also impact ecosystems. For example, the increase in human population and the diminishment of crocodiles adversely impacted fish populations

17

within the lake. Fewer crocodiles preying on catfish resulted in more catfish eating eggs of tilapia and other cichlids, reducing population numbers.

Agricultural Cropping PracticesAgriculture is the most important economic activity for 60% of the basin population. Farmers in the basin have typically grown rainfed crops (over 90%) that include potatoes, onions, millet and groundnuts. They also grow sorghum on lands that flood. However, sorghum yields declined 60% between the 1960’s and the present day due to reduced rainfall. For much of the population, cattle farming is practiced in association with other forms of agricultural activities.

DemographicsThe multi-ethnic population of Lake Chad is estimated to be about 38 million in 2018. The average population growth rate in the region ranges between 2.5 and 3.0%. Most live in poor rural households and rely on subsistence farming.

Local EconomyLake Chad and its associated basin has for thousands of years been a center for trade and cultural exchange between those living to the north of the Sahara Desert and those living to the south. Today the economy mostly revolves around agriculture, fishing and pastoralism.

Cultural / Religious PracticesInhabitants of the lake basin were traditionally relatively well integrated, with strong social, cultural and trade ties and free movement between national borders. Today the predominant religion in Nigeria, Chad and Cameroon is Islam (52%, 52%, 99%, respectively) followed by Christianity (46%, 43%, 1% or less) whereas in Cameroon it is predominantly Christian (70%) followed by Islam (20%).

Health Trends / One consequence of the violence associated with extremism within the Lake Chad Basin is that the displacement of millions of people has led to many living in conditions favorable to the spread of communicable diseases, such as cholera, measles, meningitis and yellow fever. These illnesses, plus conflict related traumatic injuries, have stretched the abilities of local health services.xii

Infrastructure and Governance: The Lake Chad Basin Commission (LCBC) is an intergovernmental organization headquartered in N’Djamena, Chad, that was formed in 1964. It oversees water and natural resource usage in the basin. It now includes eight-member governments, chosen due to their proximity to the lake: Cameroon, Chad, Niger, Nigeria, Algeria, Central African Republic, Libya and Sudan. Approximately half of its funding comes from Nigeria. In 2002 it signed a Memorandum of Understanding with the Bureau of Ramsar Convention on Wetlands, and the entire lake was declared a transboundary Ramsar Site of International Importance.

18

The Hadejia-Nguru Wetlands Conservation Project began in 1985, cofounded by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN), BirdLife International and the Nigerian Conservation Foundation. The European Community engaged in a project with this organization in 1990 to generate village-based initiatives and examine wetlands as a resource.

The Impact of Conflict on the EnvironmentIn the past decade Boko Haram has sought to ‘establish a caliphate in northeastern Nigeriaxiii.’ They have kidnapped entire villages both on the mainland and on islands within the lake to sustain their campaign, have engaged in suicide bombings and destroyed essential infrastructure, services and livestock. This led, for example, to the evacuation, by the Chadian Army, of tens of thousands of villages from islands in the southern basin, resulting in farmers missing harvest and livestock dying, thus precipitating a humanitarian catastrophe. This crisis is also increasing pressures on the natural environment. According to the United Nations FAO July 2017 situation report on Lake Chad Basin, 6.9 million people were food insecure that year, 2.4 million were displaced and cross border attacks put already impoverished communities under extreme pressure. Additionally, insecurity in the region has limited humanitarian aid access to several regions. By February 2018 those figures were revised as being, according to the Humanitarian Needs and Requirement Overview (OCHA)xiv, 5.8 million people severely food insecure. Although the 2017 response was considered generally effective by the humanitarian aid committee, the situation continues to be dire. The top three priorities, in terms of funding, are: food security, multi-sector assistance for refugees, and provision of emergency shelters.

Millions of people within this basin and in these four countries have been displaced. This exacerbates challenges faced by farmers who were already stressed by droughts and floods in the past decade. Disrupted populations often concentrate their herds in more limited regions, thereby putting extreme pressure on pastoral resources.

2.1 LOCATIONS AFFECTED

Program activities will take place within the Nigerian states of Yobe, Borno and northern Adamawa (north of Mubi). The map on the next page shows specific locations where this program will be implemented. It is possible that in the future activities may also open up in Gujba (directly south of the westernmost point on the horizontal, and southernmost, project region identified on the map).

GPS coordinates of the largest towns, Local Government Areas and cities within these locations are identified in the following table, together with GPS coordinates.

19

City/Town/Government Area GPS CoordinatesSTATE OF YOBE

Yunusari (Local Government Area) 13.1854° N, 11.6158° EGeidam (Local Government Area) 12.6257° N, 11.9805° E

STATE OF BORNODamasak (Town) 13.0996° N, 12.5113° EGubio and Magumeri (Local Government Areas)

12.4955° N, 12.7796° E12.1151° N, 12.8256° E

Gajiram (Town) 12.4023° N, 13.1394° EMonguno (Town) 12.6729° N, 13.6160° EDamaturu (Local Government Area) and Maiduguri (City)

11.7470° N, 11.9662° E11.8311° N, 13.1510° E

Dikwa (Local Government Area) 12.0420° N, 13.9173° ESTATE OF ADAMAWA

Michika (Local Government Area) 10.5564° N, 13.4049° EMubi (Town) 10.2604° N, 13.2606° E

20

21

2.2 ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS AND AUTHORITY

The following laws, regulations and standards potentially applicable to program activities include, although are not limited to, the following. Note that the program is in Nigeria.

Nigeria: The National Environmental Standards And Regulations Enforcement Agency (NESREA) has the responsibility for environmental protection, conservation of biodiversity, and the sustainable development of natural resources in Nigeria. Pertinent regulations to the Chad River Basin include:

National Environmental (Wetlands, River Banks and Lake Shores) Regulations, 2009. S.I. No. 26.

National Environmental (Watershed, Mountainous, Hilly and Catchments Areas) Regulations, 2009. S.I. No. 27.

National Environmental (Permitting and Licensing System) Regulations, 2009. S.I. No. 29.

National Environmental (Soil Erosion and Flood Control) Regulations, 2010. S.I. No. 12.

National Environmental (Desertification Control and Drought Mitigation) Regulations, 2010. S.I. No. 13.

National Environmental (Construction Sector) Regulations, 2010. S.I. No. 19.Nigeria’s Treaties and Conventions Related to Environmental Matters.

Amendment to the Montreal Protocol on Substances that deplete the Ozone Layer

Framework Convention on Climate Change (1992) Convention on Biological Diversity (Rio Conference) (1992) Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (1987) Convention concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage

(1975) Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and

Flora (CITES) 1974World Health Organization (WHO).World Health Organization (WHO) Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality, Fourth Edition Incorporating the First Addendum.

22

3.0 EVALUATION OF POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS The following sections are intended to define all potential environmental impacts of Negative Determination with Conditions Activity Types, whether they are considered direct, indirect, beneficial, undesired, short-term, long-term, or cumulative. Relevant Activity Types are selected from those in Section 3 of the Global OTI IEE, as applicable. Additionally, are included and analyzed any activities anticipated during program implementation not covered in the Global OTI IEE

Potential Environmental Impacts of Negative Declaration with Conditions Activity Types

(Note that the following potential environmental impacts and climate risks are also listed in the EMMP, where each is addressed by including: recommended mitigation measures, identification of program phases during which mitigation measures should be implemented, indicators, responsible authorities to implement measures, timing and prioritization for mitigation measures.)

3.1 POTENTIAL ADVERSE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND CLIMATE RISKS FROM: REPAIR AND REHABILITATION OF BUILDINGS

Potential Environmental Impacts:● Collapse due to lack of knowledge of basic construction standards may cause

impact such as improper runoff of rainwater.● Potential impact on habitat for key ecosystems, animals or plants, and/or

important scenic, archeological or cultural/historical feature.● Impact on infrastructure, sanitation, and health.● Impact on occupational safety and local natural resources.● Impact on the local environment, sanitation and health due to the improper

disposal of human excreta on rehabilitation or construction site.● Impact on global natural resources (petroleum) due to overuse of energy

consumption.● Construction works and related activities cause potential accidents or death to

workers or local population.● Improper handling or storage of adhesives, cleaners, solvents, chemicals or

asbestos may pose potential risk of injury to workers.● Risk of bacterial or chemical contamination of drinking water from handling or

unauthorized interference with construction site wellhead or pump, or infiltration of surface runoff into well, if applicable.

● Loss of vegetation, contributing to erosion potential and eliminating a shady place for vulnerable people to sit and wait to receive service.

● Inadequate or unmaintained sanitation facilities for workers causes contamination of surface water or groundwater.

23

● A lack of communication and information about construction work and related activities may cause social tension among stakeholders or between local authorities and construction firm.

● Increase in traffic from construction vehicles may crease disturb local population, alter local traffic patterns, and/or pose risk of accidents and injury.

● Inadequate drainage on site may create standing water that harbors vector-borne disease.

● Diesel fumes, dust, and noise from construction activities may create disturbance or adversely affect human health.

● Steeply sloped sites or exposed soil from construction activity, excavation, or stockpiling may cause erosion and associated soil loss or sedimentation of nearby water bodies.

● Improper storage and/or disposal of materials and fuels causes soil contamination, retards healthy vegetation growth, and/or contaminates groundwater.

● Creation of employment and business opportunities supporting construction activities enables equitable access to economic opportunities for women and men.

● Environmental impact due to demolition will create cumulative effect of a large number or small-scale similar efforts (e.g., following a natural disaster).

● Inadequate management of health care wastes associated with health care facilities could result in disease and poisoning of people, animals, plants and entire ecosystems.

Climate Risks:● Construction workers may face increased risk of heat exhaustion or impacts of

climate-related extreme events (e.g., heavy rain storms, flooding, dust storms or wildfires).

● Extreme climate-related events (e.g., storms, wildfires, extreme heat and flooding), landslides, erosion, as well as sea level rise and associated storm surges can affect the longevity of buildings and infrastructure; these impacts can be worsened or mitigated based on construction design and siting / location.

● Extreme climate-related events (e.g., storms, wildfires, extreme heat and flooding), landslides, erosion, as well as sea level rise and associated storm surges can threaten routes and transportation systems necessary to access and utilize constructed buildings.

● Potential problems arising from environmental and climate risks not having been methodically considered and specifically addressed in the engineering design.

3.2 POTENTIAL ADVERSE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND CLIMATE RISKS FROM: MICRO AND SMALL ENTERPRISES (MSES) SUPPORT AND SKILLS BUILDING

Potential Environmental Impacts:● Direct provision of financial support to agriculturally-based small businesses may

negatively impact the environment.

24

● Training and skills building in activities where processing may cause contamination to water systems.

● Impact on trees located in public places, and/or important scenic, archeological or cultural/historical features.

● The improper disposal of litter.● Pollution and waste through the inefficient use of resources and outdated

technologies.● Adverse impact due to noise on neighbors.● The inappropriate location of microenterprises and their subsequent contribution

to overcrowding and pressure on infrastructure such as water and sanitation services.

● Impact on sanitation and health due to human waste.● Impact on global natural resources (Petroleum) due to overuse of energy

consumption.● Improper handling or storage of agricultural training materials may pose potential

risk of injury to workers.● Impact on resources and sustainability of environmental projects.● Creation of employment and business opportunities supporting construction

activities enables equitable access to economic opportunities for women and men.

● Micro-enterprise support creates "pollution and waste" as an environmental issue and/or may negatively impact sensitive species/habitations in wetlands.

● Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) produce environmentally harmful emissions that are not absorbed and assimilated by the environment and create accumulation.

● Project or activity chemicals may cause the degradation of surface water.

Climate Risks:● Extreme climate-related events (e.g., storms, wildfires, extreme heat and

flooding), landslides, erosion, as well as sea level rise and associated storm surges can threaten structural integrity of or access routes to locations where trainings, capacity building, or other activities are held.

● Microenterprise type being supported could be affected by rising temperatures or climate related extreme events (e.g., impacts on supply chain for food and produce vending).

● Climate related extremes can increase temperatures in buildings where apprenticeship training takes place, making the conditions unsuitable for effective education/work.

● For training activities related to the maintenance of boreholes, sufficient water must exist in the water table in order for the training to be adequate; drought conditions can render a training site useless.

