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8/22/2019 1 What is Telecommunication Rajesh123
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TELECOMMUNICATION
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-: INDEX :-
SR.No. Content
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What is telecommunication?
Telecommunications is the exchange of information over significant
distances by electronic means. A complete, single telecommunications circuit
consists of two stations, each equipped with a transmitter and a receiver. The
transmitter and receiver at any station may be combined into a single device
called a transceiver. The medium of signal transmission can be electrical wire or
cable (also known as "copper"), optical fiber or electromagnetic fields. The free-
space transmission and reception of data by means of electromagnetic fields is
called wireless
He simplest form of telecommunications takes place between two stations.
However, it is common for multiple transmitting and receiving stations toexchange data among themselves. Such an arrangement is called a
telecommunications network. The Internet is the largest example. On a smaller
scale, examples include:
Corporate and academic wide-area networks (WANs) Telephone networks Police and fire communications systems Taxicab dispatch networks Groups of amateur radio operators
Data is conveyed in a telecommunications circuit by means of an electrical
signal called the carrier or carrier wave. In order for a carrier to convey
information, some form of modulation is required. The mode of modulation can
be broadly categorized as either analog or digital. In analog modulation, some
aspect of the carrier is varied in a continuous fashion.
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The Role of TelecommunicationTo delivery multimedia, especially video, the key issue of bandwidth must be
addressed first. Bandwidth is communication power - the capacity of an
information channel to transmit bits without error in the presence of noise. In fiberoptics, in wireless communications, in new dumb switches, and in digital signal
processors, bandwidth will expand from 5 to 100 times as fast as the rise of
microprocessor speeds. With the rapid spread of national network of fiber and
cable, the dribble of kilobits from twisted-pair telephone lines is about to become a
firehouse of gigabits.
Broadband bandwidth and video compression are the important technologies to
successfully transmit video information. Thus, the focus on this paper is digital
video compression and broadband technology such as ADSL, hybrid network,
ISDN, ATM, frame rely, and SMDS. In addition, according to Benton Foundation
working paper, telephone and cable companies are currently testing delivery
systems for video-on-demand and near-video-on demand services. Those
interactive testbeds for video-on-demand service will be addressed as well.
Digital Video Compression Broadband Technology Delivery System of Video on Demand Digital Video Compression
MEG (Moving Picture Experts Group) is currently to generate standards for digital
video (sequences of images in time) and audio compression. The MPEG format
can support full-screen (640*480) 30 frames per second video with audio on
computers equipped with hardware MPEG decoders.
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Broadband Technology
1. Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Loop (ADSL)2. Hybrid Network3. Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)4. Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN)5. Frame Relay6. Switched Multimegabit Data Service (SMDS)
Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Loop (ADSL)
ADSL is a multimedia modem which can transmit more than 6 Mbps over twisted
pair copper and permits transmission of a single compressed, high- quality video
signal, at a rate of 1.5 Megabits per second, in addition to an ordinary voice phone
conversation. It is quick enough to bring remote multimedia - video, audio,
graphics, and text - to millions of users. ADSL makes room for Plain Old
Telephone Service (POTS) , so the phone line operates as it always did, for voice,
facsimile, and computer services. Even if ADSL fails, the line still works for
POTS. With ADSL, the following activities can be at the same time:
Voice call (or send/ receive a fax).
A selected video on demand or interactive education program. PC access to an office LAN at LAN speeds in one window, an Internet
Video in a second window, and a video conference using a screen corner.
Since ADSL could convert copper lines to multimedia driveways based oncustomer request, some telephone companies already appreciate the truth of
ADSL. Others have backed off because ADSL seems expensive and does
not transmit analog video.
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Hybrid Network
Networks that reach into the home are hybrids of the fiber-optic cable, existing
copper wire and coaxial cable used by telephone and cable television companies.
Fiber-optic cables will be used in the major arteries and portions of the distributionsystem, while existing copper and coaxial cable will be used in the last hundred
yards.
