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World Cities, urban strategies- responses to global environments

Lecture 8David Litteljohn

Events in a Globalising World, 2008-09

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Aims

1. To look more closely at the notion of world cities

2. To understand the dynamics of cities in a globalised environment

3. To relate the above to the Event and tourism policy at local levels

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References and further reading•Short, J R and Kim, Y-H, 1999, Globalization and the City, Pearson, Chapter 4 and 7•Neal, Z., 2008, The duality of world cities and forms: comparing hierarchies, networks ….., Global Networks, 8 (1), pp 94-115•Euromonitor, Top 150 City Destinations: London Leads the Way11 October 2007

http://athens.portal.euromonitor.com/portal/server.pt?control=SetCommunity&CommunityID=209&PageID=724&cached=false&space=CommunityPage

•Law, Christopher M., (1993) "Organization and funding" from Law, Christopher M., Urban tourism pp.143-153, Mansell Publishing Limited.http://www.gcal.ac.uk/library/digitisation_archive/08_09/MLLSM04/MLLSM04_64772.pdf •See http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/publicat.html for some interesting research articles

• Page, Stephen J. and Hall, C. Michael, (2003) "Visitors in cities: activities and attractions" from Page, Stephen J. and Hall, C. Michael, Managing Urban Tourism , Chapter 5, pp.147-189, Harlow, Pearson Education Limited

• http://www.gcal.ac.uk/library/digitisation_archive/08_09/MLLSM04/MLLSM04_64961.pdf

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Setting the Events City Race!

• Events– Olympics and others– World Fairs/Expos– European Cities of Culture– MICE including award ceremonies (e.g MTV)

– Competitive Touring Exhibitions

• World city hierarchies– Size, power and function– Centres and peripheries– City networks

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Much workon cities reiterates the obvious……TokyoNew YorkLondonetc

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Current social & cultural dimensions in ‘World City’ planning

• Requirements– Knowing, understanding, innovating are important

here– Are these generic or are do they relate to specific

contexts?

• Outcomes– Social and economic winners and losers

Anholt City Brands Index Websitehttp://www.citybrandsindex.com/

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Global Cities - by Industry Cluster: e.g. Media

Krätke, Stefan (2003) Global Media Cities in a World-wide Urban Network, European Planning Studies, 11:6, 605 - 628

Global Cities - by Industry Cluster: e.g. Support Business

As quoted in Chris Chase-Dunn, Alexis Alvarez, Andrew Jorgenson, Richard Niemeyer, Daniel Pasciuti and John Week, 2006, Global City Networks in World Historical Perspective: http://www.irows.ucr.edu/papers/irows28/irows28.htm

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City destinations - Tourism Clusters?

Euromonitor, Top 150 City Destinations: London Leads the Way, 11 October 2007

Purpose of visit in 35 European Cities

• Business and Professional – 46%• Leisure, recreation and holidays – 27%• Visiting friends and relations – 8%• Health treatment – 2%• Other – 18%

(Source, Wober, 1997, as in Page & Hall, p 143)

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Aspects of city tourism• Arts and culture (e.g. Berlin)• The nightlife city (e.g. Las Vegas, Dublin, Glasgow)• The shopping city (Dubai, )• The sporting city (event specific but also ‘specialised’ e.g. Manchester, Grand Prix and other circuits, capital cities)• The Business City (Las Vegas conventions)

• Business city

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Cultural Capital?

• Multi-function• Global• Political• Former• Ex-imperial• Province/state capitals• Super capitals

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Business Travel markets? It must be business class!

Witlox, F, Derudder, B, Faulconbridge J and Beaverstock J (2007) Airline business travel flows in the global space economy. quantitative and qualitative approaches to analysis. Paper presented at the Association of American Geographers Annual Meeting, San Francisco, 17 th -21 st April, as quoted inJ.R. Faulconbridge and J.V. Beaverstock, 2007, Geographies of International Business Travel in the Professional Service Economy accessed at http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/rb/rb252.html

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Top Meeting destinations

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Integrating city functions in globalising world

• City representation now integrative and proactive

• Greater integration of events and tourism in the local economic and social planning functions and city marketing

18Adapted from Law, CM, 1996, Urban Tourism Attracting Visitors to large Cities, Mansell, London

Urban Tourism - strategy means integration

Times Square, New York• By 1970s initial buzz

fading• Private and public sector

(city and state development) project

• Mixed office and entertainment plan – only partly successful

• Time(s) and anchors/ springboard attractions needed

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Carnival • The development of an event• Globalisation influences in the 1940s

– USA/Disney and the search for new markets: see http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_mQHr8bAojUDevelopment from the 1960s to the mid 1980s

• Current Carnaval – 2002 at the Sambadromo

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TNcf-sG9xiI– 2007 - Bloco Boitatá

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rPBDdlOTrr4

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SAMBADROMO, RIO

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Manques, 2006, A revitalizacao do carnival da rua do Rio, Jovem Museologica

• Origins of carnival– Religious– Political (master/salve)– Public space

• Mid-late 1800s– Middle-classes and private

space (venetian masques)• Early 1900s – 1930

– From white to black?

• By late 1930 being used by President Getulio Vargas to create Brazilian identity (through radio)

• Spread to all sectors of Society

• 1960s-1970s concentration/spectacle/exclusivity

• 1990s – flowering? Neighbourhoods as well as spectacle

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