● For agricultural training activities, risks include the thoroughness of training being reduced by damage to crops, reduced productivity and increased economic losses due to heat stress and changes in rainfall and flooding in the river basin.

25

3.3 POTENTIAL ADVERSE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND CLIMATE RISKS FROM: WATER AND SANITATION IMPROVEMENTS

Potential Environmental Impacts:● Impacts on ecosystems, cultural/historical features, disturbances on site due to

construction, rehabilitation.● Changes in the environment, populations, and use of land.● Changes in flora and fauna populations, soil erosion or waterlogged soil.● Impact with a significant effect on public health – for example respiratory

diseases associated to dust from construction.● Standpipes or Connections to Water Mains - Stagnant water may increase vector

transmitted diseases (such as malaria), water-borne diseases such as cholera.● Standpipes or Connections to Water Mains - Harmful effects from elevated levels

of non-infectious disease such as arsenic poisoning and Barium in drinking water supply (groundwater).

● Pit Latrines - Increased transmission of water-borne disease.● Pit Latrines - Groundwater supply contaminated with pathogens.● Septic Tanks - Groundwater supply contaminated with nitrogen and pathogens

(O&M).● Septic Tanks - Surface water contaminated with nutrients, biological oxygen

demand (BOD), suspended solids and pathogens from high concentrations of these in septic tank effluent or if waste is not properly handled and treated during or after servicing.

● All Toilets and Latrines - Unsanitary conditions due to lack of proper cleaning and maintenance by beneficiaries.

● Creation of employment and business opportunities supporting construction activities enables equitable access to economic opportunities for women and men.

Climate Risks:● Construction workers may face increased risk of heat exhaustion or impacts of

climate-related extreme events (e.g., heavy rain storms, flooding, dust storms or wildfires).

● Increased frequency and/or intensity of extreme precipitation events and flooding, along with sea level risk and storm surge can affect access to, use, and longevity of water and sanitation infrastructure (e.g., wells, latrines, septic tanks); these impacts can be worsened or mitigated based on construction design and siting/location.

● Sewage systems designed based on historic precipitation data may not account for more intense or frequent extreme rainfall events, increasing the possibility of failures and sewage overflow.

● Drought and/or reduced average precipitation can increase water demand while decreasing water availability.

● Extreme climate-related events (e.g., storms, wildfires, extreme heat and flooding), landslides and erosion can threaten routes and transportation systems necessary to access water locations.

26

● Potential problems arising from environmental and climate risks not having been methodically considered and specifically addressed in the engineering design.

3.4 POTENTIAL ADVERSE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND CLIMATE RISKS FROM: COMMODITY PROCUREMENT

Potential Environmental Impacts:● The cumulative provision and distribution of the agricultural starter kits in large

numbers may have an impact on the environment. Starter kits include sacks for harvested crops, water pumps and hoses and processing machinery—including threshing machines, corn haulers and grinding machines, as well as snack materials for the training sessions (beans, groundnuts and oil). Fertilizer, seeds and pesticides are not planned for procurement.

● The provision and distribution of Veterinary Supplies and livestock/poultry in large numbers may have a significant effect on the environment and public health – for example veterinary waste is routinely placed into curbside trash, placing sanitation workers and community members at personal risk.

● Emergency power supplies and transformers may create environmental pollution, fires, and health and safety hazards.

● Moving and transport equipment (i.e. motorcycle parts, oils, solvents, antifreeze and gasoline) may generate waste harmful to people and the environment.

● The provision of financial support to purchase lighting devices (i.e. lamps) containing Persistent Organic Pollutants such as Mercury may have an impact on the environment and health.

● Creation of employment and business opportunities supporting activities enables equitable access to economic opportunities for women and men.

● Impact on natural resources (i.e., soil, water supply, vegetation, etc.) and beneficiary/local resident health based on improper use, handling, and storage of pesticides.

Climate Risks:● Extreme climate-related events (e.g., storms, wildfires, extreme heat and

flooding), as well as storm surges can threaten structural integrity of venues or access routes to schools, association of farmers venues and training centers as well as to sources of supplies to be procured or delivered.

● Modifications to weather patterns may impact the supply chain of goods, resulting in a more frequent need to locate new suppliers, prepare new contracts and alter logistical routes. This may also increase the cost of supplies, resulting in a need to modify the procurement plan and scope more often.

● Drought and decreased water availability related to climate change can negatively impact crop growth and lead to loss of yields, impacting the livelihoods and economies of farmers.

27

3.5 POTENTIAL ADVERSE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND CLIMATE RISKS FROM: SMALL SCALE IRRIGATION

Potential Environmental Impacts:● Irrigation activities causing an increase in waterlogged soil.● Salt buildup on irrigated land.● Dry wells for drinking water and irrigation.● Salt water in wells for drinking water and irrigation.● Water quality problems for downstream users.● Reduced water quantity for downstream users, waterways and wetlands,

intermittent streams run dry.● Increased incidence of water related diseases.● Weeds growing in reservoirs, irrigation canals, and drains.● Poor water quality downstream from dam.● Damage to downstream ecosystems from reduced water quantity and quality.● Although cumulative impacts are predicted as not being significant because it is

estimated that less than 8 km of new channels will be constructed, and will be associated with existing systems, the channeling of water could impact the recharge of local aquifers and also reduce the amount of water available to neighboring farmers.

Climate Risks:● Changes in temperature, precipitation and climatic patterns, as well as extreme

climate-related events (e.g., storms, wildfires, and flooding), can alter the peak volumes in watercourses, altering the quantity and quality of irrigation water available, and potentially damaging irrigation channels and leading to potential waterlogging or flooding of lands.

● Higher temperatures due to climate change can lead to the need for more irrigation water, increasing soil salinity which impacts crop growth and yield.

● Extreme climate-related events (e.g., storms, wildfires, extreme heat and flooding), landslides and erosion can threaten routes and transportation systems necessary to access and utilize irrigation systems during construction.

● Construction workers may face increased risk of heat exhaustion or impacts of climate-related extreme events (e.g., heavy rain storms, flooding, dust storms or wildfires).

● Potential problems arising from environmental and climate risks not having been methodically considered and specifically addressed in the engineering design.

● Drought and decreased water availability related to climate change can negatively impact crop growth and lead to loss of yields, impacting the livelihoods and economies of farmers.

3.6 POTENTIAL ADVERSE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND CLIMATE RISKS FROM: SMALL SCALE ROAD REHABILITATION

Potential Environmental Impacts:28

● Impact on natural resources such as: soil erosion, air and water pollution, damage to local vegetation and potential impact on people's homes.

● Road failure, high maintenance costs and damage to forest streams● Improper drainage might create surface run-off along and across the road and

create safety risks for drivers.● Construction works and related activities cause potential accidents or death to

workers or local population.● Runoff of both silt and chemicals (e.g., fuels) from roads can reduce water quality

and ecosystems health of nearby valuable surface waters and agricultural fields.● Impact on human resources and sustainability of environmental projects.● An increase in traffic from construction vehicles may disturb local population,

alter local traffic patterns, and/or pose risk of accidents and injury.● Loss of vegetation, contributing to erosion potential.● Diesel fumes, dust, and noise from construction activities may create disturbance

or adversely affect human health.● Creation of employment and business opportunities supporting construction

activities.● Impact on the local environment, sanitation and health due to the improper

disposal of human excreta on rehabilitation or construction site.● Although any roads worked on will be less than 10 kilometers in length to

minimize cumulative impacts, such roads could lead to increased travel to protected ecosystems and over-exploitation of natural resources.

● The potential for road rehabilitation to increase unsustainable use of resources (e.g., forests) and stimulate settlement, agriculture or extraction to the detriment of biodiversity.

● Impact on global natural resources (petroleum) due to overuse of energy consumption.

Climate Risks:● Drain and stormwater systems designed based on historic precipitation data may

not account for more intense or frequent extreme rainfall events, increasing the possibility of road washouts or flooding of assets.

● Construction workers may face increased risk of heat exhaustion or impacts of climate-related extreme events (e.g., heavy rain storms, flooding, dust storms or wildfires).

● Extreme climate-related events (e.g., storms, wildfires, extreme heat and flooding), landslides, erosion, ground movement can affect the longevity of infrastructure; these impacts can be worsened or mitigated based on construction design and siting / location.

● Potential problems arising from environmental and climate risks not having been methodically considered and specifically addressed in the engineering design.

3.7 POTENTIAL ADVERSE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND CLIMATE RISKS FROM: SMALL SCALE PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS INSTALLATION

29

● Non-compliance with local laws, procedures, and permit requirements.● Excessive noise and emissions from heavy equipment and truck activity.● Injury to workers from improper handling of heavy equipment and materials

during construction or installation of PV systems.● Risk of injury to community members or pedestrians from construction debris or

heavy machinery during installation of PV system.● Soil and groundwater pollution from improper disposal of PV batteries.● Risk of improper disposal of PV batteries through theft.● Inefficient or inadequate functioning of PV system limits power generation to

user.● Risk of injury form handling acid batteries during maintenance.

Climate Risks:● Decreased life of service of PV systems.● Extreme climate-related events (e.g., storms, wildfires, extreme heat and

flooding), landslides and erosion can threaten routes and transportation systems necessary to access locations where photovoltaics are being installed.

● Construction workers may face increased risk of heat exhaustion or impacts of climate-related extreme events (e.g., heavy rains storms, flooding, dust storms or wildfires).

● Potential problems arising from environmental and climate risks not having been methodically considered and specifically addressed in the engineering design.

3.8 POTENTIAL ADVERSE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND CLIMATE RISKS FROM: ACTIVITIES AND EVENTS

● Large quantities of solid waste such as plastic water bottles, food containers, or paper generated and/or improperly disposed of.

● Impact on trees and vegetation located in open-air public spaces, and/or important scenic, archeological or cultural/historical feature.

● The inappropriate location of event and subsequent contribution to temporary overcrowding on neighboring communities and pressure on infrastructure such as water and sanitation services.

● Inequitable employment and business opportunities for women, men, or other marginalized groups.

Climate Risks:● Climate related extremes can increase temperatures in buildings where training

takes place, making the conditions unsuitable for effective education/work.● Extreme climate related events (e.g., storms, wildfires, extreme heat and

flooding), landslides and erosion can threaten access routes and transportation systems necessary to access meetings, and potentially threaten the safety of attendees attending such meetings.

30

3.9 POTENTIAL ADVERSE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND CLIMATE RISKS FROM: TRENCH EXCAVATION

● Excavation could potentially degrade sensitive ecological habitat.● Excavation could impact stormwater runoff or erosion patterns, thereby impacting

local ecology.● Excavation of soil, and presence of potentially new flow conduits via trenches,

could impact quality of downstream surface streams or local groundwater.● Standing water in excavated trenches could provide breeding ground for vector

insects that transmit disease.

Climate Risks:● Optimal dry season for trench excavation may be shortened due to prolonged

length of rainy season; modifications to the work planning calendar should be anticipated in advance.

● Extreme climate-related events (e.g., storms, wildfires, extreme heat and flooding), landslides and erosion can threaten routes and transportation systems necessary to access trench excavation locations.

● Construction workers may face increased risk of heat exhaustion or impacts of climate-related extreme events (e.g., heavy rain storms, flooding, dust storms or wildfires).

● Potential problems arising from environmental and climate risks not having been methodically considered and specifically addressed in the engineering design.

3.10 POTENTIAL ADVERSE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND CLIMATE RISKS FROM: CASH FOR WORK, SKILLS ACQUISITION, ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND APPRENTICESHIP PROGRAMS FOR VULNERABLE YOUTH

● Large quantities of solid waste such as plastic water bottles, food containers, or paper generated and/or improperly disposed of during or after trainings.

● Impact on trees and vegetation located in open-air public spaces, and/or important scenic, archeological or cultural/historical feature.

● Clearing debris may cause the degradation of downstream surface water.IClimate Risks:● Climate related extremes can increase temperatures in buildings where training

takes place, making the conditions unsuitable for effective education/work.● Extreme climate-related events (e.g., storms, wildfires, extreme heat and

flooding), landslides and erosion can threaten structural integrity of locations – structures and latrines for example - where apprenticeship training takes place

● Extreme climate related events (e.g., storms, wildfires, extreme heat and flooding), landslides and erosion can threaten access routes and transportation systems necessary to access meetings, and potentially threaten the safety of attendees attending such meetings.

