10-10-2013-1345-Natural Refrigerant Geothermal Heating and Cooling Solutions-Lalit Chordia

8/18/2019 10-10-2013-1345-Natural Refrigerant Geothermal Heating and Cooling Solutions-Lalit Chordia

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Natural Refrigerant,

Geothermal Heating & Cooling Solutions

Lalit Chordia, PhD, Marc Portnoff

150 Gamma DrivePittsburgh, PA 15238

www.thargeo.com


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www.thargeo.com

Thar Geothermal, LLC © 2013 │ All Rights Reserved

C O 2MFORT

ADVANTAGE

Nature’s

Talk Outline

• Introduction to Thar Geothermal

• Carbon Dioxide (R744) the

Environmental ly Except ional Refr igerant

• Thar Geothermal’s Direct Exchange System Advantage: • All Natural, Safe & Non-toxic Refrigerant• Highly Efficient Direct Exchange Design•

Better Return on Investment• Reduced Environmental Impact

• Conclusions


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www.thargeo.com


Evaporator

Condenser

Expansion

Valve

Compressor

Geothermal

Well Field

R744Refrigerant

Loop

CO2

WARMHOT

COLDCOOL

Cold Air Hot Air

Successful Demonstrations 2012-2013• Enhanced Energy Eff ic iency

• Reduced Enviro nmental Footpr in t

What differentiates Thar Geothermalfrom other commercial geothermal systems?

Commercial Scale,Direct Exchange Design

Carbon Dioxide (co2)R744 the Safe & Natural Refrigerant


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www.thargeo.com


Good Manufacturing Process,Super Critical Extraction,Pharmaceutical production system

25+ years commercializing “Green”supercritical fluid technologies

Designer and developer of

supercritical fluid processes,systems & major components

Industrial scale 24/7/365 installations,world wide:

Food Chemicals Neutraceutical Pharmaceutical Electronics industries

Numerous successful spin-offs

Techno logical Advantage:

Based on parent company’s core competencies


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Cost and difficulty of evaluatingthe suitability of individualinstallation sites

High cost of geo-loop installation;~50-75% of total system

Degree of disruption associatedwith geo-loop installation

Thar Geothermal solutions arefocused on lowering these barriers!

Barriers to selecting a Conventional Geothermal System


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Carbon Dioxide (CO2)

Safe & Natural Refrigerant


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CO : THE NEW OLD REFRIGERANT

Peak UseDisplaced by CFCs Renewed Interest

- Environmentallyfriendly properties

Kilmarnock Scotlanddemonstration

History of Carbon Dioxide (R744) as Refrigerant

CO2 proposedas a refrigerant

Alexander Twining, British Patent

Circa 1900


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Environmental Impact of Man Made Refrigerants

Total EquivalentWarming Impact

Commercial Food and Retail Application:Direct Leakage > Energy Consumption

Brown, Christopher, Exploring CO2: The Natural Choice

for Sustainable, Efficient Refrigeration Systems, Danfoss,

January 2013, www.danfoss.com/co2

DIRECTRefrigerant Leakage

(GWP)

INDIRECTEnergy Consumption

(COP)

IndirectDirect


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Environmental ly Except ional

• Safe: Non toxic, Non flammable &Non corrosive

• Significantly less expensive

•

Does not affect the ozone layer• Orders of magnitude less impact

on global warming vs. man maderefrigerants (e.g. HFCs)

• Large carbon footprint reductions(>30% for refrigeration applications)

• No Phase-out Potential

• Unaffected by future legislation &taxation

Why R744 (Carbon Dioxide)?

