1- vkfFkZd larqyu vkSj lkykuk ctV--------------------------2 · 15/02/2020 · 629, Ground Floor, Main Road, Dr. Mukherjee Nagar, Delhi - 110009 Ph. : 011- 27658013, 7042772062 2

1- vkfFkZdlarqyuvkSjlkykukctV--------------------------2

2- in~elEekudkyksdra=khdj.k--------------------------------5

3- jkstxkjl`tudky{;--------------------------------------------9

4- bafM;kbuesfdax---------------------------------------------------13

5- tuçfrfuf/;ksadkvijk/hdj.k----------------------------17

6- Ñf"klq/kjdhçfrc¼rk--------------------------------------21

7- futrkdhfparkdht:jr----------------------------------25

8- ^JhjketUeHkwferhFkZ{ks=k*ukelsVªLV----------------29

9- dksjksukok;jldhpqukSfr;k¡---------------------------------33

fo"k;&lwph

629, Ground Floor, Main Road, Dr. Mukherjee Nagar, Delhi - 110009 Ph. : 011- 27658013, 70427720622

vkfFkZdlarqyuvkSjlkykukctV

ctVlsblckrdkladsrrksfeyrkghgSfdljdkjdkè;kufdu{ks=kksaijvf/ddsafærgSActVijlclsvf/dutjosruHkksfx;ksadhjgrhgSfdljdkjusvk;djesafdruhjkgrnhgSAikapyk•#i,okf"kZdvk;okysyksxksadks

dksbZdjHkqxrkudjusdht:jrughagksxhA

;g vkys[k lkekU; vè;;u iz'u i=k&3 (vFkZO;oLFkk) ls lacafèkr gSA

eksnhljdkjusctVesavkeyksxksadslkFk&lkFkdkjksckjtxrdkHkjkslkc<+kusokysdbZdnemBk,

(tkxj.k)

Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dh lqLr jÝrkj ds dkj.k vke ctV dh çrh{kk cslczh ls dh tk jgh FkhA foÙk ea=kh fueZyk lhrkje.k ds yacs ctV Hkk"k.k ds lkFk ;g vis{kk iwjh gqbZA pwafd] eksnh ljdkj us vius nwljs dk;Zdky esa jktuhfrd ekspZs ij dbZ cM+s vkSj vlaHko ls ekus tkus okys dne mBk, gSa] blfy, ;g le>k tk jgk Fkk fd vke ctV ds tfj;s ,sls gh dqN cM+s dne vkfFkZd ekspZs ij Hkh mBk, tk,axsA ;fn ,slk dqN ugha fn•k rks bldk ;gh eryc gS fd ljdkj us oÙkQ dh t:jr ds fglkc ls dne mBkus dh uhfr ij pyuk ilan fd;kA Bhd oSls gh tSls dqN le; igys mlus dkWjiksjsV VSDl esa dVkSrh dh ?kks"k.kk djds fd;k FkkA vke ctV esa dksbZ cM+h ?kks"k.kk u gksus ds ckotwn ;g lkiQ gS fd ljdkj us vke yksxksa ds lkFk&lkFk dkjksckj txr dk Hkjkslk c<+kus okys dbZ dne mBk, gSaA

;s dne u dsoy ljdkjh ra=k ds çfr yksxksa ds Hkjksls dks c<+kus okys gSa] cfYd foÙkh; ra=k ds çfr HkhA bu dneksa ds tfj;s ljdkj us ;g Hkh js•kafdr djus dh dksf'k'k dh gS fd Hkkjr ljh•s cM+h vFkZO;oLFkk okys ns'k esa vkfFkZd xfrfof/;ksa dks xfr nsus esa m|ksx&O;kikj txr ds lkFk vke yksxksa dh Hkh Hkwfedk gksrh gSA ctV ds tfj;s blh Hkwfedk dks egÙo çnku djus dh dksf'k'k dh xbZ gSA ;g Lokxr;ksX; gS] ysfdu ckr rks rHkh cusxh tc ljdkj us ctV ds ekè;e ls vius vkSj lkFk gh m|ksx&O;kikj txr ds fy, tks y{; r; fd, gSa mUgsa iwjk fd;k tkuk lqfuf'pr fd;k tk,xkA