31

4.0 RECOMMENDED DETERMINATIONS, CLIMATE RISK RATINGS, AND MITIGATION ACTIONS A Categorical Exclusion is recommended for capacity building/technical assistance, social institution building or strengthening/analyses or studies, and strategic communications and public information/outreach efforts implemented under OTI programs as no environmental impacts are expected as a result of their implementation. These activities meet the criteria of 22 CFR 216.2(c)(1) and the classes of action pursuant to 22 CFR 216.2(c)(2). Under this C-IEE, activities pursuant to 22 CFR 216.2(c)2 include:

Not applicable.

A Negative Determination with Conditions, pursuant to 22 CFR 216.3(a)(2)(iii), is recommended for the activities listed under that category below which are being implemented under this OTI program as these activities have potential for moderate adverse impacts on the environment. With the full implementation of country-specific environmental mitigation and monitoring measures in the required C-IEE, these activities will not have a significant effect on the environment. Refer to Section 4.1 for the specific conditions that the aforementioned activities recommended for a Negative Determination with Conditions must follow.

4.1 RECOMMENDED THRESHOLD DECISIONS & CONDITIONS

Recommended Determination: Negative Determination with ConditionsActivity Recommended Determination

1. Repair and rehabilitation of one-story, small and medium structures less than 1,000 square meters, including schools, health clinics, various government administration buildings (including secretariats), public meeting halls (including TV viewing centers and town halls), lodging locations for public administration officials, police stations, police living quarters, radio station buildings and traditional leadership administrative buildings.

A Negative Determination is recommended for this activity pursuant to 22 CFR 216.3(a)(2)(iii), subject to the following conditions:

Best Management Practices (BMPs) with regard to construction should be followed. Guidance is provided in the following documents.

USAID Sector Environmental Guideline Construction [2017]

Report from International Conference on Sustainable Design, Engineering and Construction: Improving Socially Sustainable Design and Construction in Developing Countries [2016]

Millennium Ecosystem Assessment: Ecosystems and Human Well Being: A Framework for Assessment

32

[2003]

A list of specific impacts for this activity (included in Section 3.1, above) and specific associated mitigation measures, are provided in detail in the Environmental Mitigation and Monitoring Plan (EMMP).

General conditions for appropriate implementation of this more general activity include the following:

Plan in advance entrances and exits to work sites to avoid or minimize impacts to sensitive or valuable habitats, and thereby to local biodiversity.

Ensure sustainable use of biological resources by identifying in advance of construction legally protected areas, conservation measures for threatened species and factoring ecosystem restoration into planning.

Avoid or minimize any depletion or loss to ecosystem services that may support local livelihoods or economic development.

Avoid or minimize changes to soil or water quality by considering alternate sites; consider existing drainage patterns and water tables in planning to avoid modifications when possible. Retain access to water resources for local people and wildlife, and extract construction materials in a manner that will reduce impacts to terrestrial ecosystems.

Develop an Erosion Control Plan (ECP) to minimize the displacement of sediment particles, and if a project will disturb more than one acre of soil and has been identified by an engineer as having potential to pollute any downstream water course, prepare and utilize a Storm Water Pollution Prevention Plan (SWPPP) to aid the control of sediment and stormwater runoff, and the impact to water quality from runoff. [See note on SWPPPs and ECPs immediately below this table.]

33

Use Best Management Practices to store, isolate, and manage potential contaminants to ground and surface water supplies. Identify specific sites where fueling will take place and take measures to minimize risk of polluting downstream water courses.

Ensure sanitary facilities exist for crew members, and that human waste is properly disposed of to avoid contamination of local ground and surface water sources.

Review and alter designs, as necessary, in order to minimize negative visual impacts of the site to local populations, and to minimize light pollution.

Avoid or minimize degradation of landscape character by properly planning open spaces to allow for efficient transport, recreational spaces and biodiversity habitat.

Minimize depletion of natural resources (water, minerals, biological resources) by conforming to any existing land use strategies and zoning, by controlling (as is feasible and possible) invasive species and by, when adequate and of suitable quality, reusing on-site materials for construction.

2. Microenterprise support and skills building for small and medium sized businesses. These will include livelihoods training and support, such as making ‘akara’ snacks (from groundnuts, beans and oil), sewing/tailoring, catering, water and soft drink sales, training in micro-business skills including financial management and bookkeeping, and technical skills training in community radio program content development and oversight, modern farming techniques, equipment maintenance—such as solar equipment and boreholes. It will also include non-technical skills training in counter-

A Negative Determination is recommended for this activity pursuant to 22 CFR 216.3(a)(2)(iii), subject to the following conditions:

Best Management Practices (BMPs) with regard to implementation should be followed. Guidance is provided in the following documents.

USAID Sector Environmental Guidelines: Agriculture [2014]

USAID Resource Guide for Micro & Small Enterprises: Leather Processing [2013]

USAID Resource Guide for Micro & Small Enterprises: Metal Finishing [2013]

34

violent extremism, conflict mitigation, early warning systems, violent-extremist organization tactics, civilian/security relationship building, dangers of drug abuse and consumption, and community networking/platform building

USAID Resource Guide for Micro & Small Enterprises: Food Processing [2013]

Environmentally Sound Design and Management Capacity Building for Partners and Programs in Africa [2007]

A list of specific impacts for this activity (included in Section 3.2, above) and specific associated mitigation measures, are provided in detail in the Environmental Mitigation and Monitoring Plan (EMMP).

General conditions for appropriate implementation of this more general activity include the following:

Ensure that facilities associated with micro enterprises minimize polluting the local environment and that proprietors/employees are instructed in Best Management Practices regarding such measures.

Ensure ground and surface waters are not contaminated by wastewater, that alternative chemicals that are less hazardous are considered, that chemicals are stored in water tight containers in a designated and locked room, that ventilation at work sites is adequate and that protective clothing is worn by practitioners.

Minimize adverse acoustical impact on neighbors resulting from the business activities taking place.

Ensure adequate sanitary facilities exist on site for all staff.

Ensure that solid waste is disposed of adequately to a designated and protected sanitary facility.

3. New construction of and rehabilitation or establishment of small-scale water points and/or sanitation facilities that will include

A Negative Determination is recommended for this activity pursuant to 22 CFR 216.3(a)(2)(iii), subject to the following conditions:

35

solar powered and generator-fueled boreholes, artesian wells for agricultural support/livestock (not for human consumption)

Best Management Practices (BMPs) with regard to construction should be followed. Guidance is provided in the following documents.

USAID Sector Environmental Guidelines: Water Supply and Sanitation [2015]

World Health Organization (WHO) Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality – Fourth Edition [2017]

A list of specific impacts for this activity (included in Section 3.3, above) and specific associated mitigation measures, are provided in detail in the Environmental Mitigation and Monitoring Plan (EMMP).

General conditions for appropriate implementation of this more general activity include the following:

New wells will be sited away from potential sources of groundwater contamination (e.g. latrines, cesspits, dumps), livestock will be excluded from water points by fenced perimeters and pools of standing water surrounding water points will be eliminated.

The design and siting of latrines must include provisions to prevent contamination of water sources, should be appropriate to local environmentalconditions (e.g. pit latrines are rarely suitable in locations where the water table is high) and should include the provision of hand washing stations.

Calculate yield and extraction rates of aquifer prior to designing or placing pumps for groundwater extraction.

Assess chemical, biological and physical parameters of water quality at proposed site of water point (including arsenic, as required by USAID).

Minimize the depletion of fresh water sources (both ground and surface waters) through efficient system design, through replacing leaking pipes and through instruction to local water point users about means to

36

avoid wasting water.

Develop an Erosion Control Plan (ECP) to minimize the displacement of sediment particles, and if a project will disturb more than one acre of soil and has been identified by an engineer as having potential to pollute any downstream water course, prepare and utilize a Storm Water Pollution Prevention Plan (SWPPP) to aid the control of sediment and stormwater runoff, and the impact to water quality from runoff. [See note on SWPPPs and ECPs immediately below this table.]

Consider and avoid, when possible, any saline intrusion into wells.

Minimize the alteration of ecosystem structures and functions and loss of biodiversity.

Adhere to World Health Organization water guidelines (defined in the source listed above).

Adhere to the program-specific Water Quality Assurance Plan (WQAP).

Engage in a participatory approach (including cost sharing) to promote future operation and maintenance of water and sanitary systems.

4. Commodity procurement relating to agricultural equipment and produce, veterinary, emergency power supplies, water treatment systems and moving and transport equipment

A Negative Determination is recommended for this activity pursuant to 22 CFR 216.3(a)(2)(iii), subject to the following conditions:

Best Management Practices (BMPs) with regard to implementation should be followed. Guidance is provided in the following documents.

USAID Environmentally Sound Sector Environmental Guidelines: Small-Scale Dryland Agriculture. [2014]

USAID Sector Environmental Guidelines: Solid Waste [2014]

USAID Sector Environmental Guidelines: Agriculture [Partial Update 2014]

37

A list of specific impacts for this activity (included in Section 3.4, above) and specific associated mitigation measures, are provided in detail in the Environmental Mitigation and Monitoring Plan (EMMP).

General conditions for appropriate implementation of this more general activity include the following:

Activities at all levels must address and take all practicable efforts to assure that adequate facilities, procedures and capacities are in place to properly manage expired, obsolete or surplus commodities.

Ensure that the waste management system for any created procurement stream is appropriately tailored to local conditions and that practical environmental needs (e.g. the local existence of an engineered, solid waste disposal site) exist.

Promote, request and consider environmentally preferable product options during the procurement process, i.e. those which have a lesser negative effect on human health and the environment when compared to comparable alternatives.

Consider recyclability of products when feasible, and also ensure that when life cycle of product will be complete an adequate recycling facility or solid waste disposal facility exists in the region.

5. New construction of and rehabilitation of existing small-scale irrigation systems; this work will not reinforce dams and is estimated to provide a cumulative total of 8 kilometers or less of drainage channels;

A Negative Determination is recommended for this activity pursuant to 22 CFR 216.3(a)(2)(iii), subject to the following conditions:

Best Management Practices (BMPs) with regard to construction should be followed. Guidance is provided in the following documents.

USAID Environmental Guidelines for Small-Scale Activities in Africa, Chapter 1: Agriculture: Soil and Water Resources, including Irrigation [2009]

38

United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) Irrigation Techniques for Small-scale Farmers [2014]

International Commission on Irrigation and Drainage Checklist to Assist Preparation of Small-scale Irrigation Projects in Sub-Saharan Africa [1998]

A list of specific impacts for this activity (included in Section 3.5, above) and specific associated mitigation measures, are provided in detail in the Environmental Mitigation and Monitoring Plan (EMMP).

General conditions for appropriate implementation of this more general activity include the following:

Optimal environmental design and engineering practices must be adhered to in order to reduce or avoid impacts. The planning and design and identification of irrigation systems to rehabilitate should consider:

How irrigation water can increase soil salinity, and such local effects;

Hydrology: How water diversions will impact the flow regimes (volume and patterns of flow) within watersheds and the depth to the water table;

How engineering irrigation will reduce flooding, and thereby potentially affect natural irrigation used by others in the watershed.

Consideration must be made of erosion and sedimentation. The addition of irrigation water to natural stormwater runoff over land could increase sedimentation to downstream rivers, modifying their flow regime and potentially causing increased erosion.

The planning, design and selection of irrigation system to rehabilitate should consider how pesticide residues and excess nutrients from fertilizers may threaten drinking water (ground and surface) quality

39

in the vicinity.

Develop an Erosion Control Plan (ECP) to minimize the displacement of sediment particles, and if a project will disturb more than one acre of soil and has been identified by an engineer as having potential to pollute any downstream water course, prepare and utilize a Storm Water Pollution Prevention Plan (SWPPP) to aid the control of sediment and stormwater runoff, and the impact to water quality from runoff. [See note on SWPPPs and ECPs immediately below this table.]

Consideration must be made of both source and sink: how diverted water into the irrigation systems can impact ecosystems by reducing water available to wetlands, and how discharges from irrigated fields may contain more salt, less dissolved oxygen, more pollutants and a heavier silt load.