0500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

R22R134A

R404AR410A

R744

(CO2)

G l o b a l W a r m i n g P o t e n t i a l

Refrigerant Type

R744(CO2)

Brown, Christopher, Exploring CO2: The Natural Choice for Sustainable,

Efficient Refrigeration Systems, Danfoss, January 2013,

www.danfoss.com/co2


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www.thargeo.com


Lower Liquid & Vapor viscosity• Less energy required for refrigerant flow

Higher Cooling Capacity•

Smaller lines and geo-loops• Smaller heat pump components

Higher Energy Density – more efficient heat transfer• Increased heat exchanger efficiency • Low Evaporator Temperature Deltas

ECO 2 Eff icient

for Geothermal Appl icat ion s

R744 Beneficial Refrigerant Properties

Relative sizing ofpipes (Dry Suction

Line) to give the

same capacity

CO2

R134a


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• Demand increasing due toconcerns about globalwarming and interest in

“natural products”

• Major corporations aroundthe globe have deployed orare developing commercial

CO refrigerationtechnologies

CO

: THE NEW OLD REFRIGERANT


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CO

: THE NEW OLD REFRIGERANT

• Used Wor ldw ide

• Variety of commercialapplications pr imar i ly in

Europe & Japan

Air Side Heat Pumps

Vending Machines

Grocery Store Coolers

Industrial Refrigeration Automotive AC

Dry Cleaning

Supermarket

Refr igerat ion

Instal lat ions

Over 5,000

Water Heaters

Over 3.5 m il l ion

Soda Pop

Machines

Over 2.5 m il l ion

Masson, N., Mainstreaming Natural Refrigerants, TheBusiness Case for North America, Shecco,ATMOsphere America: June 2013, Washington DC


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Thar Geothermal, LLC © 2013 │ All Rights Reserved Masson, N., Mainstreaming Natural Refrigerants, The Business Case forNorth America, Shecco, ATMOsphere America: June 2013, Washington DC

U.S.A. Supermarkets using R744 (CO2) Refrigerants


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Conventional Ground Source GeothermalCOOLING MODE

ExpansionValve

Cold Air

Evaporator

Hot Air

Low Pres Liquid

Condenser

Compressor

R410aRefrigerant

Loop

High Pres Liquid

LowPres

Vapor

High Pres Vapor

WARMHOT

COOL COLD

R410a toWater HX

GeothermalWell Field

Warmer Water

CoolerWater

WaterPump

WaterLoop

Heat Flow


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Simpler & Mo re

Eff ic ient Design

Thar All Natural – DIRECT EXCHANGEGround Source Geothermal - COOLING MODE

Evaporator

Low Pres Liquid

Condenser

Expansion

Valve

Compressor


R744Refrigerant

Loop

High Pres Liquid

Low PresVapor

High Pres VaporCO2

WARMHOT

COLDCOOL

Cold AirHot Air

Heat Flow


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Simpler & Mo re

Eff ic ient Design

Thar All Natural – DIRECT EXCHANGEGround Source Geothermal – HEATING MODE

Evaporator

Low Pres Liquid

Condenser

Expansion

Valve

Compressor


R744Refrigerant

Loop

High Pres Liquid

Low PresVapor

High Pres VaporCO2

WARM HOT

COLD COOL

Cold Air Hot Air

Heat Flow


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Thar All Natural – DIRECT EXCHANGEGround Source Geothermal

New PUMP COOLING MODE

Sens ible Load

EERs > 60

Evaporator

Low Pres Liquid

Condenser


R744 PUMP

RefrigerantLoop

Low Pres Vapor

WARM

COOL

Cool AirHot Air

Pump

Heat Flow


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• Geo-loop well field installation based onsite geology, location, & available land

• Vertical systems are more sub-surfacespace efficient

• Horizontal systems are less expensive toinstall but more land is required

• Geology determines:

Soil thermal conductivity affects the lengthof geo-loop to handle the HVAC load (ft/ton)

Degree of drilling difficulty and costDrilling technique selectionHole diameter and depth

Ground Source Geothermal Heat Pump SystemsMost Common Installation Options

VerticalClosed-loop

Systemtcsgroup.eu.com

Horizontal

Closed-loopSystem

hydroheat.com


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Smaller Holes Less earth removed Less waste – lower disposal $ Less grout Smaller equipment

Lower mobilization cost

Smaller Geo-loops can ReduceEnvironmental Footprint & Cost

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

6.03.0

1.5

Volume of 300 ft Borehole

Conventional1.25” Pipe (1.66” O.D.)