Hybrid networks can delivery a full range of high-bandwidth interactive service at
a fraction of the cost of fiber to the home. Digital compression, storage, and
transmission will reduce the cost of rewiring a neighborhood to a manageable
burden. High-capacity video file servers capable of storing thousands of hours of
programming will be attached at the regional level. Existing cable systems will be
replaced by high-capacity, noiseless fiber-optic cable that will reach from thesystem's head into each neighborhood.
Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)
ATM is the most important short-term contributor to the tides of bandwidth. It puts
everything into same-sized boxes called cells and each one is 53 byes long,
including a five-byte address. Small packets of a uniform 53 bytes can be switched
at enormous speeds through an ATM network and dispatched to the end users on a
fixed schedule that can accommodate voice, video and data, all at once. ATM alsoturns networks of small computers into scaleable supercomputers. It combines with
fiber-optic links to provide a far simpler, more modular and more scaleable
solution than the complex copper backplane buses that perform the same functions
in large computers.
The basic principles of ATM:
ATM is considered as a specific packet oriented transfer mode based onfixed length cells. Each cell consists of an information field and a head,which is mainly used to determine the virtual channel and to perform the
appropriate routing.
The information field of ATM cells is carried transparently through thenetwork. No processing like error control is performed on it inside the
network.
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All service (voice, video, data) can be transported via ATM, includingconnectionless services.
Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN)
ISDN is a technology designed for the public switched telephone network that
allows low-cost communication in data, voice, graphics, and video. It is designed
to run over the existing copper local loop that connects the telephone company's
central office to the home. Some of the characteristics that distinguish ISDN are:
It builds on groups of standard transmission channels. Bearer channels (B
channels) transmit user information at relatively high speeds, while separate data
channels (D channels) carry call set-up, signaling and other information.
It handles all type of information. They are all digitized and transmitted athigh speeds in the same flow of data.
It handles many devices and many telephone numbers on the same line. It supports up to 3 calls at the same time.
It offers variable, responsive transmission speeds. Two or more channels can be
combined into a single larger transmission "pipe." Channels can be assembled as
needed for a specific application, and then broken down and reassembled into
different groups for different applications.Charge of ISDN
Usage is charged at standard business voice rates for voice or datatransmission.
Usage and distance sensitive pricing (same as business voice). Time of day and volume discounts available. Options and rates.
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Frame Relay
Frame Relay is a packet based on interface standard that has been optimized for the
transport of protocol-oriented data. A frame relay network consists of user devices
and network devices that implement the standard interface. The user device isresponsible for delivering frames to the network in the prescribed format. The
network in the prescribed format. The network is responsible for switching or
routing the frames to the proper destination user device.
Benefits of Frame Relay
Reduced internetworking costs. Increased performance with reduced network complexity. Increased interoperability via international standards.
Switched Multimegabit Data Service (SMDS)
SMDS is a connectionless, cell-switched data transport service that offers total
end-to-end application solutions. With SMDS, organizations have the flexibility
they need for distributed computing and bandwidth-intensive applications. At the
same time, because SMDS supports both existing and emerging technologies, it
provides the scalability organizations need to support the application in the future.
Because SMDS is able to coexist with dedicated facilities, it enables customers tocreate hybrid public/ private networks. SMDS also allows for the easy expansion
of existing networks, since new sites can be quickly added to a SMDS net without
totally reconfiguring the network. Flat rate tariffs for SMDS service range from
$350 to $750 per mouth, plus a one-time installation charge per subscriber network
interface of $700 to $1000.
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WHY IT IS REQUIRED?Businesses would be lost without the current technological
advancements and a lot of companies would cease to exist. But this is not
the only benefit that telecommunications can bring. With these
advancements also comes science, without telecommunications, we would
be unable to fly with planes and helicopters or effectively navigate in the
seas. Besides this space travel would be near to impossible to achieve.