6. Rehabilitation/construction of roads less than 10 kilometers (6 miles) in length

A Negative Determination is recommended for this activity pursuant to 22 CFR 216.3(a)(2)(iii), subject to the following conditions:

Best Management Practices (BMPs) with regard to construction should be followed. Guidance is provided in the following documents.

USAID Sector Environmental Guidelines: Rural Roads [2018]

A list of specific impacts for this activity (included in Section 3.6, above) and specific associated mitigation measures, are provided in detail in the Environmental Mitigation and Monitoring Plan (EMMP).

General conditions for appropriate implementation of this more general activity include the following:

In the planning and design of roads minimizing soil erosion should be taken into consideration by following contours, minimizing grades and providing

40

side drainage to handle flooding. Drainage for road must be considered in order to keep standing water off the tracks, which could result in multiple tracks. This is especially relevant around Lake Chad, where vertisols (‘black cotton’ heavy soils) exist, as do wetlands.

Retention basins and settling ponds should be built during construction to avoid quarries and borrow pits impounding water which may result in mosquito breeding and could harbor water borne diseases.

Culverts must be adequately placed to avoid concentrating water and creating new and larger gullies that could potentially drain wetlands.

Develop an Erosion Control Plan (ECP) to minimize the displacement of sediment particles, and if a project will disturb more than one acre of soil and has been identified by an engineer as having potential to pollute any downstream water course, prepare and utilize a Storm Water Pollution Prevention Plan (SWPPP) to aid the control of sediment and stormwater runoff, and the impact to water quality from runoff. [See note on SWPPPs and ECPs immediately below this table.]

Hydrology must be considered so that roads crossing regions with high water tables do not block subsurface flows, which could affect crop production and local ecology.

Use Best Management Practices to store, isolate, and manage potential contaminants to ground and surface water supplies. Identify specific sites where fueling will take place and take measures to minimize risk of polluting downstream water courses.

Ensure sanitary facilities exist for crew members, and that human waste is properly disposed of to avoid contamination of local ground and surface water sources.

7. Installation of small-scale photovoltaic systems associated

A Negative Determination is recommended for this activity pursuant to 22 CFR 216.3(a)(2)(iii), subject to

41

with construction and rehabilitation of public facilities and spaces

the following conditions:

Best Management Practices (BMPs) with regard to construction should be followed. Guidance is provided in the following documents.

USAID Sector Environmental Guidelines: Small Scale Energy.

How Solar Energy Works, by Union of Concerned Scientists

A list of specific impacts for this activity (included in Section 3.7, above) and specific associated mitigation measures, are provided in detail in the Environmental Mitigation and Monitoring Plan (EMMP).

General conditions for appropriate implementation of this more general activity include the following:

Photovoltaic systems can rely on battery packs, which can contain toxic materials. These must be disposed of as a hazardous material when battery life has expired. Maintenance staff should be instructed, during training, where the closest disposal site is for hazardous materials.

Solar arrays can cause visual impact that should be considered in choosing the site of location. This is particularly important in rural or culturally sensitive areas. The community in which the system will be placed should be engaged with in advance.

8. Organization of activities and events for between 400 and 10,000 persons, including festivals, tournaments, rallies, concerts, distribution/handover ceremonies, sporting events, competitions and training sessions, as well as town hall community meetings

A Negative Determination is recommended for this activity pursuant to 22 CFR 216.3(a)(2)(iii), subject to the following conditions:

Best Management Practices (BMPs) with regard to implementation should be followed. Guidance is provided in the following documents.

USAID Sector Environmental Guidelines: Solid 42

Waste.

A list of specific impacts for this activity (included in Section 3.8, above) and specific associated mitigation measures, are provided in detail in the Environmental Mitigation and Monitoring Plan (EMMP).

General conditions for appropriate implementation of this more general activity include the following:

Adequate solid waste disposal containers must be utilized at the site of all activities and events, and arrangements made in advance for their collection.

Sanitation facilities must be made available for all participants, and must be ensured to be in working order in advance of the event.

If any temporary lighting or power will be made available, all electrical cables must be isolated from participants and protected from damage from both weather and animals.

Any food vendors must be inspected and approved in advance as being able to provide food that is properly cooked as necessary in conditions that are hygienic.

9. Trench excavation related to drainage, irrigation rehabilitation, repair and rehabilitation of structures and modification of open spaces.

Best Management Practices (BMPs) with regard to construction should be followed. Partial guidance is provided in the following document.

USAID Sector Environmental Guidelines Housing Reconstruction.

A list of specific impacts for this activity (included in Section 3.9, above) and specific associated mitigation measures, are provided in detail in the Environmental Mitigation and Monitoring Plan (EMMP).

43

General conditions for appropriate implementation of this more general activity include the following:

Investigate what is below soil before digging trenches to avoid unnecessary additional pollution.

Avoid ecologically sensitive regions when planning trench excavation routes.

Utilize an Erosion Control Plan (ECP) to minimize the displacement of sediment particles, and if a project will disturb more than one acre of soil and has been identified by an engineer as having potential to pollute any downstream water course, prepare and utilize a Storm Water Pollution Prevention Plan (SWPPP) to aid the control of sediment and stormwater runoff, and the impact to water quality from runoff. [See note on SWPPPs and ECPs immediately below this table.]

Utilize a ‘cut and cover’ construction methodology to reduce the time trenches are open.

10. Cash for work activities that include cleaning public spaces and clearing debris and brush outside community perimeters, skills acquisition, entrepreneurship and apprenticeship programs for vulnerable youth (these will not include construction)

A Negative Determination is recommended for this activity pursuant to 22 CFR 216.3(a)(2)(iii), subject to the following conditions:

Best Management Practices (BMPs) with regard to implementation should be followed. Guidance is provided in the following documents.

USAID Sector Environmental Guidelines: Solid Waste.

A list of specific impacts for this activity (included in Section 3.10, above) and specific associated mitigation measures, are provided in detail in the Environmental Mitigation and Monitoring Plan (EMMP).

44

General conditions for appropriate implementation of this more general activity include the following:

Adequate solid waste disposal containers must be utilized at the site of all activities and events, and arrangements made in advance for their collection.

Sanitation facilities must be made available for all participants, and must be ensured to be in working order in advance of the event.

Any food vendors must be inspected and approved in advance as being able to provide food that is properly cooked as necessary in conditions that are hygienic.

Clearing debris must be ensured not to pollute downstream water courses by having waste disposal containers accessible.

Notes regarding Stormwater Pollution Prevention Plans and Erosion Control Plans

A Stormwater Pollution Prevention Plan (SWPPP) is more comprehensive than an Erosion Control Plan (ECP) because it addresses both erosion control (inhibiting the process of displacing particles of sediment) as well as sediment control (capturing the displaced particles of sediment). It essentially contains both an ECP as well as a sediment control plan.

Therefore, an ECP will be prepared for all projects that include the construction or rehabilitation of buildings, infrastructure and roads, and for projects that include the removal of topsoil—which potentially may include specific irrigation projects, or projects that involve trench digging.

A SWPPP will be prepared for projects that disturb more than one acre of soil, and that are specifically identified by an engineer during planning, and before completion of any engineering design, as potentially causing pollution to downstream water courses as a result of contaminated soils flowing from the work site to those water courses.

4.2 CLIMATE RISK MANAGEMENT SCREENING

Low Climate Risk: A Low Climate Risk rating is recommended for capacity building/technical assistance, social institution building or strengthening/analyses or studies, and strategic communications and public information/outreach efforts

45

implemented under the OTI program, because climate risks are not expected to materially affect the implementation or outcomes of the activity.

Moderate Climate Risk: It is recommended that the activities listed under this heading below are assigned a Moderate Climate Risk rating, indicating that there is a likelihood that such activities implemented under the OTI program will be materially impacted by climate risks. Refer to Table 6 for additional details on the climate risks and proposed management options to address them.

Following the ADS Mandatory Reference 201mal, this IEE provides a Climate Risk Management (CRM) Summary Table and accompanying narrative for Activity Types rated as Low Climate Risk (Table 6). It is only necessary to complete the first three columns (up through the Risk Rating) for Activity Types rated as Low Climate Risks. For Activity Types rated as Moderate/High Climate Risk, the remaining columns must be completed by the OTI IP, within the C-IEE, once the activity and associated geographies have been defined.

46

Table 6. Climate Risk Management Summary Tab Activity Types Timeframe

Usable duration of investment

GeographyGeographic scope

Climate RisksList key risks related to the project elements identified through either the strategy or project level climate risk

assessment

Risk Rating Low/ Moderate/ High

How Risks are Addressed at Project Level Describe how risks

have been addressed at the project level. If a decision has been made to accept the risk,

briefly explain why.

Further Analysis and Actions for Activity Design/ Implementation

Describe CRM measures to be

integrated into activity design or

implementation, including additional

analysis, if applicable

Opportunities to Strengthen Climate Resilience Describe

opportunities to achieve development objectives by integrating climate resilience or mitigation

measures

Repair and Rehabilitation of Buildings

For buildings and stadiums - 30 to 50 years after completion of the work; for playgrounds – 10 years after completion of work.

Throughout basin

Risk to Construction Workers:Construction workers may face increased risk of heat exhaustion or impacts of climate-related events (e.g., heavy rain storms, flooding, dust storms or wildfires)

High

Workers will be provided with water and access to shade and work will be postponed, as is relevant, in the event of storms or other impeding events, such as excessive smoke due to wildfires

Construction guidance manuals should specify: need for providing water to workers;identify emergency routes out of the region in the event of flooding, fire or natural catastrophe; identify location of masks for workers if air is hazy as a result of fires

Opportunities exist to improve both the work environment and practices in a way more resilient to climate change:

Based on input from workers and also daily reports, working conditions can be improved with the adaptation of more appropriate clothing and tools. Weather forecasts can also be used to modify work schedules, as appropriate.

Risk to Site/Location, Design, Materials Selection and Operation and Maintenance: Extreme climate-related events (e.g., storms, wildfires, extreme heat and flooding), landslides and erosion can affect the longevity of buildings and infrastructure; these impacts can be worsened or mitigated based on construction design and siting / location, as well as

High Climactic factors will be factored into resilience of engineering designs and in the selection of structures on which to work; factors of safety can be incorporated into structural designs

Based on a review of climate variability and change in recent years, engineers should incorporate a factor of safety (FOS) in their designs of roads, drainage systems, water and sanitation systems, culverts and structures to address the uncertainty of future additional stresses on physical components

Designers should review the following climate related materials:USAID Climatelinks Climate Resilient Development video

Climate Risk Management at USAID: Frequently Asked Questions

USAID Climate Risk Profile: West Africa

47

on materials selection

Sahel

USAID Nigeria Climate Vulnerability Profile

Risks to Construction:Extreme climate-related events (e.g., storms, wildfires, extreme heat and flooding), landslides and erosion, as well as sea level rise and associated storm surges can threaten routes and transportation systems necessary to access and utilize constructed buildings

High

During planning and design, alternate transportation routes can be identified, and construction timelines can incorporate contingency extra time in the event of transportation delays

Six-month review sessions should include a session on logistical review: updating primary and alternative routes for transportation of construction materials to sites

Opportunities exist to improve transportation systems in a way more resilient to climate change:

Designers should read: World Bank: Enhancing the Climate Resilience of Africa’s Infrastructure: The Roads and Bridges Sector

Six-month implementation reviews should provide data on roads and climate that can be used to: create a more robust maintenance plan, update and revise road drainage designs, and revise the life cycle cost of road assets including construction maintenance, repairs and rehabilitation

Risk to Site/Location, Design, Materials Selection:

Potential problems arising from environmental and climate risks not having been methodically considered and specifically addressed in the engineering design

High Engineer responsible for designs must ensure that this CRM and the EMMP are considered when selecting design criteria and materials

Engineering designs will be adequately made more robust and resilient to ensure structures, infrastructure and associated utilities can withstand impact of increased stresses and pressures related to more severe weather events and climactic conditions; factors of safety and design criteria will be more

Design criteria that are developed during the program can be shared with the Nigerian government and recommended as being more robust and applicable for future rural infrastructure designs;

The USAID Climate Risk Profile Nigeria [2019] can be referred

48

conservative than those used when climate risks are not considered

to for background material;

49

Activity Types Timeframe Geography Climate Risks Risk Rating How Risks are Addressed at Project

Level.

