What is Biology ? Study of Life Bios- =life -logy = study of
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Major Branches of Biology: 1.Botany Plant Biology 2.Zoology
Study of animals What makes something alive? Think/Pair/Share 3
Cytology: Genetics: Ecology:
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Characteristics of Living Things 1. Made up of Cells - Multi-
or uni- 2. Can reproduce 3. Grow and Develop 4. Obtain & use
material for energy 5. Maintain a stable internal environment
Homeostasis Metabolism 4 Textbook pgs 15- 19
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Characteristics of Living Things 6. Based on a universal
genetic code 7. Change over time 8. Response to their Environment 5
Evolution DNA
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Cells 6
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Reproduction Asexual Reproduction Asexual reproduction is the
formation of new individuals from the cell(s) of a Asexual
reproduction is the formation of new individuals from the cell(s)
of a single parent. It is very common in plants; less so in
animals. Sexual Reproduction Sexual reproduction is the formation
of new individuals from the fusion of gametes. Two parents 7
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Metabolism Sum of all of the chemical reactions in the body.
Breakdown and build up. 8
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Universal Genetic Material DNA Information passed from parent
to offspring 9
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Characteristics of Living Things 1. Made Up of Cells 2.
Reproduce 3. Are Based on a Genetic Code 4. Growth and Development
5. Need for Materials and Energy 6. Response to the Environment 7.
Maintaining Internal Balance 8. Evolution 10
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Organic Chemistry Study of Compounds that contain Carbon.Study
of Compounds that contain Carbon. Why is carbon so interesting?Why
is carbon so interesting? 1-Carbon has 4 valence electrons.
2-Carbon has the ability to form more compounds than any other
element. 13 Organic Compounds contain Carbon.
What are we composed of? - We have structure- 15 Elements
Covalent bonds Atoms Compounds Macromolecules Cell Proteins Lipids
Carbohydrates Nucleic acid Carbon compounds Functional groups
Nucleus DNA Ribosomes Endomembrane Organelles Organic Compounds
contain Carbon.
Carbohydrates 2 main functions 1) Provide energy to living
cells. Main Source of energy. 2) Structural Components -cell walls
Elements: CHO (1:2:1 ratio)Elements: CHO (1:2:1 ratio) The name
carbohydrate means "watered carbon" or carbon with attached water
molecules. 19 Carbohydrates=energy
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Vocabulary Check Monomer- Single unit Polymer- many units 20
Many molecules are made of up one or more smaller units. One
Monomer + One Monomer = Polymer Carbohydrates=energy
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This is PAUL LEMUR. He's a lemur named Paul. JOKE BREAK 21
Carbohydrates=energy
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Monosaccharides one sugar unit Glucose - plants make during
photosynthesis Galactose -milk C 6 H 12 O 6 22 Apple Juice RNA
Simple sugars Carbohydrates=energy
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Disacchrides two sugars What molecule will this make? 23
Complex sugar Carbohydrates=energy
Polysaccharides Glycogen (pictured)Glycogen (pictured) Glycogen
functions as a fuel store in animals. - Large amounts are stored in
liver and muscle and maintain circulating blood glucose levels
between meals.Glycogen functions as a fuel store in animals. -
Large amounts are stored in liver and muscle and maintain
circulating blood glucose levels between meals. 25 Many sugarsMany
sugars Complex sugar Carbohydrates=energy
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26Polysaccharides Many sugarsMany sugars
Carbohydrates=energy
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Starch- plants store sugars in this form.Starch- plants store
sugars in this form. Viewed under a microscope, the starch grains
in these plants cells are visible as small dots. 27Polysaccharide
Carbohydrates=energy
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Energy Carbohydrates store energy in their chemical bonds. Your
body breaks down the sugars to get energy. Animation
28Polysaccharide Carbohydrates=energy
Carbohydrates Review Used for: Carbohydrates are the major
source of energy for most living things and include sugars, like
glucose and sucrose, and starches. Starches are long chains of
sugars. Plants and some animals use carbohydrates for structural
purposes. An example of this is cellulose, which is found in plant
cell walls, and chitin found in the exoskeleton of arthropods. Made
of: Carbohydrates are made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, with
a 2:1 ratio of hydrogen to oxygen.
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Long-term Energy Storage Long-term Energy Storage More
carbon-hydrogen (C-H) bonds than carbohydrates. More
carbon-hydrogen (C-H) bonds than carbohydrates. Commonly called
fats, oils, and waxes. Commonly called fats, oils, and waxes. They
are insoluble in water due to the nonpolarity of the molecules.
They are insoluble in water due to the nonpolarity of the
molecules. Make good cell membranes. Make good cell membranes.
Lipids Overview 32 Elements : C, H, O
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Cells use lipids for: Cells use lipids for: Long-term energy
storage. Long-term energy storage. Cushions & Insulation.
Cushions & Insulation. Protective coatings & Waterproofing
Protective coatings & Waterproofing Cell membranes
(Phospholipids). Cell membranes (Phospholipids). Examples: Fats,
oils, waxes Fats, oils, waxes Cutin in plants. It helps plants
retain water (waterproofing). Cutin in plants. It helps plants
retain water (waterproofing). 33
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Structure of Lipids Glycerol backbone w/ 3 fatty acid
chainsGlycerol backbone w/ 3 fatty acid chains 34Glycerol fatty
acid chains ENERGY stored in the C-H bonds!
