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Bay of BengalArabian Sea

Penganga

Godavari

Manjra

Bhima

Krishna

Tunabbgadra

Krihna

Godavari

Sabari

IndravatiPrannitaVamsadhara

Mahanadi

Pennar

Palar

Ponnaiyar

Kaveri

Vaigai

Tamiraparani

Periyar

BhavaniBeypore

Tunga

Bhadra

Wardha

Wainganga

Narmada

Betwa

Parbati

KaliSindh

ShipraBanas

Luni

Sabarmati

Mahi

BhadarShetrunjaya

Ganga

Yamuna

Sarda

Ghaghra

Gomati

Gandak

Baghmati

Kosi

Damodar

Kasai

Subarnarekha

Brahmani

Baitarani

Rihand

Hughli

Brahmanputra

Barak

Chambal

Sutlej

Beas

Ravi

Chenab

Jhelum Indus

Son

Kolkata

0-5 m

10 m

15 m

25 m

35 m

30 m

40 m

75 m

100 m

150 m300 m

600 m

300 m

600 m1800 m

3000 m

900 m

BOTANICAL GARDEN

HOOGHYL RIVER

ARABLE LAND

GURUDAS PARK

SUBHAS SAROVAR

ARABLE LAND

ARABLE LAND

ARABLE LANDREGENT PARK

TOLLYGUNGE

NIBEDITA PARK

NATURE PARK

LAKE GARDEN

LION SAFARI PARK

RABINDRA SAROVAR

MAIDAN

ZOOLOGICAL GARDENQUEEN VIVTORIA PARK

PARC CIRCUS

BIRLA PARK

NATURE STUDY PARK

WOODBURN PARKAUCLAND PARK

PARK

CHILDREN PRAK

RIPON SQUAREHAZI MOHAMMED MOHSIN SQUARE

CURZON PARK

TALA PARK

JATINDRA MOHAN PARK

DESHBANDU PARKDESHPARA SHITALA MAATH

GAURI BARI KIT PARK

BAGMARI PARK

TRAFALGAR SQUARE

MILENIUM PARK

EDEN GARDENS

LADIESPARK

JODHPURPARK

BURIAL GROUND

BOTANICAL GARDEN

Robert Kyd

MAIDAN

Fort William

REGENT PARK

TOLLYGUNGE

NIBEDITA PARK

TOLLYHUNGE

LAKE GARDEN

LION SAFARI PARK

RABINDRA SAROVAR

TALA PARK

JATINDRA MOHAN PARK

DESHB ANDU PARK

BAGMARI PARK

QUEEN VICTORIA PARK

EDEN GARDENS

SUBHAS SAROVAR

HAZI MOHAMMED MOHSIN SQUARE

MILLENIUM PARK

JPDHPUR PARK

CURZON PARK

TRAFALGARSQUARE

DESHPARA SHITALA MAATH

AUCLAND PARK

NATURE STUDYPARK

WOODBURN PARK

RIPON SQUARE

CHILDREN PARK

BIRLA PARK

AUCKLAND PARK

PARK

LAIDEISPARK

GURUDASPARK

BURIAL GROUND

PARC CIRCUS

ZOOLOGICAL GARDEN

9.0 m

-40 m

9.2 m

- 20 m

9.5 m

150 m

10.0 m

300 m

10.5 m

600 m

11.0 m

900 m

11.5 m

1000 m

12.0 m

1350 m

12.5 m

1800 m

13.0 m

3000 m

13.5 m

4500 m

6000 m

44 45

GEOGRAPHY

OFKOLKATA

_SandrineGrossenbacher

India has a area of 3.29 Mio.kmand is the 7th biggest country in theworld.

Sharing borders with India are Ban-gladesh, Bhutan, Myanmar, China,Nepal und Pakistan.

Life forms from unicellular tomulticellular and microscopic to gi-gantic sizes by the forests, deserts,mountains, other land, air und waterprovide shelter, food, medicine, fod-der, fuel, clothing for our daily needs

and raw material for industry.The Indo-Gangetic Plain occupiesmost of northern, central, and east-ern India, while the Deccan Plateauoccupies most of southern India. Tothe west of the country is the TharDesert, which consists of a mix ofrocky and sandy desert. Indias eastand northeastern border consists ofthe high Himalayan range.

RiversThe major rivers of India are the Indus, Ganges and Brahmaputra.

The Indus, with his 3200 km is the longest river in India. It arises from Tibet,owing through the western Himalaya, Kashmir and nally into the ArabianSea.The Ganges River, the important ow from northindia, evolves from the7817m high Nanda Devi in the western Himalya from two frontal ow. After

Kolkata, is the capital of the state of West Bengal and one of the nationslargest cities. It lies on the east bank of the Hooghly River, one of thewestern branches of the Ganges. The climate is hot and humid. Annualtemperatures average about 26 C. Annual rainfall is about 168 cm. TheTopography of India is about 5 meter over sea. Up to the Hooghly Riverit is about 14 meter high. To the Bay of Bengal it sinks to 5m above sealevel.