Further Analysis and Actions for Activity Design/ Implementation

Opportunities to Strengthen Climate

Resilience

Microenterprise Support and Skills Building

Throughout Implementation and for the work life of those who acquired new skills – approximately 25 years

Throughout basin

Extreme climate-related events (e.g., storms, wildfires, extreme heat and flooding), landslides and erosion can threaten structural integrity of or access routes to locations where trainings, capacity building, or other activities are held.

Moderate - A conservative approach will be taken regarding all travel, and agendas will be modified or cancelled depending on inclement weather. Alternate routes will be identified in advance of events

During planning, the status of roads that transport attendees will be assessed as being adequate for use during extreme weather events

Alternate transportation routes can be identified, and transport schedules can incorporate contingency extra time in the event of transportation delays

Six-month review sessions should include a session on logistical review: updating primary and alternative routes for transportation to selected training sites

Opportunities exist to improve transportation systems in a way more resilient to climate change:

Designers should read: World Bank: Enhancing the Climate Resilience of Africa’s Infrastructure: The Roads and Bridges Sector

Six-month implementation reviews should provide data on roads and climate that can be used to: create a more robust maintenance plan, update and revise road drainage designs, and revise the life cycle cost of road assets including construction maintenance, repairs and rehabilitation

Microenterprise type being supported could be affected by rising temperatures or climate related extreme events (e.g., impacts on supply chain for food and produce vending).

For each MSE considered, the potential impacts on transport and office/vendor space must be considered with respect to more extreme weather events

The expected return on investment for MSEs should consider that the unknown variables related to extreme climate events may reduce their ROI, and plan accordingly in preparing a business plan

A series of factors can be developed that can be applied to predicted returns on investment (ROI) calculations that take into consideration the impacts of extreme weather events and climate related events. This can be applied to ROI calculations to

50

extend the time period by which any return should be expected

Climate related extremes can increase temperatures in buildings where apprenticeship training takes place, making the conditions unsuitable for effective education/work

During the identification of locations where apprenticeships take place, evaluation must be made as to their internal temperature conditions during the extreme weather events during a year. If unsuitable, alternative locations for apprenticeship training must be identified and selected instead.

Part of standard procedures when selecting locations for training and for apprenticeship programs should be to ensure the internal temperatures are suitable for activity throughout the year

Standard engineering designs should factor in a wider range of temperature conditions within a building as part of the heating, ventilation and cooling (HVAC) design

For training activities related to maintenance or boreholes, sufficient water must exist in the water table in order for the training to be adequate; drought conditions can render training sites useless

Moderate

Current conditions at targeted borehole training locations must be assessed in advance to reveal whether the groundwater table is sufficiently high to allow training to take place

Training locations must be assessed before each training, rather than assumed as adequate for instruction on a repeated basis

A series of boreholes can be selected for potential training in maintenance, and the telephone contact information of a local associate recorded to check the status of the local groundwater conditions before each future training session is scheduled

For agricultural training activities, risks include the thoroughness of training being reduced by damage to crops, reduced productivity and increased economic losses due to heat stress and changes in rainfall and flooding in the river basin

Moderate Available recent climate information should be evaluated with respect to specific locations where farming techniques are to be instructed, so that the most optimal locations for instruction can be selected.

A flood damage analysis can be made of agricultural fields to identify the most common sources of damage from flood events as well as from extreme heat events, followed by prioritizing the key means (such as improved drainage of changing crop types) that can better reduce the risk of damage in the future from climate related events

A prioritized list of specific activities can be made to reduce risk of damage to crops from extreme weather events. This may include erosion control practices, drainage infrastructure improvement, listing resilient crops and suggesting modifications to the seasonality of planting specific crops

For agriculture activities, the following document includes relevant background information: USAID

51

Climate Risk Screening and Management Tool for Use in Activity Design, Section on Climate Risk to Agriculture.

52

Activity Types Timeframe Geography Climate Risks Risk Rating How Risks are Addressed at Project

Level.

Further Analysis and Actions for Activity Design/ Implementation

Opportunities to Strengthen Climate

Resilience

Microenterprise Support and Skills Building (continued)

Drought and decreased water availability related to climate change can negatively impact crop growth and lead to loss of yields, impacting the livelihoods and economies of farmers

High

Climate data related to the locations of targeted projects, if available, should be evaluated; recent information regarding drought impacts can be solicited from a university irrigation specialist familiar with the targeted regions

Consideration should be given to recommending alternative, more drought resilient, crop types to plant; the use of natural and small scale constructed reservoirs to store emergency irrigation water should be considered during the engineering design

During implementation data can be collected recording the types of crops most impacted by drought, the relative proximity of the crops to irrigation infrastructure, and the soils types both most and least associated with crop impact – leading to conclusions as to how to improve the types of crops planted, and their location with regard to irrigation channels and soil types; this resources can be provided to universities and local irrigation departments to improve future irrigation methods

53

Activity Types Timeframe Geography Climate Risks Risk Rating How Risks are Addressed at Project Level.

Further Analysis and Actions for Activity Design/ Implementation

Opportunities to Strengthen Climate Resilience

Rehabilitation Water and Sanitation Facilities

After implementation, the lifespan of a deep well is approximately 25 years, and of a pit latrine approximately 2 years.

Throughout basin

Risks to Construction Workers:Construction workers may face increased risk of heat exhaustion or impacts of climate-related extreme events (e.g., heavy rain storms, flooding, dust storms or wildfires)

High

Workers will be provided with water and access to shade and work will be postponed, as is relevant, in the event of storms or other impeding events, such as excessive smoke due to wildfires

Construction guidance manuals should specify: need for providing water to workers;identify emergency routes out of region in the event of flooding, fire or natural catastrophe; identify location of masks if air is hazy as a result of fires

Based on input from workers and also daily reports, working conditions can be improved with the adaptation of more appropriate clothing and tools. Weather forecasts can also be used to modify work schedules, as appropriate.

Risks to Design, Site Location, Materials Selection and Operation and Maintenance:Increased frequency and/or intensity of extreme precipitation events and flooding, can affect access to, use, and longevity of water and sanitation infrastructure (e.g., wells, latrines, septic tanks); these impacts can be worsened or mitigated based on construction design and siting / location

High

Climactic factors will be factored into resilience of engineering designs and selection of structures on which to work

Based on a review of climate variability and change in recent years, engineers should incorporate a factor of safety (FOS) in their designs of roads, drainage systems, water and sanitation systems, culverts and structures to address the uncertainty of future additional stresses on physical components

Implementers should read: World Bank: High and Dry – Climate Change, Water, and the Economy

Provision of water can also promote peace as drought can spark latent conflicts and violence; opportunities to utilize water provision as a means of conflict resolution can be recorded for future beneficial use

Risk to Design and Materials Selection:Sewage systems designed based on historic precipitation data may not account for more intense or frequent rainfall events, increasing the possibility of failures and sewage overflow

High Data regarding recent precipitation patterns must be analyzed; information from local utility workers (if available) should be solicited regarding current conveyance sizing problems for wastewater disposal

Wastewater conveyance systems should be sized more conservatively during the engineering design process in order to accommodate greater flows; the designs can be changed based on changes in overall factors of safety or on a data regarding recent and predicted future precipitation patterns

Designs that incorporate climate change resilience prepared during the program can be shared with local government entities; engineers working with the program can be instructed in appropriate design techniques that incorporate climate

54

related resilience

Risk to Operation and Maintenance:Drought and/or reduced average precipitation can increase water demand while decreasing water availability

High

During health and hygiene education, water point uses should be made aware of potential risk of low water supplies and possible future need to move to other locations with more abundant water supplies

The potential effects of climate change to be added to training curriculum to water point users (in addition to topics of health, hygiene, operations and maintenance)

High demand/low yield scenario offers opportunities to improve efficiencies of hand pump designs and use of gardens irrigated by soakaway pits

Risks to Construction Process:Extreme climate-related events (e.g., storms, wildfires, extreme heat and flooding), landslides and erosion can threaten routes and transportation systems necessary to access water locations

High

During planning and design, alternate transportation routes can be identified, and construction timelines can incorporate contingency extra time in the event of transportation delays

Six-month review sessions should include a session on logistical review: updating primary and alternative routes for transportation of construction materials to sites

Opportunities exist to improve transportation systems in a way more resilient to climate change:

Designers should read: World Bank: Enhancing the Climate Resilience of Africa’s Infrastructure: The Roads and Bridges Sector

Six-month implementation reviews should provide data on roads and climate that can be used to: create a more robust maintenance plan, update and revise road drainage designs, and revise the life cycle cost of road assets including construction maintenance, repairs and rehabilitation

Risk to Design and Material Selection:Potential problems arising from environmental and climate risks not having been methodically considered and specifically addressed in the engineering design

High Ensure that the engineer responsible for technical designs reviews the CRM screening and confirms that environmental and climate risks have been considered and addressed in the engineering design.

Design criteria and design procedures should be modified to ensure that infrastructure (pipes, pumps, soakaway pits, storage tanks) are resized according to needs for added

An improved design manual can be prepared for use during the duration of the program, and can be provided to relevant government agencies during the handover of projects

55

resilience due to the impact and stresses resulting from extreme weather events

56

Activity Types Timeframe Geography Climate Risks Risk Rating How Risks are Addressed at Project Level.

Further Analysis and Actions for Activity Design/ Implementation

Opportunities to Strengthen Climate Resilience

Commodity procurement relating to agricultural equipment and produce, veterinary, emergency power supplies, water treatment systems and moving and transport equipment

The timeframe is during the duration of the program, and after the program’s completion the usable duration of the investment is approximately 15 years for generators and water treatment system, and 10 years for heavy trucks.

Throughout basin Risks to Implementation, and Operation and Maintenance of Activities   :

Extreme climate-related events (e.g., storms, wildfires, extreme heat and flooding) can threaten structural integrity of venues or access routes to schools, associations of farmer venues and training centers as well as to sources of supplies to be procured or delivered.

Moderate

Locations where training and commodity transactions will take place should be evaluated for general structural integrity by an engineer before site is confirmed as suitable for use

Engineering standard procedures can incorporate evaluating training and transaction sites as being structurally sound in the event of extreme weather events

A conservative approach will be taken regarding all travel, and agendas will be modified or cancelled depending on inclement weather. Alternate routes will be identified in advance of events; alternate sources of supply will be identified during planning and

Engineering standard operating procedures can be modified—in general—based on improved means to provide protection in the event of climate related extreme damages

Risks to Implementation of Activities   :

Modifications to weather patterns may impact the supply chain of goods, resulting in a more frequent need to locate new suppliers, prepare new contracts and alter logistical routes. This may also increase the cost of supplies, resulting in a need to modify the

Moderate Data regarding extreme weather events in the past years should be analyzed with respect to damaged caused to local businesses

Creating plans for alternate suppliers, and implementing them if required, will require minimal resources and likely create no more disruptions than other unforeseeable events (such as unforeseen changes to prices and usual supply/demand fluctuations)

57

procurement plan and scope more often.

58

Activity Types Timeframe Geography Climate Risks Risk Rating How Risks are Addressed at Project Level.

Further Analysis and Actions for Activity Design/ Implementation

Opportunities to Strengthen Climate Resilience

Commodity procurement relating to agricultural equipment and produce, veterinary, emergency power supplies and transformers, water treatment systems and moving and transport equipment (continued)

Risks to Operation and Maintenance of commodities   :

Drought and decreased water availability related to climate change can negatively impact crop growth and lead to loss of yields, impacting the livelihoods and economies of farmers

Moderate

Data and literature related to recent climate patterns should be obtained and reviewed before selection of possible irrigation project sites; an irrigation specialist from a university or government, for example, should be consulted regarding recent changes to drought patterns within the target project area

Based on a review of climate variability and change in recent years, engineers should incorporate a factor of safety (FOS) in their designs of irrigation systems to address the uncertainty of future additional stresses on physical components due to climate variability and extremes

Data collected during the program regarding how farmers are changing their selection of more resilient crop types can be shared with appropriate government agencies to consider for future programs; information gained from evaluating climate change impacts on crops can be used to modify engineering designs regarding the sizing of irrigation channels to minimize evaporation

59

Activity Types Timeframe Geography Climate Risks Risk Rating How Risks are Addressed at Project Level.

