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Yahya Gino Kurama, Associate ProfessorYahya Gino Kurama, Associate Professor

Civil Engineering and Geological SciencesCivil Engineering and Geological Sciences

University of Notre DameUniversity of Notre Dame

Introduction to Engineering ProgramIntroduction to Engineering ProgramUniversity of Notre DameUniversity of Notre Dame

July 5, 2010July 5, 2010

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• Structure: “any assemblage of materials that is intended to sustain loads”

• Nearly every plant and animal, and nearly all works of human beings have to sustain forces without breaking, so practically everything is a structure of one type or another.

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BuildingsDams

Tunnels

Bridges

DomesCivil Structures are

BIG!

4Great PyramidsGreat Pyramids SphinxSphinx

Man fears Time, yet Time fears the PyramidsArab proverb

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• Gravity loads (self weight, people, furniture, etc.)• Earth and water pressure• Dynamic wind load effects• Dynamic occupant effects• Earthquakes

Structures respond to these dynamic loads, moving, swaying, and ….

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BUILDING STRUCTURES

• Masonry• Reinforced concrete frame• Steel frame• Reinforced concrete wall

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Marina CityChicago

Sears TowerChicago

John Hancock BuildingChicago

Empire State BuildingNew York CityTransamerica Building

San Francisco

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AUGUST 17, 1999 IZMIT EARTHQUAKE (M 7.4)

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SEISMIC ACTIVITY IN THE REGION

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San Andreas FaultCalifornia

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RIGHT-LATERAL STRIKE-SLIP FAULT (> 1400 km)

EE

WW

The North Anatolian FaultThe North Anatolian Fault

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HORIZONTAL SLIP ALONG THE NAF

2 meters(6.6 feet)2 meters(6.6 feet)

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HORIZONTAL SLIP ALONG THE NAF

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HORIZONTAL SLIP ALONG THE NAF

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VERTICAL SLIP ALONG THE NAF

1.7 meters (5.6 feet)1.7 meters (5.6 feet)

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VERTICAL SLIP ALONG THE NAF

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REINFORCED CONCRETE BUILDINGS

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REINFORCED CONCRETE BUILDINGS

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WHICH FLOOR WOULD YOU RATHER LIVE IN?

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SOFT/WEAK STORY COLLAPSE

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REINFORCED CONCRETE BUILDINGS

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REINFORCED CONCRETE BUILDINGS

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HYGOKEN-NAMBU, JAPAN, 1994

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CHI-CHI, TAIWAN, 1999

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NORTHRIDGE, U.S., 1994

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NORTHRIDGE, U.S., 1994

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MAIN PROBLEMS

• Poor detailing, poor materials, poor workmanship• Stiff and heavy structures• Limited capacity to deform laterally

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SEISMIC ISOLATION

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SEISMIC ISOLATION USING LEAD-RUBBER BEARINGS

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LEAD-RUBBER BEARING

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USC UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL - WITH ISOLATION

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USC UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL - WITH ISOLATION

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OLIVE VIEW HOSPITAL - WITHOUT ISOLATION

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OLIVE VIEW HOSPITAL - WITHOUT ISOLATION

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OLIVE VIEW HOSPITAL - WITHOUT ISOLATION

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• Civil Engineering has many interesting and challenging problems.

• Protecting structures against damaging winds and earthquakes is one of the important jobs of a civil engineer.

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National Science Foundation Scientists and Engineers in the Schools Program

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http://http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquake.usgs.gov/

U.S. Geological Survey

http://http://wwwneic.cr.usgs.gov/wwwneic.cr.usgs.gov/

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On PBSOn PBS

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/buildingbig/buildingbig/

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