ckr pkgs VSDl O;oLFkk dks ljy&lqxe cukus dh gks ;k fiQj th,lVh dh tfVyrkvksa dks •Re djus dh] bu ok;nksa dks iwjk djus ls gh Hkjksls dh cgkyh gksxh vkSj vke turk ds lkFk&lkFk dkjksckj txr dk Hkh eukscy c<+sxkA Hkys gh vke ctV ij 'ks;j cktkj dh çfrfØ;k ;g çrhr djkus okyh gks fd mldh vis{kkvksa dks iwjk ugha fd;k x;k] ysfdu ctV dks dsoy 'ks;j cktkj ds utfj;s ls ns•uk lgh ugha gksxkA

ekStwnk vkfFkZd nkSj esa ctV dks bl utfj;s ls Hkh ns•us dk nkSj chr x;k fd mlds tfj;s fdls D;k feyk\ ctV dks jkgr&fj;k;r ds fiVkjs ds rkSj ij ns•us ds ctk; bl n`f"V ls ns•uk le; dh ekax gS fd ljdkj D;k djus dk bjknk j•rh gS vkSj os iwjs gks ldrs gSa ;k ugha\ ;g vPNk gS fd ljdkj us

2022 rd fdlkuksa dh vk; nksxquk djus vkSj vxys ikap o"kks± esa Hkkjr dks ikap fVªfy;u MkWyj dh vFkZO;oLFkk okyk ns'k cukus ds vius okns nksgjk,A okLro esa mls vius lHkh okns ;kn jgus pkfg,A

cM+hleL;kvksadschpvk;kctV(fganqLrku)

;g og ctV Fkk] ftlls geus cgqr mEehnsa cka/h FkhaA eq>s yxrk Fkk fd ctV vFkZO;oLFkk •kldj eSØksbdksukWeh dh gkyr dks vPNh rjg le>sxk vkSj mlds fy, t:jh lek/ku nsxkA vkt ge ml txg ij gSa] tgka gekjs ikl fiNys ,d n'kd dh lcls de fodkl nj gSA

eghuksa ckn vkS|ksfxd fodkl nj ldkjkRed fn'kk esa vkbZ gS] gkykafd ;g vHkh Hkh 2-8 iQhlnh ds 'kkspuh; Lrj ij gSA bl lcdks tksM+dj gekjh fodkl nj bl le; 4-5 iQhlnh gh gSA blds lkFk gh dhersa c<+ jgh gSa] fuos'k dh nj ?kV jgh gS] vkSj vxj ge us'kuy lSaiy loZs dh fjiksVZ ds mu vkadM+ksa dks Hkh blds lkFk tksM+ ysa] tks yhd gksdj ge rd igqaps gSa] rks efgyk csjkstxkjh dh nj c<+ jgh gS vkSj xjhch de gksus dk flyflyk myVh fn'kk esa tk jgk gSA

gkykafd 'kqØokj dks laln esa is'k gq, 2019&20 ds vkfFkZd loZs{k.k esa bu miyC/ rF;ksa vkSj vkadM+ksa dh ctk; dsaæh; lkaf[;dh; laxBu ds ikap iQhlnh fodkl nj ds vkadM+s dks gh Lohdkj fd;k x;k gSA bu gkykr dks ns•rs gq, eq>s mEehn Fkh fd dfBu jkLrksa ij dqN xaHkhj dne mBk, tk,axsA ysfdu 2020&21 dk vke ctV bu leL;kvksa dks rkd ij j•dj yksdyqHkkou jkLrs ij c<+rk fn•kbZ fn;kA

jktuhfrd :i ls Hkh mEehn cka/us dk ;g lgh le; Fkk] D;ksafd Hkkjh tukns'k ikus ds ckn bl ljdkj dk ;g igyk iw.kZ ctV FkkA ljdkj us bl ckj dbZ ;kstukvksa dh ?kks"k.kk dh gSA ysfdu iwoZ esa ?kksf"kr ;kstukvksa ds •pZ ds ckjs esa dqN ugha crk;k x;k gS] blfy, rqyuk djuk laHko ugha gSA ;g mEehn dh tkuh pkfg, fd •pks± ds foLrkj esa 'kk;n ewy leL;k ds lek/ku dh fn'kk esa c<+us dh dksf'k'k Hkh gqbZ gksxhA

vc dqN fnypLi phtksa dks ns•rs gSaA lHkh iqjkuh ;kstuk,a nksgjkbZ xbZ gSaA pkgs og Hkwty Lrj ds ekeys esa 150 ladVxzLr ftyksa dh ;kstuk gks] ;k lkewfgd :i ls HkaMkj.k O;oLFkk,a cukus dh ;kstuk] ;k fiQj eRL; m|ksx dh ;kstuk,a gksa] ;s vPNh ;kstuk,a Fkha vkSj budk tkjh jguk Hkh t:jh FkkA blh rjg laLÑfr] i;ZVu]