Further Analysis and Actions for Activity Design/ Implementation

Opportunities to Strengthen Climate Resilience

Commodity procurement related to the specific category:Agricultural Starter kits and Supplies

The timeframe is during the duration of the program, and after the program’s completion the usable duration of the investment in agricultural equipment is approximately 10 to 15 years

The type of crops to be grown may alter in the future due to shifting climate patterns, making the purchase of agricultural equipment for a time period greater than one to two years impractical

Moderate

Data and literature related to recent climate patterns should be obtained and reviewed before selection of types of agricultural equipment to be purchased; agronomists in the region where the equipment will be provided can be consulted regarding shifting agricultural patterns; the booklet USAID Sector Environmental Guidelines: Agriculture can be reviewed

Based on this, equipment with the greatest chance of being useful regardless of climate related changes to agriculture can be prioritized higher in terms of long-term practicality

A matrix listing agricultural equipment that includes columns identifying their long-term practicality related to shifting crop patterns and agricultural practices can be prepared at the beginning of the program and utilized throughout

Commodity procurement related to the specific category:Veterinary Supplies

The timeframe is during the duration of the program, and after the program’s completion the usable duration of the investment in agricultural equipment is approximately 2 to 5 years

Climate change will be a factor in the epidemiology of vector-borne diseases affecting animal health; the type of equipment needed in the future will relate to the changes in epidemiology

Moderate A veterinarian working in the target project region should be consulted as to how patterns of sickness are changing due to climate alteration, and how this may impact the future purchase of supplies

Supplies should be purchased for shorter term rather than longer term durations if the usefulness of that specific equipment may alter based on changes in climate related sickness patterns

Consultation with a veterinarian can lead to identification of shifting epidemiology patterns related to climate change that may be of value to other NGOs and government agencies after this program ends

60

Activity Types Timeframe Geography Climate Risks Risk Rating How Risks are Addressed at Project Level.

Further Analysis and Actions for Activity Design/ Implementation

Opportunities to Strengthen Climate Resilience

Commodity procurement related to the specific category:Emergency Power Supplies

The timeframe is during the duration of the program, and after the program’s completion the usable duration of the investment in an electrical generator is equipment is approximately 15 years

Power generation based on fossil fuels increases carbon emissions and impacts climate change

Moderate

The size of the required equipment should be determined by an engineer, and then be selected based on its overall efficiency and low carbon output

The need for emergency power generation equipment should be associated with choosing efficient equipment with the lowest carbon output

Low carbon output power generation should be selected for emergency use when possible, and reasons for this can be provided during training sessions to procurement staff

Commodity procurement related to the specific category:Package Water Treatment Systems

The timeframe is during the duration of the program, and after the program’s completion the usable duration of the investment in an electrical generator is equipment is approximately 10 to 15 years

The life span of a package water treatment system can be reduced by exposure to more severe weather and climate extremes

Low

Engineering staff should identify whether equipment can be protected by placement inside a structure, possibly with cooling systems

The equipment that is selected should be robust and durable and a site should be selected to protect it from the elements and extreme temperatures

Procurement staff can be trained in the value of selecting robust and durable equipment to withstand environmental extremes of temperature, weather and climate

Commodity procurement related to the specific category:Transport Equipment

The timeframe is during the duration of the program, and after the program’s completion the usable duration of the investment in durable transportation vehicles is approximately 10 to 12 years

More extreme climatic conditions can result in vehicles needing to be able to navigate damaged or partially flooded roads more often

Moderate

The conditions that the transportation will be required to navigate need to be assessed before purchase

The selection of transportation equipment should factor in the need for it to be robust enough to navigate muddy, potholed and damaged roads

Procurement staff can be trained in the value of selecting robust and durable equipment to withstand environmental extremes of temperature, weather and climate

61

New construction of and rehabilitation of existing small-scale irrigation systems

After implementation, the useful lifespan of a small-scale irrigation system is approximately 10 years.

Throughout basin Risks to Site Location, Design, Materials Selection:

Changes in temperature, precipitation and climatic patterns, as well as extreme climate-related events (e.g., storms, wildfires, and flooding), can alter the peak volumes in watercourses, altering the quantity and quality of irrigation water available, and potentially damaging irrigation channels and leading to potential waterlogging or flooding of lands.

High

Climactic factors will be incorporated into resilience of engineering designs and the selection of structures on which work will take place

Based on a review of climate variability and change in recent years, engineers should incorporate a factor of safety (FOS) in their designs of roads, drainage systems, water and sanitation systems, culverts and structures to address the uncertainty of future additional stresses on physical components

Opportunities exist to improve both irrigation system design and irrigation practices in a way more resilient to climate change:

A review session held every six months can incorporate a ‘lessons learned’ segment relating to climate; based on input, engineering design criteria can be updated, maps of best supply routes and alternatives can be updated and improved, and timing of activities (such as construction) can be modified depending on season and heat.

Risks to Design, Site Location, Materials Selection:

Higher temperatures due to climate change can lead to the need for more irrigation water, increasing soil salinity which impacts crop growth and yield.

High

Projects will be selected based on low existing salinity levels in recipient soils and source waters, and will be designed to be small systems with relatively small water volumes.

Methods for testing soil salinity on a regular and recurring basis should be developed by the engineering department

Discussions of the problems of soil salinity, and the need to choose alternate sites and/or water sources can be included into agricultural training sessions

Risks to Construction Process:Extreme climate-related events (e.g., storms, wildfires, extreme heat and flooding), landslides and erosion can threaten routes and transportation systems necessary to access irrigation systems during construction

High During planning and design, alternate transportation routes can be identified, and construction timelines can incorporate contingency extra time in the event of transportation delays

Six-month review sessions should include a session on logistical review: updating primary and alternative routes for transportation of construction materials to sites

Opportunities exist to improve transportation systems in a way more resilient to climate change:

Designers should read: World Bank: Enhancing the Climate Resilience of Africa’s Infrastructure: The Roads and Bridges

62

Sector

Six-month implementation reviews should provide data on roads and climate that can be used to: create a more robust maintenance plan, update and revise road drainage designs, and revise the life cycle cost of road assets including construction maintenance, repairs and rehabilitation

Risk to Construction Workers:Construction workers may face increased risk of heat exhaustion or impacts of climate-related extreme events (e.g., heavy rain storms, flooding, dust storms or wildfires)

High

Workers will be provided with water and access to shade and work will be postponed, as is relevant, in the event of storms or other impeding events, such as excessive smoke due to wildfires

Construction guidance manuals should specify: need for providing water to workers;identify emergency routes out of the region in the event of flooding, fire or natural catastrophe; identify location of masks for workers if air is hazy as a result of fires

Opportunities exist to improve both the work environment and practices in a way more resilient to climate change:Based on input from workers and also daily reports, working conditions can be improved with the adaptation of more appropriate clothing and tools. Weather forecasts can also be used to modify work schedules, as appropriate.

Risk to Design, Site Location, Materials Selection:Potential problems arising from environmental and climate risks not having been methodically considered and specifically addressed in the engineering design.

High

Environmental and climactic data related to specific project locations is assessed and engineering designs are made more robust to ensure resilience to a wider range of impacts and stresses related to climate change

Factors of safety for engineering designs are modified, and a design manual prepared to include more resilient engineering for infrastructure, including irrigation systems

Improved design manual based on climate impacts can be provided to the government at handover

Risk to Operation and Maintenance:

Climate data related to the locations of

Consideration should be given to

During implementation data can be collected

63

Drought and decreased water availability related to climate change can negatively impact crop growth and lead to loss of yields, impacting the livelihoods and economies of farmers

High

targeted projects, if available, should be evaluated; recent information regarding drought impacts can be solicited from a university irrigation specialist familiar with the targeted regions

recommending alternative, more drought resilient, crop types to plant; the use of natural and small scale constructed reservoirs to store emergency irrigation water should be considered during the engineering design

recording the types of crops most impacted by drought, the relative proximity of the crops to irrigation infrastructure, and the soils types both most and least associated with crop impact – leading to conclusions as to how to improve the types of crops planted, and their location with regard to irrigation channels and soil types; this resources can be provided to universities and local irrigation departments to improve future irrigation methods

64

Activity Types Timeframe Geography Climate Risks Risk Rating How Risks are Addressed at Project

Level.

Further Analysis and Actions for Activity Design/ Implementation

Opportunities to Strengthen Climate

Resilience

Rehabilitation/construction of roads less than 6 miles (10 kilometers) in length

After implementation, the usable duration of investment for an asphalt road is approximately 7 to10 years, for asphalt and gravel roads is approximately 15 to 20 years

Throughout basin

Risks to Design, Site Location, Materials Selection and Operation and Maintenance:

Drain and stormwater systems designed based on historic precipitation data may not account for more intense or frequent extreme rainfall events, increasing the possibility of road washouts or flooding of assets

High

Engineering designs can incorporate a factor of safety (for example, 1.2 to 1.5) to size culverts and drains to accommodate possible increased precipitation and storm frequencies

Projections of future precipitation can be created by extrapolating from existing data, then modifying results based on anticipation of accelerated occurrence of extreme weather events

Opportunities exist to improve planning and engineering practices in a way more resilient to climate change:

The greater variability in rainfall patterns and floods provides an opportunity to assess which roads should be prioritized for future development, based on their overall utility and also their ability to be adequately maintained in the future

Six-month implementation reviews should provide data on roads and climate that can be used to: create a more robust maintenance plan, update and revise road drainage designs, and revise the life cycle cost of road assets including construction maintenance, repairs and rehabilitation

Risks to Construction Workers:

Construction workers may face increased risk

High Workers will be provided with water and access to shade and work will be postponed, as is relevant, in the event of storms or other

Construction guidance manuals should specify: need for providing water to workers;

Based on input from workers and also daily reports, working conditions can be improved with the

65

of heat exhaustion or impacts of climate-related extreme events (e.g., heavy rain storms, flooding, dust storms or wildfires)

impeding events, such as excessive smoke due to wildfires

identify emergency routes out of region in the event of flooding, fire or natural catastrophe; identify location of masks if air is hazy as a result of fires

adaptation of more appropriate clothing and tools. Weather forecasts can also be used to modify work schedules, as appropriate.

Risks to Design, Site Location and Materials Selection:Extreme climate-related events (e.g., storms, wildfires, extreme heat and flooding), landslides , erosion, and ground movement can affect the longevity of infrastructure; these impacts can be worsened or mitigated based on construction designs and siting/location

High

Recent climate data should be assessed and analyzed and local input solicited in order to better determine the magnitude of risk from weather and climate related extreme events

Engineering design criteria and materials selection should be made more robust, as required, depending on the severity of weather and climate related impacts predicted for the future; six-month review sessions should include a session on logistical review: updating primary and alternative routes for transportation of construction materials to sites

Opportunities exist to improve structures systems in a way more resilient to climate change:

Designers should read: World Bank: Enhancing the Climate Resilience of Africa’s Infrastructure: The Roads and Bridges Sector

Six-month implementation reviews should provide data on roads and climate that can be used to: create a more robust maintenance plan, update and revise road drainage designs, and revise the life cycle cost of road assets including construction maintenance, repairs and rehabilitation

Risk to Design, Site Location and Materials Selection:

Potential problems arising from environmental and climate risks not having been methodically considered and

High Environmental and climactic data related to specific project locations is assessed and engineering designs are made more robust to ensure resilience to a wider range of impacts and stresses related to climate change

Factors of safety for engineering designs are modified, and a design manual prepared to include more resilient engineering for infrastructure, including irrigation systems

Improved design manual based on climate impacts can be provided to the government at handover

66

specifically addressed in the engineering design.

67

Activity Types Timeframe Geography Climate Risks Risk Rating How Risks are Addressed at Project

Level.