A world without telecommunications would not be possible; society
has made itself so used to this type of technology that the world would end
up collapsing if it was taken away. The reason in the tremendous growth of
telecommunications is because, as people and cities throughout the planet
grew, we needed a better way to relay messages between one another.
The greatest technological advancement that we could have possibly
got from this is the creation of the phone and internet. The phone was a
major piece of communication, Almost every household now has at least
one phone, with most having several.
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ANALOG SIGNALAn Analog or analogue signal is any continuous signal for which the time varying
feature (variable) of the signal is a representation of some other time varyingquantity, i.e., analogous to another time varying signal.
The most common form of analog signal transmission occurs electrically. In
order for this to happen, a voltage must be sent at a specific frequency. The flow of
this electrical charge is known as current. By controlling the frequency of the
current, information can be transmitted to another medium and presented on that
medium. For example, magnetic tape on a cassette conveys information to the
stereo which transmits it into electrical signals of specific frequencies which in
turn tell the speakers what noise to make.
DIGITAL SIGNALIn a digital signal, the information is encoded as a set of discrete values (for
example, a set of ones and zeros). A digital system uses two-state, either on/off or
A digital display shows discrete values as numbers (as opposed to an analogue
signal, such as the continuous sweep of a pointer on a dial).Uses modem to
translate analog to digital, digital to analog
In electronics and computing, a term meaning 'coded as numbers' is know
as digital. Digital electronics is The technology that underlies digital techniques.
Low-power, miniature, integrated circuits (chips) provide the means for the
coding, storage, transmission, processing, and reconstruction of information of all
kinds
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COMMUNICATION MEDIA AND CHANNELSCABLE MEDIA
TWISTED WIRESTwisted pair cabling is a type of wiring in which two conductors (the
forward and return conductors of a single circuit) are twisted together for the
purposes of canceling out electromagnetic interference (EMI) from external
sources; for instance, electromagnetic radiation from unshielded twisted pair
(UTP) cables, and crosstalk between neighboring pairs. It was invented by
Alexander Graham Bell
COAXIAL CABLECoaxial cable, or coax, is an electrical cable with an inner conductor
surrounded by a flexible, tubular insulating layer, surrounded by a tubular
conducting shield. The term coaxial comes from the inner conductor and the
outer shield sharing the same geometric axis.
Coaxial cable is used as a transmission line for radio frequency
signals, in applications such as connecting radio transmitters and receiverswith their antennas, computer network (Internet) connections, and
distributing cable television signals
FIBER-OPTIC CABLEAn optical fiber is made up of the core, (carries the light pulses), the
cladding (reflects the light pulses back into the core) and the buffer coating
(protects the core and cladding from moisture, damage, etc.). Together, all of
this creates a fiber optic which can carry up to 10 million messages at anytime using light pulses. Fiber optics is the overlap of applied.
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Wireless Media
MICROWAVEMicrowaves are electromagnetic waves with wavelengths ranging from as
long as one meter to as short as one millimeter, or equivalently, with
frequencies between 300 MHz (0.3 GHz) and 300 GHz.
While the name may suggest a micrometer wavelength, it is better
understood as indicating wavelengths very much smaller than those used in
radio broadcasting. The boundaries between far infrared light, terahertz
radiation, microwaves, and ultra-high-frequency radio waves are fairly
arbitrary and are used variously between different fields of study.
ORBITING SATELLITESA satellite Internet connection is an arrangement in which the upstream
(outgoing) and the downstream (incoming) data are sent from, and arrive at,
a computer through a satellite. Each subscriber's hardware includes a
satellite dish antenna and a transceiver (transmitter/receiver) that operates in
the microwave portion of the radio spectrum.
In a two-way satellite Internet connection, the upstream data is usually sent
at a slower speed than the downstream data arrives. Thus, the connection is
asymmetric.
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NETWORKSWhat is Network?
- In information technology, a network is a series of points or nodes interconnectedby communication paths. Networks can interconnect with other networks and
contain subnetworks.