629, Ground Floor, Main Road, Dr. Mukherjee Nagar, Delhi - 110009 Ph. : 011- 27658013, 7042772062 3

•k| vkSj usVofdZax ij ctV esa tks tksj fn;k x;k] og Hkh dkiQh egÙoiw.kZ gSA vk/qfud lkaf[;dh; O;oLFkk dk mYys• Hkh dkiQh vPNh ckr gSA ysfdu bUÚkLVªDpj esa fuos'k dks ftl rjg c<+kus dh t:jr Fkh] og ugha fn•kbZ fn;kA vxj ;g fd;k tkrk] rks bl lky ds var rd futh fuos'k esa mNky vkus dh laHkkouk curhA blds ckn ;g Hkh mEehn curh fd blds pyrs Ng eghus rd eSU;qiSQDpfjax esa c<+r fn•us yxsxhA

fjtoZ cSad ;g dg pqdk gS fd mldh C;kt nj dh uhfr rHkh çHkkoh gksxh] tc foÙkh; iQklys dks ikVk tk ldsxk] ysfdu ctV esa fliQZ lrgh dke fn•k gSA

ctV vuqekuksa dh rqyuk la'kksf/r vuqeku ls dh tkrh gSA fiNys dqN lky dk vuqHko gS fd o"kZ ds var esa lalk/uksa dh deh ds pyrs •pZ de dj fn;k tkrk gSA vxj fliQZ ctV vuqeku ds fglkc ls ns•sa] rks ;g vFkZO;oLFkk esa ubZ tku iQwadus okyk ctV ugha fn•kbZ nsrkA fiNys ctV vuqeku ls rqyuk djsa] rks bUÚkLVªDpj ij fd, tkus okys •pZ ls bldk ladsr feyrk gSA vkSj tc foLr`r tkudkjh vk,xh] rks gks ldrk gS fd bUÚkLVªDpj ij gksus okyk •pZ udkjkRed gh fn•kbZ nsA

bu lc phtksa ls foÙk ea=kh fueZyk lhrkje.k us laln esa tks ctV is'k fd;k] mls de ls de eanh ls futkr ikus okyk ctV rks ugha dgk tk ldrkA ;g ctV ml jkLrs ij py jgk gS] tgka nwljksa ls dgk tk jgk gS fd os fuos'k djsaA ctV vkSj dqN ugha ,d vYidkfyd lkykuk nLrkost gksrk gSA vc D;ksafd ljdkj us (nh?kZdkfyd) ;kstuk&fuekZ.k dks igys gh •Re dj fn;k gS] blfy, og vkfFkZd vkSj lkekftd bUÚkLVªDpj ij •pZ ugha djrhA xSj&cSafdax iQkbusal daifu;ksa vkSj lkoZtfud {ks=k dh bdkb;ksa ls Hkh mEehn cka/us dk dksbZ vFkZ ugha gS] D;ksafd os vius funs'kd eaMy ds çfr tokcnsg gksrh gSa vkSj T;knk lfØ;rk muds xys dk iQank cu tkrh gSA ,sls esa] ge eanh ls futkr ikus dh mEehn dgka ls dj ldrs gSa\

ctV dh j.kuhfr tc fuos'k ds fy, nwljksa ls mEehn cka/rh gS] rks gksrk ;g gS fd og blds fy, dbZ rjg ds lq/kjksa dh