Further Analysis and Actions for Activity Design/ Implementation

Opportunities to Strengthen Climate

Resilience

Installation of small photovoltaic systems

After implementation, the life span of a photovoltaic array is approximately 20 years

Throughout basin

Risks to Design, Materials Selection and Operation and Maintenance:

Decreased life of service of PV

High

Systems can be designed for a longer life span to compensate for decreased longevity

Design and/or selection of photovoltaic systems can incorporate future anticipated extreme weather events

Opportunities exist to improve planning and engineering practices in a way more resilient to climate change:

Engineering designs and / or selection of components will focus on the use of more resilient materials while attempting to keep weight the same. This will improve overall response and flexibility of system to unpredictable weather-related events.

Risks to Construction Process:Extreme climate-related events (e.g., storms, wildfires, extreme heat and flooding), landslides and erosion can threaten routes and transportation systems necessary to access locations where photovoltaics are being installed

High During planning and design, alternate transportation routes can be identified, and construction timelines can incorporate contingency extra time in the event of transportation delays

Six-month review sessions should include a session on logistical review: updating primary and alternative routes for transportation of construction materials to sites

Opportunities exist to improve transportation systems in a way more resilient to climate change:

Designers should read: World Bank: Enhancing the Climate Resilience of Africa’s Infrastructure: The Roads and Bridges Sector

Six-month implementation reviews should provide data on roads and climate that can be used to: create a more robust

68

maintenance plan, update and revise road drainage designs, and revise the life cycle cost of road assets including construction maintenance, repairs and rehabilitation

Risks to Construction Workers:

Construction workers may face increased risk of heat exhaustion or impacts of climate-related extreme events (e.g., heavy rain storms, flooding, dust storms or wildfires)

High

Workers will be provided with water and access to shade and work will be postponed, as is relevant, in the event of storms or other impeding events, such as excessive smoke due to wildfires

Construction guidance manuals should specify: need for providing water to workers;identify emergency routes out of region in the event of flooding, fire or natural catastrophe; identify location of masks if air is hazy as a result of fires

Based on input from workers and also daily reports, working conditions can be improved with the adaptation of more appropriate clothing and tools. Weather forecasts can also be used to modify work schedules, as appropriate.

Risk to Design, Site Location and Materials Selection:

Potential problems arising from environmental and climate risks not having been methodically considered and specifically addressed in the engineering design.

High

Environmental and climactic data related to specific project locations is assessed and engineering designs are made more robust to ensure resilience to a wider range of impacts and stresses related to climate change

Factors of safety for engineering designs are modified, and a design manual prepared to include more resilient engineering for infrastructure, including irrigation systems

Improved design manual based on climate impacts can be provided to the government at handover

69

Activity Types Timeframe Geography Climate Risks Risk Rating How Risks are Addressed at Project Level.

Further Analysis and Actions for Activity Design/ Implementation

Opportunities to Strengthen Climate Resilience

Activities and Events, including festivals, tournaments, rallies, concerts, distribution/handover ceremonies, sporting events, competitions and training sessions

The usable duration of investment for these activities is for the duration of the events, and for the ancillary activities they generated during the period afterward, which will last approximately 2 to 3 years

Throughout basin

Climate related extremes can increase temperatures in buildings where training takes place, making the conditions unsuitable for effective education/work.

Moderate

Ensure that selected buildings can remain cool and provide drinking water to participants to avoid dehydration.

Guidance will be written for organizing events and activities, and will include a checklist of factors to consider—including those related to climate related events

The need to prepare contingency plans for climate related factors will improve the overall planning process because it highlights the need to consider alternatives related to location, transport and shelter

Extreme climate-related events (e.g., storms, wildfires, extreme heat and flooding), landslides and erosion can threaten access routes and transportation systems necessary to access meetings, and potentially threaten the safety of attendees attending such meetings

Moderate

During planning and design, alternate transportation routes can be identified, and schedules can incorporate alternative dates in the event of transportation delays; the locations that are selected as venues should be roofed, durable and strong enough to withstand storm, and should include cooling during high temperatures.

Guidance will be written for organizing events and activities, and will include a checklist of factors to consider—including those related to climate related events;

Six-month review sessions should include a session on logistical review: updating primary and alternative routes for transportation of construction materials to sites

Route planning will become integrated into all activity planning;Implementation reviews every year should review transportation problems associated with frequently used roads associated with evaluate the prospect of rehabilitating those specific routes

70

Activity Types Timeframe Geography Climate Risks Risk Rating How Risks are Addressed at Project Level.

Further Analysis and Actions for Activity Design/ Implementation

Opportunities to Strengthen Climate Resilience

Trench excavation related to drainage, irrigation, repair and rehabilitation of structures and modification of open spaces.

After implementation, an irrigation system has a useful design life of approximately 20 years

Throughout basin Risks to Construction Process:

Optimal dry season for trench excavation may be shortened due to prolonged length of rainy season; modifications to the work planning calendar should be anticipated in advance.

High The rainy season durations of recent years must be evaluated, and the planned forthcoming dry season calendar modified accordingly

Meteorological data from the past ten years should be evaluated to analyze if rainy seasons are growing in length. If so, the calendar for trench excavation during the dry season must be adjusted accordingly; Engineering designs can incorporate supports for trenches and adjust schedules of activity based on most recent annual precipitation forecasts; this planning will help increase integrity of trenches, thereby reducing chances of soil subsidence after construction during operation and maintenance period

Evaluating the rainfall records and seasonal lengths of the past decade will provide climate insights to assist with other aspects of program, such as scheduling deliveries of materials to rural sites.

Opportunities exist to improve planning and engineering practices in a way more resilient to climate change:

The greater variability in rainfall patterns and floods provides an opportunity to design more efficient schedules for trench excavation

Risks to Construction Process:

Extreme climate-related events (e.g., storms, wildfires, extreme heat and flooding), landslides and erosion can threaten routes and

High During planning and design, alternate transportation routes can be identified, and construction timelines can incorporate contingency extra time in the event of transportation delays

Six-month review sessions should include a session on logistical review: updating primary and alternative routes for transportation of construction materials to sites

Opportunities exist to improve transportation systems in a way more resilient to climate change:

Designers should read: World Bank: Enhancing the Climate

71

transportation systems necessary to access trench excavation locations

Resilience of Africa’s Infrastructure: The Roads and Bridges Sector

Six-month implementation reviews should provide data on roads and climate that can be used to: create a more robust maintenance plan, update and revise road drainage designs, and revise the life cycle cost of road assets including construction maintenance, repairs and rehabilitation

Risk to Construction Workers:Construction workers may face increased risk of heat exhaustion or impacts of climate-related extreme events (e.g., heavy rain storms, flooding, dust storms or wildfires)

High

Workers will be provided with water and access to shade and work will be postponed, as is relevant, in the event of storms or other impeding events, such as excessive smoke due to wildfires

Construction guidance manuals should specify: need for providing water to workers;identify emergency routes out of the region in the event of flooding, fire or natural catastrophe; identify location of masks for workers if air is hazy as a result of fires

Opportunities exist to improve both the work environment and practices in a way more resilient to climate change:

Based on input from workers and also daily reports, working conditions can be improved with the adaptation of more appropriate clothing and tools. Weather forecasts can also be used to modify work schedules, as appropriate.

Risk to Design, Site Location and Materials Selection:

Potential problems arising from environmental and climate risks not having been

High Environmental and climactic data related to specific project locations is assessed and engineering designs are made more robust to ensure resilience to a wider range of

Factors of safety for engineering designs are modified, and a design manual prepared to include more resilient engineering for infrastructure, including

Improved design manual based on climate impacts can be provided to the government at handover

72

methodically considered and specifically addressed in the engineering design.

impacts and stresses related to climate change

irrigation systems

73

Activity Types Timeframe Geography Climate Risks Risk Rating How Risks are Addressed at Project Level

Further Analysis and Actions for Activity Design/ Implementation

Opportunities to Strengthen Climate Resilience

Cash for work (including community clearing of debris/brush outside of community perimeters) skills acquisition, entrepreneurship and apprenticeship programs for vulnerable youth

Throughout Implementation and for the planned period after the program ends that apprenticeship programs will continue to take place. This is estimated to be an additional 1 year.

Throughout basin

Extreme climate-related events (e.g., storms, wildfires, extreme heat and flooding), landslides and erosion can threaten access routes and transportation systems necessary to access meetings, and potentially threaten the safety of attendees attending such meetings

Moderate

During planning and design, alternate transportation routes can be identified, and schedules can incorporate alternative dates in the event of transportation delays; the locations that are selected as venues should be roofed, durable and strong enough to withstand storm, and should include cooling during high temperatures

Six-month review sessions should include a session on logistical review: updating primary and alternative routes for transportation of construction materials to sites

Implementation reviews every year should review transportation problems associated with frequently used roads associated with evaluate the prospect of rehabilitating those specific routes

Extreme climate-related events (e.g., storms, wildfires, extreme heat and flooding), landslides and erosion can threaten structural integrity of locations – structures and latrines for example - where apprenticeship training takes place

Locations where apprenticeships will take place should be evaluated for general structural integrity by an engineer before site is confirmed as suitable for use

Engineering standard procedures can incorporate evaluating training, meeting, apprenticeship sites as being structurally sound in the event of extreme weather events

Engineering standard operating procedures can be modified—in general—based on improved means to provide protection in the event of climate related extreme damages

Climate related extreme can increase temperatures in building where apprenticeship training takes place, making the conditions unsuitable for effective education/work

During identification of locations for apprenticeships, evaluation will be made as to internal temperature conditions during extreme weather events. Alternative locations for apprenticeship training must be identified.

Part of standard procedures when selecting locations for training and for apprenticeship programs should be to ensure the internal temperatures are suitable for activity throughout the year

Standard engineering designs should factor in a wider range of temperature conditions within a building as part of the heating, ventilation and cooling (HVAC) design

74

Narrative Summary of the Approach to Activity-Level CRM and Major Results in the Nigeria LCB Context.

In identifying and assessing risks related to climate change that relate to this program, USAID’s Climate Risk Screening and Management Tool for Use in Strategy Design, and USAID’s Climate Risk Screening and Management Tool for Project Design were utilized.

Low, moderate and high risks were assigned to project activities in the CRM output matrix. The process involved identifying potential climate risks, assessing the adaptive capacity—the ability to respond to climate change—and then assigning a climate risk rating based on the combined probability of a negative impact related to climate change with the degree of severity of a negative impact related to climate change.

A ‘high risk’ climate rating, according to the document Climate Risk Management for USAID Projects and Activities (A Mandatory Reference for ADS Chapter 201) [Revised April, 2017]. is one which combines both a moderate or high probability of a negative impact with a high severity of negative impact. In this case the program design team then determined how to assess climate risks at the project level via screening, in-depth analysis and/or the use of existing analyses.

In summary the climate risk assessment methodology produced the following main results:

Summary of most significant climate risks to projects.Moderate climate risks to project include those related to extreme weather events that can threaten access routes and transportation system required for the transportation of attendees to meetings and events, as well as the delivery construction materials for infrastructure rehabilitation.

High risks include the possibility of construction workers facing increased possibilities of heat exhaustion, of extreme weather events triggering landslides and erosion that affect the longevity of infrastructure, or reducing the availability of water for construction. Other risks include flooding or drought impacting the sustainability of crops associated with project interventions, and impacting the design life of structures such as irrigation channels or photovoltaic arrays. Prolonged rain would also impact the window of time in which trench digging can take place, and could affect the integrity of trench walls during excavation.

How the project addresses those risks.To address the assessed risks, the program adopts measures both at the design and at the implementation phases. Engineering designs will be made more robust to withstand the potential for more severe weather and climate related events; photovoltaic arrays will be specified to have high standards to ensure optimal design life; transportation schedules will include alternate routes in the event that flooding renders some roads

75

available; staff will be provided with water and shelter for days of extreme heat, and the dry season calendar for construction activities will be modified based on recent climate data. The specific means to address risks are outlined in the EMMP.

Additionally, the program will include monthly as well as six-month reviews of designs and implementation systems to modify them based on lessons learned regarding the vagaries of climate related impacts.

Rationale behind the acceptance of climate risksClimate related risks exist, but can be mitigated through the measures outlined in the CRM summary table and above discussion. If during implementation risks increase to the point of endangering life or damaging ecosystems or social cohesion, the IP can consider, in consultation with USAID, discontinuing specific activities and substituting lower risk activities.

Summary of how climate risk management process will be continued at the activity level.