A network consists of multiple computers connected using some type of
interface, each having one or more interface devices such as a Network Interface
Card (NIC) and/or a serial device for PPP networking. Each computer is supported
by network software that provides the server or client functionality. The hardware
used to transmit data across the network is called the media. It may include copper
cable, fiber optic, or wireless transmission. The standard cabling used for thepurposes of this document is 10Base-T category 5 ethernet cable. This is twisted
copper cabling which appears at the surface to look similar to TV coaxial cable. It
is terminated on each end by a connector that looks much like a phone connector.
Its maximum segment length is 100 meters.
Star Topology
Star Topology is the most common type of network topology that is used in homes
and offices. In the Star Topology there is a central connection point called the hubwhich is a computer hub or sometimes just a switch. In a Star Network the best
advantage is when there is a failure in cable then only one computer might get
affected and not the entire network.
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Advantages of Star Topology Due to its centralized nature, the topology offers simplicity of operation. It also achieves an isolation of each device in the network. Disadvantage of Star Topology The network operation depends on the functioning of the central hub. Hence,
the failure of the central hub leads to the failure of the entire network.
BUS TOPOLOGY
A bus network uses a multi-drop transmission medium, all node on the network
share a common bus and thus share communication. This allows only one device to
transmit at a time. A distributed access protocol determines which station is to
transmit.
Advantages:
Failure of one of the station does not affect others. Good compromise over the other two topologies as it allows relatively high
rate of data tansmittion.
well suited for temporary networks that must be set up in a hurry. Easy to implement and extend.
Disadvantage:
Require a network to detect when two nodes are transmitting at the sametime.
Does not cope well with heavy traffic rates Difficult to administer/troubleshoot. Limited cable length and number of stations. A cable brake can disable the entire network; no redundancy. Maintenance cost may be higher in the long run. Performance degrade as additional computers are added.
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Ring topology
Also known as a ring network, the ring topology is a type of computer network
configuration where each network computer and device are connected to each
other forming a large circle (or similar shape). Each packet is sent around the ringuntil it reaches its final destination. Below is a visual example of a simple
computer setup on a network using a ring topology.
Advantage of Ring Topology
The data being transmitted between two nodes passes through all theintermediate nodes. A central server is not required for the management of
this topology.
Disadvantages of Ring Topology
The failure of a single node of the network can cause the entire network tofail.
The movement or changes made to network nodes affects the performanceof the entire network.
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LOCAL AREA NETWORK (LAN)
A local area network (LAN) supplies networking capability to a group of
computers in close proximity to each other such as in an office building, a school,
or a home. A LAN is useful for sharing resources like files, printers, games orother applications. A LAN in turn often connects to other LANs, and to the
Internet or other WAN.
GATEWAY:
A gateway may contain devices such as protocol translators, impedance
matching devices, rate converters, fault isolators, or signal translators as necessary
to provide system interoperability.
ROUTER:
By definition, a router transfers packets between networks. The router
chooses the next best link to send packets on in order to reach closer to the
destination. Routers use Internet Protocol
PEER - TOPEER:
Small isolated PC setups consisting of a few PC's may be run as peer to peer LAN.
There is no central server, neither a domain controller.
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WIDE - AREA NETWORK (WAN):Definition: A WAN spans a large geographic area, such as a state, province
or country. WANs often connect multiple smaller networks, such as local area
networks (LANs) or metro area networks (MANs).
The world's most popular WAN is the Internet. Some segments of the Internet
WANs generally utilize different and much more expensive networking equipment
than do LANs.
SWITCHED LINES:
It selects which line is fastest & accordingly Route determined by
current traffic.
DEDICATED LINES:
It always selects the high- volume traffic Constantly by this line
Conclusion:
works are becoming a strategic cornerstone for organizations in every industry.
As companies explore new global marketplaces and virtual organizations, they
raely increasingly on electronic communication.