?kks"k.kk djrh gSA ysfdu blds lkFk gh gesa ;g ckr Hkh le>uh gksxh fd vkfFkZd vkSj foÙkh; lq/kjksa dh Hkys gh cgqr T;knk t:jr gS] ysfdu var rd mudk vlj igqapus esa dkiQh oÙkQ yxrk gSA foÙkh; o"kZ ds vYidky esa lh/s vkfFkZd fuos'k dk dksbZ fodYi ugha gksrkA ij ;g Hkh t:jh gS fd blds lkFk gh pj.kc¼ lq/kjksa dh j.kuhfr Hkh tkjh jguh pkfg,A

dsaæ ljdkj dk ;g ctV ml le; gekjs lkeus gS] tc ge ns'k dks ikap fVªfy;u MkWyj dh vFkZO;oLFkk cukus dh ckr dj jgs gSaA njvly] fodkl dh j.kuhfr dks gesa xaHkhjrk ls ysuk gksxkA j.kuhfrd :i ls nh?kZdkfyd ;kstuk,a cukus dk dke ge igys gh R;kx pqds gSaA fuos'k esa o`f¼ dh nj vkSa/s eqag fxj pqdh gSA blds ckotwn ge 'ks• fpYyh dh rjg fuos'k dks cgqr rsth ls c<+kus dh ckr dj jgs gSaA vxj ge vFkZO;oLFkk esa fiQj ls ubZ tku iQwadus ds fy, dqN xaHkhj dne mBkuk pkgrs gSa] rks gesa ;kstuk Hkou dh vksj ykSVuk gksxkA uhfr vk;ksx ds vè;{k jktho dqekj vkSj blds jes'k paæ tSls lnL;ksa dks fiQj ls yacs le; dh ;kstuk,a cukus vkSj mu ij vey djus ds dke ij yxkuk gksxkA gesa muls ;g mEehn djuh gksxh fd os gekjh nh?kZdkfyd egÙokdka{kkvksa ds fglkc ls ,d dksbZ ;FkkFkZoknh y{; rS;kj djsaxsA vrhr esa ;gh y{; varjjkT;h; ifj"kn ds tfj, jktuhfrd loZlEefr gkfly djrk jgk gSA

eSa ;g ekudj pyrk gwa fd gekjs y{; ges'kk gh rkfdZd gksus pkfg,A gkykafd] bl nkSj dk lp ;gh gS fd vc ge lc ;kstukdkj gks pqds gSaA 2014 esa ubZ ljdkj ls djhch ekus tkus okys ,d m|ksxifr ls tc esjh eqykdkr gqbZ Fkh] rks og bl ckr ij cgqr •q'k fn•kbZ ns jgs Fks fd ;kstuk&çfØ;k dks iwjh rjg •Re dj fn;k x;k gSA mEehn gS fd vc tks gks jgk gS] mls ns•dj mUgsa vc dkiQh nq• gks jgk gksxk] D;ksafd vc rks ge lc gh ;kstukdkj gks x, gSa] ysfdu vc le; vk x;k gS fd ge lp dks Lohdkj djsa vkSj ml fn'kk esa c<+sa] tc gesa gj lky ,d vPNk lkykuk ctV feysA

GS World Vhe---lkjka'k

y ekStwnk vkfFkZd nkSj esa ctV dks bl utfj;s ls Hkh ns•us dk nkSj chr x;k fd mlds tfj;s fdls D;k feyk\ ctV dks jkgr&fj;k;r ds fiVkjs ds rkSj ij ns•us ds ctk; bl n`f"V ls ns•uk le; dh ekax gS fd ljdkj D;k djus dk bjknk j•rh gS vkSj os iwjs gks ldrs gSa ;k ugha\ ;g vPNk gS fd ljdkj us 2022 rd fdlkuksa dh vk; nksxquk djus vkSj vxys ikap o"kks± esa Hkkjr dks ikap fVªfy;u MkWyj dh vFkZO;oLFkk okyk ns'k cukus ds vius okns nksgjk,A

y eghuksa ckn vkS|ksfxd fodkl nj ldkjkRed fn'kk esa vkbZ gS] gkykafd ;g vHkh Hkh 2-8 iQhlnh ds 'kkspuh; Lrj ij gSA bl lcdks tksM+dj gekjh fodkl nj bl le; 4-5 iQhlnh gh gSA blds lkFk gh dhersa c<+ jgh gSa] fuos'k dh nj ?kV jgh gS vkSj vxj ge us'kuy lSaiy loZs dh fjiksVZ ds mu vkadM+ksa dks Hkh blds lkFk tksM+ ysa] tks yhd gksdj ge rd igqaps gSa] rks efgyk csjkstxkjh dh nj c<+ jgh gS vkSj xjhch de gksus dk flyflyk myVh fn'kk esa tk jgk gSA