Districtwise the highest number of fauna is present in Kolkata (4256).The fauna and ora of West Bengal possess the combined characteris-tics of the Himalayan and sub Himalayan Gangetic plain.

The botanical garden in Kolkata has about 1,500 species, 2500 varieties

including 750 trees and shrubs. Also the biggest tree Banyan of theworld is there with 1400 airroot.

Western Ghats

DarjeelingKaangchenjunga

(3th biggest moun-tain in the world)

DarjeelingTea Plantage

AssamTeagathering women

SunderbansMangroves

Westbangal

Estern Ghats

Dekkan Plateau

Lotus Plant, Nelumbo nucifera:It is the National Flower ofIndia. It symbolizes divinity,fertility, wealth and knowledge.It is grown in the damp soil.It requires Sunlight atleast sixhours a day. The Lotus plantshould be fertilized regularlyfor one year.

Jamine Plant, Jasminumsambac:Jasmine plant is found inalmost all the parts of India.Jasmine is a evergreen semishrub. Winterblte(Dec).

Bamboo (Bansh)

a woody perennial evergreenplant. Bamboo belongs to thetrue grass family, Poaceae.

Coconutpalmis bleeding the hole year andfruchtet das ganze jahr ber

und bildet jhrlcih 10-14steinfrchte.

Orchid Plant, Oncidium sphacelatumThe bloom season begins in autumnand ends in spring.But some orchids have a sleepingtime in winter.

Banyan treeIt is one of the biggesttree in the world and canbe found in the botanicalgarden of Kolkata.

PLANTS IN WESTBENGAL_KOLKATA

a 2700 km course, the Ganges comes together with the Brahmaputra intothe Bay of Bengal. The Brahmaputra comes from the Tibetan Tsangpo, themost important ow of East India.

The Himalayan river networks are snow-fed and have a continuous owthroughout the year. Other networks are dependent on the monsoonsand shrink into rivulets during the dry season. In India, permanent naturalfreshwater lakes are located mainly in the Himalayan belt and are motstlytectonic or glacial in origin.

GEOGRAPHY OF INDIATopography

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Nal Savorar

RanthamborShivapuri

SariskaKeoladeo Ghana

Borivili

Taboba

Kanha

BandhavgarhMarine

Gir

Littleran ofKutch

Naina Devi

Kaziranga

Similipal

Vedanthangal

Pulicat

Pont Calimere

Periyar

Wyland

Nagarhole

Dandeli

MudumaliaiBandiour

Sunderbans

PalamauHazaribagh

Dudhwa

Corbett

Naina DeviValley ofFlowers

Govind Sagar

Dachigam

ManasJaldapara

Velvadar

S

S

S

S

S S

S

S

S

S

SS

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

SS

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

SS

S

S

S

l r r

n ri ri

ril n

ri ili

n

n rrin

ir

i l r n

in i

ir n

i i l i l

n n l

li

n l i r

ri r

l n

r l

n li

li in i r

n r n

l ri

r

in il l l r

in r

i

nl r

l r

46 47

GEOGRAPHY

OFINDIA

_SandrineGrossenbacher

5. VegetationIndia, the land of physical, cultural, social and linguistic diversity has aenormous biological diversity which includes about 40 000 species ofora and 89 000 species of fauna. The tropical forest cover of India isabout 6.4 sq km which represents about 19.27% of Indias total geog-raphycal area. They are cultivating Rice, Wheat, Sorghum, Millet, Jute,Tea, Cotton, Coconut an much more. It depense of the area and climati-cal zone how diffrent the nature is; tropical zone, desert, stony areas.The fast multiplying population have led to the depletion of natural res-sources, shrinking of vegetation blanket. Also the biological informationis lost. Clearing of forests in the tropics, conversion of grassland, forestland to croplands for feeding population, constructions of highways or

urban centres, have reduces habitat of plants and animals..

< 20 cm June 1st

Zone 1< 33 m/s

hotest inRajasthan upto 50C> 27.5C C

20-40 cm June 5th

Zone 233-39 m/s

25.0-27.5 C

40-50 cm June 10th

Zone 339-44 m/s22.5-25.0 C

60-100 cm June 15th

Zone 444-47 m/s

20.0-22.5 C

100-150 cm July 1st

Zone 5

Tropicalstorms

(suspected)plate boundary

Plates movingdirection

47-50 m/s

< 20.0 CColdest in Thardown to 9C

150-250 cm July 15th

> 50 m/s

Summerwind

Winterwind

> 250 cm August 1st

Flooding ZoneSouthwestSummer

NortheastWinter

Equatorial converenceZone

6. SoilThe geological history of India started with the geological evolutionof rest of the Earth i.e. 4.57 billion years ago. India has a diverse ge-ology. Different regions in India contain rocks of all types belongingto different geologic periods. Some of the rocks are badly deformedand transmuted while others are recently deposited alluvium thatare yet to undergo digenesis. It is believed that the Deccan Trapwas formed as result of sub-aerial volcanic activity associated withthe continental deviation in this part of the Earth during the Meso-zoic (a time of tectonic, climatic and evolutionary activity) era. Thatis why the rocks found in this region are generally igneous type.