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Lipids dont like water. Phospholipids & Membrane Structure
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36 Saturated Fat -No double bonds, so they lay flat. "the
enemy" -Solid at room Temperature Unsaturated Fat -Double bonds, so
they DO NOT lay flat. "the good guys"! -Liquid at room
Temperature
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Lipids Review Used for: Lipids provide insulation, store
energy, cushion internal organs, and are found in biological
membranes. The waterproof, waxy surface of some leaves contains
lipids. Examples of lipids include fats and oils. Made of: Lipids
are made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. The structural
building block of a lipid is the fatty acid combined with glycerol
(a type of alcohol).
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Nucleic acids are complex macro- molecules that store genetic
information in cells in the form of a code. 38
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39 Function: Stores and transmits genetic information Two TYPES
of nucleic acids 1. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) double strand of
genetic information 2. RNA (ribonucleic acid) single strand copy of
DNA used to build proteins NUCLEIC ACIDS C, H, O, N, P
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Nucleotides (monomers) have 3 parts: 1.A phosphate group 2.A
sugar 3.A base. 40 Polymers of nucleotides Stores and transmits
genetic information
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Nucleic Acids Review Used for: Nucleic acids contain all the
information that an organism needs to live. Nucleic acids direct
the construction of proteins. The genetic information an organism
receives from its parents is in the form of nucleic acids. Made of:
The two types of nucleic acids, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and
ribonucleic acid (RNA), are composed of chains of nucleotides.
Nucleotides consist of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a
nitrogen-containing base.
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Proteins Functions Transport molecules Hemoglobin transports
oxygen Storage molecules Iron stored in the liver in a protein
complex Mechanical support Skin, bones, hair, & nails contain
collagen Hormones Enzymes Speed up chemical reactions Helps control
metabolism. Immune System Antibodies in the immune system 42 C, H,
O, N, S
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Proteins-Structure Elements: CHONSElements: CHONS Made of small
units called Amino AcidsMade of small units called Amino Acids 43
Amino Acids
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44 Bonds that holds Amino Acids together is called a Peptide
Bond.
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Protein can be large complex molecules. 45 Function of a
protein depends on shape and its ability to recognize and bind to
some other molecule.
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Denaturing Proteins pH, salt, temp, etc. are altered, protein
may unravel and lose its conformation and no longer work. 46
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Can have fatal consequences. Ex: Inherited disease, sickle cell
anemia, results from a single incorrect amino acid at the 6th
position of a protein chain out of 146. When the amino acid
sequesnce is wrong: Sickle Cell Anemia: 47
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Proteins Review Used for: Proteins include: enzymes, some
hormones, antibodies, and various structural parts of organisms are
proteins. These protein molecules differ in the number, kinds, and
sequence of amino acids they contain. Made of: Proteins are made up
of chains of amino acids. The 20 amino acids can be combined to
form a great variety of protein molecules in living things.
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are PROTEINS!!!!!! 48
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Enzymes speed up chemical reaction. These reaction would take
place anywayenzymes just speed them up! 49 Enzymes are biological
catalysts Enzymes are proteins
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Examples of an Enzyme
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Without an enzyme! With an enzyme! 50
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How do ENZYMES work? 1.The enzyme attaches to one or more of
the reactants in a reaction. 2.The reactants that bind to the
enzyme are known as the substrates. 3.The part of the enzyme where
the substrate attaches to the enzyme is called the active site.
4.The shape of the active site only fits the shape of the
substrate, somewhat like a lock fits a key. In this way only the
correct substrate binds to the enzyme. 51
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52 Active Site Animation
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Reactants/ Substrates Enzyme Enzymes can only bind to certain
substrates this is known as the Lock-and-Key Mechanism. When the
reaction is over the Enzyme is left as it was. 53 Animation
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Once the enzyme and substrate are together, the enzyme holds
the substrate so the reaction can occur. Once the reaction is over,
the enzyme unlocks the product and the enzyme can start a new
reaction with an identical substrate. Enzymes are not permanently
changed or used up in reactions 54 Animation
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Reaction pathway without enzyme Activation energy without
enzyme Activation energy with enzyme Reaction pathway with enzyme
Reactants Products Effect of Enzymes Go to Section: Enzymes work by
LOWERING the amount of energy required for the reaction to proceed.
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How do you speed up enzymes? 1.Add more of the enzyme. Warm up
the enzyme! Dont warm it too much or it may denature and stop
working. 56
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change in the pH A change in the pH of the enzyme can cause a
change in the shape of the active site, therefore changing the
activity of the enzyme. 57 Animation
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Each Chemical reaction in your body is helped along by a
different enzyme. Enzymes have 4 special features in common do not
1. They do not make processes happen that would not take place on
their own. They just make the processes take place faster! 2.
Enzymes are not permanently altered or used up in reactions. 3. The
same enzyme works for the forward and reverse directions of a
reaction. 4 Each enzyme is highly selective about its substrate. 54
Enzyme pH and Conc lab animation
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From the EOCT study guide:
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EOCT Practice Question #1: Which of these molecules are used to
store energy in living things? A) carbohydrates and lipids B)
carbohydrates and proteins C) lipids and proteins D) lipids and
nucleic acids
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EOCT Practice Question #2: Hereditary information is determined
by molecules of A) carbohydrates B) lipids C) nucleotides D)
proteins