HDPE

Thar Geothermal

StainlessSteel


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Thar R744 Geothermal Facility, Pittsburgh, PAWell Field Development

VerticalWell Field

#1

HorizontalWell Field

#1Vertical

WellField #2

Well Field #3

Radiant PatioWells

Mud Rotary

Down Hole Hammer

Sonic

Horizontal Directional

Horizontal Directional


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Thar Geothermal systems are versatile and can

integrate with all types of standard HVAC systems

• Central or Distributed

• Air or Water Heat Exchangers

• Active Radiant (Chilled Beam)

• Passive Radiant

• Cassette

• Wall Mount

• Mini Air Handling Unit

1 0 G D i


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Thar R744 Geothermal Facility, Pittsburgh, PASystem Integration & Development

Radiant

P a t i o

Manufacturing &Warehouse Space

Cooling & HeatingAir Handling Units

Shipping & ReceivingCooling & HeatingAir Handling Units

Front OfficesRadiant Floor

Compressor Pumps

Toll Process SpaceCooling & Heating

Air Handling Units

GeothermalLab & Workshop

150 G D i


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Radiant Floor

OfficeCafé

150 G D i


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Café

Patio

March 6, 2013 Thermal Image

Radiant Patio

150 Gamma Drive


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Thar Geothermal Development Facility

Air Handling

Units

• Validate R744 DX heat pump cycle

• Component Testing and Evaluation

Microchannel Heat Exchanger Designs

Auto Expansion Control ValvesOil Management System

Control Software/Hardware

• Demonstration at commercial scale geothermal system (15-20 ton)

Air Side Heat Exchanger (heating and cooling)

Radiant Floor (heating and cooling)

50

55

60

65

70

75

80

100 200 300 400

T e m p ( d e g F )

A HU _2 _T E1 A HU _2 _T E2

150 Gamma Drive


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Load model – Outputs

Four types of HVAC:

• Conventional Gas/AC• Air-to-air heat pump

•No water heating

• Freon-Indirect Geothermal HP• Thar CO2-DX Geothermal HP

Dehumidification

Change air Change air

Ain

Aout

Rout

Rin

TDout

93,778

203,020

93,778

203,020CFM

79 F

52 %RH76 F

55.0 %RH55.1 F

97.0 %RH

55.1 F

97.0 %RH

DD5.30 Kg/min

Heat/Humidify

DH

N/A

63.0 F

N/A

78.0 %RH

N/A

TCout

THout

Water

Water

Reheat

Pumped cooling

Water

DC 0.00 Kg/min

0.0 MM Btu/h

0.0 MM Btu/h

25 509 474 114 3.5

1,122

kW Internal Load

Kg/m

internal

moisture

HMHHWall St Ss

150 Gamma Drive


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ECO 2 Eff icient

0.00

0.20

0.40

0.60

0.80

1.00

1.20

1.40

1.60

Gas&ACConv-GSHP

E

n e r g y C o s t ( $ / f t 2 )

G a s H e a t

& A / C

C o n

v e n t i o n a l G r o u n d

S o u r c e H e a t P u m p

T h a r G e

o t h e r m a l

D i r e c t E

x c h a n g e

210,000 ft2 Facility

Pittsburgh, PA

Enhanced Energy EfficiencyLower Energy Costs

150 Gamma Drive


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www.thargeo.com


•Thar Geothermal Solutions are the next evolution inGround Source Heat Pump Systems providingEnhanced Econom ic & Environm ental Value

• All Natural, Safe & Non-toxic R744 (CO2) Refrigerant

Less expensive, Promotes ease of maintenance

• Direct Exchange Design More Efficient

• Improved Return on Investment Reduced Operating Costs Reduced Maintenance Costs Same or Lower Capital Costs

• Reduced Environmental Impact

Conclusions

C O 2MFORT

ADVANTAGE

Nature’s

150 Gamma Drive


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www.thargeo.com

Contact: [email protected]

orMarc PortnoffManager, New Technology Thar Geothermal 150 Gamma Drive, Pittsburgh, PA 15238 412-963-6500 ext. 246

[email protected] www.thargeo.com

Documents

10-10-2013-1345-Natural Refrigerant Geothermal Heating and Cooling Solutions-Lalit Chordia