y lHkh iqjkuh ;kstuk,a nksgjkbZ xbZ gSaA pkgs og Hkwty Lrj ds ekeys esa 150 ladVxzLr ftyksa dh ;kstuk gks ;k lkewfgd :i ls HkaMkj.k O;oLFkk,a cukus dh ;kstuk] ;k fiQj eRL; m|ksx dh ;kstuk,a gksa] ;s vPNh ;kstuk,a Fkha vkSj budk tkjh jguk Hkh t:jh FkkA blh rjg laLÑfr] i;ZVu] •k| vkSj usVofdZax ij ctV esa tks tksj fn;k x;k] og Hkh dkiQh egÙoiw.kZ gSA

y vk/qfud lkaf[;dh; O;oLFkk dk mYys• Hkh dkiQh vPNh ckr gSA ysfdu bUÚkLVªDpj esa fuos'k dks ftl rjg c<+kus dh t:jr Fkh] og ugha fn•kbZ fn;kA vxj ;g fd;k tkrk] rks bl lky ds var rd futh fuos'k esa mNky vkus dh laHkkouk curhA blds ckn ;g Hkh mEehn curh fd blds pyrs Ng eghus rd eSU;qiSQDpfjax esa c<+r fn•us yxsxhA fjtoZ cSad ;g dg pqdk gS fd mldh C;kt nj dh uhfr rHkh çHkkoh gksxh] tc foÙkh; iQklys dks ikVk tk ldsxkA

y ctV vkSj dqN ugha ,d vYidkfyd lkykuk nLrkost gksrk gSA vc D;ksafd ljdkj us (nh?kZdkfyd) ;kstuk&fuekZ.k dks igys gh •Re dj fn;k gS] blfy, og vkfFkZd


laHkkforiz'u(izkjafHkdijh{kk)

1- fuEufyf[kr dFkuksa ij fopkj dhft,& 1- Hkkjr ljdkj us o"kZ 2020 rd fdlkuksa dh vk; nksxquk

djus dk y{; j[kk gSA 2- vxys ik¡p o"kks± esa Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dks ik¡p fVªfy;u

MkWyj dh vFkZO;oLFkk cukus dk y{; j[kk x;k gSA mi;qZDr esa ls dkSu&lk@ls dFku lR; gS@gSa\

(a) osQoy 1 (b) osQoy 2(c) 1 vkSj 2 nksuksa (d) buesa ls dksbZ ugha

(mÙkj&c)2- fuEufyf[kr dFkuksa ij fopkj dhft,& 1- o"kZ 1860 esa Hkkjr esa igyk ctV fczfV'k ljdkj osQ foÙk

ea=kh tsEl foYlu us çLrqr fd;k FkkA 2- Hkkjrh; x.kra=k dh LFkkiuk osQ ckn igyk ctV o"kZ 1950

esa tkWu eFkkbZ us çLrqr fd;k FkkA mi;qZDr esa ls dkSu&lk@ls dFku lR; gS@gSa\

(a) osQoy 1 (b) osQoy 2(c) 1 vkSj 2 nksuksa (d) buesa ls dksbZ ugha

(mÙkj&c)3- ¶ns'k ds lkykuk ctV dks vDlj vkfFkZd larqyu fcBkus dh

ckthxjh dgk tkrk gSA ljdkj dh reke ;kstukvksa] <sj lkjs pqukoh oknksa vkSj gj fdlh dh vk'kkvksa] vkdka{kkvksa dks è;ku esa j•rs gq, lHkh ds fy, dqN u dqN djuk vklku dke ugha gksrkA¸ fVIi.kh djsaA

fiNyso"kksZaesaiwNsx,iz'u

1- lky&nj&lky yxkrkj ?kkVs dk ctV jgk gSA ?kkVs dks de djus osQ fy, ljdkj }kjk fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu&lh dk;ZokbZ;k¡ dh tk ldrh gS@gSa\

1- jktLo O;; dks ?kVkukA 2- uohu dY;k.kdkjh ;kstukvksa dks çkajHk djukA 3- lgkf;dh (lfClMh) dks ;qfDrlaxr cukukA 4- vk;kr&'kqYd dks de djukA uhps fn, x, owQV dk ç;ksx dj lgh mÙkj pqfu,A