On a monthly basis the engineering team and the management team will meet to review risks related to implementation. Every six months, or more frequently as necessary, design and implementation systems (such as engineering design criteria and transportation schedules) can be modified as required to minimize the potential for adverse risks related to climactic factors.

Two other critical resources referenced were the National Adaptation Strategy and Plan of Action for Climate Change Nigeria (NASPA-CCN), and Nigeria’s Intended Nationally Determined Contribution [October, 2015].

Both documents originate from Nigeria’s Federal Ministry of Environment, and the latter is from the Department of Climate Change, which is within the Ministry. The second document describes recommended adaptation priorities and outlines how climate change adaptation is an ‘integrated component of sustainable development, reducing the vulnerability and enhancing the resilience and adaptive capacity of all economic sectors and of all people—particularly women, children and resource-poor me—to the adverse impacts of climate change.’

The 13 sector-specific strategies, policies, programs and measures are included in the annex to this document.

For the specific Lake Chad Basin context, the map shown in Figure 1 of this document identifies geographical spatial variation within Nigeria related to relative climate change vulnerability. The map divides the country into six regions, and identifies the northeast of the country—where this program is being implemented—as belonging to Class 1, or most vulnerable to climate change.

76

Specific strategies outlined in this document that were considered when identifying and assessing risks related to climate change for this C-IEE included:

The need to adopt improved agricultural systems for both crops and livestock, for example, by increasing access to resistant crops and adopting better soil management practices.

Implementing strategies for improved resource management, such as increasing the use of irrigation systems that use low amounts of water.

Including increased protective margins in the construction and placement of energy infrastructure—specifically photovoltaic cell arrays—in terms of utilizing materials and equipment of higher standards and specifications that will better endure the impact of more severe weather events and an altered climate.

Expanding the use of sustainable energy sources (through the provision of photovoltaic arrays) which thereby helps to decentralize transmission in order to reduce vulnerability of energy infrastructure with respect to climate impacts.

Including protective margins with respect to construction and transportation, such as incorporating road rehabilitation designs that are more resilient to more varied and extreme climactic conditions in terms of design standards and specifications.

Undertaking risk assessment and risk reduction measures to increase resilience of transportation and communication sectors by, for example, identifying alternative routes for materials transport in case primary routes are rendered unusable by weather/climate related events.

Incorporating climate change into business planning with respect to SMEs by, for example, ensuring that vendors and business owners associated with program-associated projects are educated in the need to construct their facilities and structures to higher standards so they are more resilient to climate related potential damage.

In consideration of the beneficial effects of reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in preparing the conceptual design of this program, the following specific activities have been included:

The implementation of photovoltaic arrays to capture solar energy replaces energy generation from the use of fossil fuels, thereby impacting the reduction of GHG.The scheduling of construction activities is such that work should take place during daylight rather than at night so as to avoid the need to provide night lighting that would be powered by the use of diesel generators (which emit greenhouse gasses).Route planning for the delivery of construction materials identifies alternative roads; routes will be changed depending on which is the most efficient in terms of time and energy consumption. This will have a positive impact in reducing emissions.According to the above referenced document, over 90% of Nigerian businesses are micro- and small enterprises. In implementing SME activities, promoting the construction of energy efficient buildings for business owners will lead to lower lifetime costs for the owners, and also reduce the prevalence of an active heating and cooling systems powered by fossil fuels.

77

Projects aimed at adapting and building agricultural and food security systems that are resilient to climate change, and which are not reliant on high external input farming, industrial meat production and large-scale industrial agriculture will help to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from these activities.

Other critical resources that were referenced regarding climate impacts includes the following:

National Agricultural Resilience Framework, published by the Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development.

The National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency (NESREA)

78

4.3 GENERAL PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION CONDITIONS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT + CLIMATE RISK MANAGEMENT PLANNING, MITIGATION, MONITORING, AND REPORTING

In addition to the specific conditions above, the negative determinations recommended in this C-IEE are contingent on full implementation of the following general monitoring and implementation requirements:

Pre-Award 1. Review of Global IEE as included with proposal solicitation (i.e., SWIFT IDIQ

Request for Task Order Proposals, or RFTOPs)

2. Preparation and Submission an Environmental Capabilities Statement. The Environmental Capabilities Statement (ECS) must: articulate the IPs anticipated approach for fulfilling climate risk and environmental management requirements with regards to internal staffing, institutional arrangements, and project budget. Specifically, the ECS must articulate how the IP will be able to effectively respond to all climate risk and environmental management conditions established in the Global OTI IEE and this C-IEE throughout OTI project implementation.

Post-Award

3. Environmental Impact and Climate Risk Verification for Program Start-Up. Prior to development of the C-IEE, the OTI IP still must screen and verify the environmental impact and climate risk for the country portfolio of activities to ensure consistency with the environmental threshold decision established in the Global OTI IEE. The OTI IP must review planned activities against the “Activity Type” classifications in the Global OTI IEE and use the guidance provided by Annexes A and H to confirm that the planned country activities have a level of environmental impact and climate risk commensurate with the classifications in the Global OTI IEE. In the event that environmental impact and climate risk verification indicates that an activity within the country portfolio has greater risk than the analogous Activity Type in the Global OTI EE, the OTI IP must present that activity accordingly in this C-IEE. In all cases, the result from Environmental Impact and Climate Risk Verification must be documented within the OTI Activity Database (there are unique fields for each)3, by demarcating the applicable environmental threshold decision and climate risk rating for each activity. Refer to Section 4.2 of the Global OTI IEE under POST-AWARD, Condition 3 for more detail.

4. Development of C-IEE. OTI Nigeria Lake Chad Basin program shall provide the IP with a copy of the Global OTI IEE and this C-IEE; the IP shall be briefed on their environmental compliance responsibilities by their cognizant COR. During this briefing, the C-IEE conditions applicable to the IP’s activities will be identified and the IP will be responsible for further developing the C-IEE for approval within four months4 of program start-up. Refer to Section 4.2 of the Global OTI IEE under POST-AWARD, Condition 4 for more detail.

3 The environmental impact risk (Categorical Exclusion or Negative Determination with Conditions and the climate risk rating (Low, Moderate, or High) should also be recorded in the Database for all activities for the life of the program. 4 Each award will provide the exact deadlines

79

5. Development and Implementation of IAP. The IAP establishes the OTI IP’s institutional arrangements to ensure that all environmental compliance and climate risk management requirements applicable to the IP’s programs are effectively executed and fulfilled (see Global OTI IEE Annex D for IAP Instructions and Template). The IAP must be submitted to OTI, the Mission, the DCHA/BEO, and the DCHA/CIL for approval within four months5 of program start-up. See Annex D for guidance and a template.

6. Development and Implementation of the EMMP.  The IP shall develop and provide for OTI, Mission, BEO/DCHA and DCHA/CIL review and approval an EMMP documenting how their project will implement and verify all C-IEE conditions that apply to their activities (see Global OTI IEE Annex C for guidance on, and template for, EMMP development for OTI, and refer to Section 4.2 of the Global OTI IEE under POST-AWARD, Condition 5). The EMMP must be submitted to OTI, the Mission, the DCHA/BEO, and the DCHA/CIL for approval within four months6 of program start-up.

7. Integrate Environmental Compliance Language into Sub-Grants and Sub-Awards. The IP shall assure that sub-grantees and subcontractors have the capability to implement the relevant requirements of this C-IEE. The IP shall integrate their EMMP into their program work plan and budgets, implement the EMMP, and report on its implementation as an element of regular program performance reporting. The IP shall assure that subcontractors and sub-grantees integrate implementation of IEE conditions, where applicable, into their own activity work plans and budgets and report on their implementation as an element of sub-contract or grant performance reporting. The IP shall, as and if appropriate, provide training to sub-grantees and subcontractors in their environmental compliance responsibilities and in environmentally sound design and management of their activities. Refer to section 4.2 under Condition 6 of the Global OTI IEE for more detail.

Integration of compliance responsibilities in prime and sub-contracts and grant agreements.

a. OTI Nigeria and Chad Basin Countries shall assure that any future contracts or agreements for implementation of these activities, and/or significant modification to current contracts/agreements shall reference and require compliance with the conditions set out in this IEE.

b. The IP shall assure that future sub-contracts and sub-grant agreements, and/or significant modifications to existing agreements, reference and require compliance with relevant elements of these conditions.

8. Ensure Effective Monitoring, Evaluation, and Follow-up and Regular Risk Verification. The OTI COR/AOR and CR will ensure that the OTI IP is aware of,

5 Each award will provide the exact deadlines6 Each award will provide the exact deadlines

80

familiar with, and compliant with the C-IEE and the EMMP from an implementation and monitoring perspective. The OTI IP shall be held responsible for its environmental compliance responsibilities, as part of regular required reporting requirements. Refer to section 4.2 under Condition 7 of the Global OTI IEE for more detail on COR/AOR and CR Monitoring Responsibility, Establishment of Systems for OTI Oversight of C-IEE and EMMP Implementation, Risk Verification, Regular Review, and Ad Hoc Activity Development outside the OTI Iterative Review.

9. Environmental Mitigation and Monitoring Reporting (EMMR). As required by ADS 204.3.4, the IP will prepare EMMRs in consultation with OTI field staff and COR, the OTI Program Office, the MEO, and/or the DCHA BEO and DCHA CIL (see Annex E of Global OTI IEE) detailing the findings from monitoring and evaluation of environmental compliance as described in General Monitoring and Implementation Requirement 5 above. Refer to section 4.2 under Condition 8 of the Global OTI IEE for more detail on reporting procedures. When an EMMR is submitted, a “Current FY BEO Environmental Oversight Report” is also to be submitted. This is a standard report in all OTI program Activity Databases

10.Adhere to Local Laws and Regulations. Nothing in this IEE substitutes for or supersedes IP, sub-grantee, and subcontractor responsibility for compliance with all applicable host-country laws and regulations. The IP, sub-grantee, and subcontractor must comply with host-country environmental regulations unless otherwise directed in writing by USAID. However, in case of conflict between host country and USAID regulations, the more stringent regulation shall govern.

11.Adhere to Environmentally Sound Design and Management Principles. IPs and their sub-contractors or sub-grantees should follow USAID Sector Environmental Guidelines (SEGs) for best management practices in designing their activities. The SEGs are concise, plain-language information regarding typical, potential adverse impacts of activities and how to prevent or otherwise mitigate impacts. IPs shall reference these guidelines in developing their EMMPs and determining ESDM strategies for implementation of their activities. IPs are encouraged to reference other best practice resources, as useful, in developing EMMPs. Refer to section 4.2 under Condition 10 of the Global OTI IEE for more detail.

81

i Lake Chad Basin Crisis. DTM-UN Migration Agency. July 2018.ii Lake Chad Basin: a crisis rooted in hunger, poverty and lack of rural development. Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations. April 11, 2017.iii Remote Sensing Appraisal of Lake Chad Shrinking Connotes Sever Impacts on Green Economics and Socio-Economics of the Catchment Area. The Royal Society Publishing. Onamuti, Okogbue, and Orimoloye. November 8, 2017.iv The Lake Chad Conventional Basin. A Diagnostic Study of Environmental Degradation. United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP). November 1989. Kindler, Warshall, Arnould, Hutchinson and Varady.v Adapting to climate change in the Lake Chad Basin. German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ). 2018.vi Lake Chad Basin. Global Water Partnership.vii Lake Chad flooded savanna. World Wide Fund for Nature.viii Adaptation to Climate Change in the Lake Chad Basin. GIZ.ix Lake Chad’s Forgotten Crisis. DownToEarth. Kundan Pandey. June 29, 2017.x The Lake Chad Basin Aquifer System. Global Water Partnership. October 2013.xi Seasonal Migration and Settlement around Lake Chad: Strategies for Control of Resources in an Increasingly Drying Lake. MDPI. Zieba, Yengoh, and Tom. August 25, 2017.xii Lake Chad Basin Crisis. Health Emergency Highlights. Issue # 29. World Health Organization. 2015.xiii Lake Chad: The World’s Most Complex Humanitarian Disaster. The New Yorker. Ben Taub. December 4, 2017.xiv Lake Chad Basin Emergency: Humanitarian Needs and Requirement Overview. OCHA. February 2018.