7. Fauna_ Nationalpar ks_Animalprot ections:Since the 3rd Century B.C. animal pr

otection was a concern of Bud-dhism. They admired the cow, elefant, monkey and peacock. The cow isfor the Indian people very holy, because their economic benet is greatfor agriculture and milk. Without the animals they would not be able tosurvive. The Corbett-Nationalpark was the rst park which developedin 1936 from the English people. There are about 93 national parks andalmost 500 reserve. The parks takes about 4,7% of Indian area. Animalslike the Indian elefant, Bengal tiger, leopard, crocodiles, Snakes, livethere.

Ressources: Indien_C. Bourzat_Christian Verlag ; Plant diversity and conservation in India_H.J.Chowdhery ; Geological Survey of India_No.89_Sujit Dasgupta ; Indien_Allianz Reisefhrer_Baedeker ;www.prakritisamsad.org ; www.blog.suedasien.info ; www.commons.wikimedia.org ; www.eusoils.jrc ; www.mapsondia.com www.calcuttaglobalchat.net http://.banglapedia.search.com ;http://en.wikipedia.org ; http://ezinearticles.com

8. EarthquakeDue to continental drift, the India Plate split from Madagascar and col-lided with the Eurasian Plate resulting in the formation of the Himala-yas. The Himalayan orogeny has continued to the present day.Tsunamis are rare but not totally absent. The tsunami is a PacicOcean phenomenon and the tsunami of the 26 Deceber 2004 was oneof the largest interplate shallow-thrust earthquakes that occured atthe interface of the subducting Indian lithosphere and the overridingBurma plate. Kolkata lies in Zone 3, implying that earthquakes of greatintensity have not hit the city as yet.

Caostel alluvium

Deep Black

Forest | Scrub

Calcareous

Mountain Meadow

Rice

Glaciers & Snow

Laterite

Desert

Red sandy

Red Loamy

Jowar (Sorghum)

Medium Black

Alluvial

Bajra (Millet)

Grey Brown

Desert

Saline & Alkali

Wheat

predominatedcrop

1. Annual Rainfall_Flooding ZoneMonsoonal and other weather conditions in India are unstable. Majordroughts, oods, cyclones and other natural disasters are sporadic.Characterised by moderate to high year-round temperatures, even inthe foothills, its rainfall is seasonal but heavy, typically above 200cm peryear. Most rainf all occurs between May and November; this is adequatefor the maintenance of lush forests and other vegetation throughout theremainder of the year. December to March are the driest months, whendays with precipitation are rare. The heavy monsoon rains are respon-sible for the extremely biodiverse tropical wet forests of these regions .

2. MonsoonThe english word monsoon came from Portuguese mono, ulti-mately from Arabic mawsim season.The big seasonal winds blowing from the Indian Ocean and Arabian Seain the southwest, bringing heavy rainfall to the region (because of thecondensation of water vapor in the rising air). In the southwest the sum -mer monsoon begins in June and ends in September. It is tropical: warmand humid. In this time, 80-90% of the Indian areas have their annualrainfall. In most areas of India it is for 8-9 months dry. The beginning ofthe monsoon can be earlier or later. But for the farmers it depends verymuch, because the right timing and how much it rains is important for agood crop.

.

3. TemperatureIndia stands under the inuence of the tropical climate. The Himalayasact as a barrier to the frigid wind from Central Asia and protects Indiafrom cold weather inuence from the north. In January and February it iscool and dry. The day temperature are around 20-25C. But in the nightit can get to 10C (in northwest and north India). In April and May it isvery hot and try. The thermometer can get to 35C. Sandstorm in dryareas are often. From June to September the monsoon (Southwest wind)begins. The dry period in October and November are comfortable. FromDecember till February/March the Wintermonson starts with a northeastwind.

4. WindTehre is a relashionship between the Rainfall, Monsoon and the resultedWind. Monsoons are strong, often violent winds that change directionwith the season. The strongest monsoon winds occur in India. Monsoon- One Strong Global Wind-blows from cold to warm regions becausecold air takes up more space than warm air. This weather phenomenonis created in winter when a high-pressure area forms far to the north,over Siberia. Monsoons blow from the land toward the sea in winter,and from the sea toward land in the summer. Monsoon wind plays apredominant role in the daily life of the people of South Asia. The use ofmonsoon wind in the Indian Ocean was a boon to the sailing ships toreach overseas countries.

GEOGRAPHY OF INDIA