(a) osQoy 1(c) 1 vkSj 3

(b) 2 vkSj 3(d) 1] 2] 3 vkSj 4

(IAS izkjafHkd ijh{kk] o"kZ&2016] mÙkj&c)2- fuEufyf[kr esa ls fdldks@fdudks Hkkjr ljdkj osQ iw¡th ctV

esa 'kkfey fd;k tkrk gS\ 1- lM+dksa] bekjrksa] e'khujh vkfn tSlh ifjlaifÙk;ksa osQ

vf/xzg.k ij O;;A 2- fons'kh ljdkjksa ls çkIr Í.kA 3- jkT;ksa vkSj la?k jkT;{ks=kksa dks vuqnÙk Í.k vkSj vfxzeA uhps fn, x, owQV dk ç;ksx dj lgh mÙkj pqfu,A

(a) osQoy 1(c) 1 vkSj 3

(b) 2 vkSj 3(d) 1] 2 vkSj 3

(IAS izkjafHkd ijh{kk] o"kZ&2016] mÙkj&d)3- 2017&18 ds la?kh; ctV ds vHkh"V mn~ns';ksa eas ls ,d

mn~ns'; Hkkjr dks :ikarfjr djuk] ÅtkZoku cukuk vkSj Hkkjr dks LoPN djuk gSA* bl mn~ns'; dks izkIr djus ds fy, ctV 2017&18 eas ljdkj }kjk izLrkfor mik;ksa dk fo'ys"k.k dhft,A (250 'kCn)

(IAS eq[; ijh{kk] o"kZ&2017)

PT/Mains - iz'u

vkSj lkekftd bUÚkLVªDpj ij •pZ ugha djrhA xSj&cSafdax iQkbusal daifu;ksa vkSj lkoZtfud {ks=k dh bdkb;ksa ls Hkh mEehn cka/us dk dksbZ vFkZ ugha gS] D;ksafd os vius funs'kd eaMy ds çfr tokcnsg gksrh gSa vkSj T;knk lfØ;rk muds xys dk iQank cu tkrh gSA

ctV y ctV 'kCn dh mRifr ySfVu 'kCn cqYxk ls gqbZ bldk vFkZ gS

peM+s dk FkSykA cqYxk ls Úkalhlh 'kCn cksÅxsV dh mRifr gqbZA ftlds ckn vaxzth 'kCn cksxsV vfLrRo esa vk;k blls ctV 'kCn cukA

y 7 vçSy 1860 dks ns'k dk igyk ctV fczfV'k ljdkj ds foÙk ea=kh tsEl foYlu us is'k fd;k FkkA

y Lora=krk ds ckn ns'k dk igyk ctV igys foÙk ea=kh vkjú dsú "k.keq•e psêðh us 26 uoacj 1947 dks is'k fd;k blesa 15 vxLr 1947 ls ysdj 31 ekpZ 1948 ds nkSjku lk<+s lkr eghukas dks 'kkfey fd;k x;kA

y Hkkjrh; x.kra=k dh LFkkiuk ds ckn igyk ctV 28 iQjojh 1950 dks tku eFkkbZ us is'k fd;k FkkA bl ctV esa ;kstuk vk;ksx dh LFkkiuk dk o.kZu fd;k FkkA

y Hkkjrh; lafo/ku ds vuqPNsn 112 esa Hkkjr ds dsUæh; ctV dks okf"kZd foÙkh; fooj.k ds :i esa fufnZ"V fd;k x;k gS] tks fd Hkkjrh; x.kjkT; dk okf"kZd ctV gksrk gS] ftls çR;sd o"kZ iQjojh ds igys dk;Z&fnol dks Hkkjr ds foÙk ea=kh }kjk laln esa is'k fd;k tkrk gSA

y lafo/ku esa ^ctV* 'kCn dk ftØ ugha gS ftls cksypky dh Hkk"kk esa vke ctV dgk tkrk gSA mls lafo/ku ds vkfVZdy 112 esa ,uqvy iQkbusaf'k;y LVsVesaV dgk x;k gSA iQkbusaf'k;y LVsVesaV vuqekfur çkfIr;ksa vkSj •pks± dk ml lky ds fy, ljdkj dk foLr`r C;ksjk gksrk gSA

y vke ctV esa ljdkj dh vkfFkZd uhfr dh fn'kk fn•kbZ nsrh gSA blesa ea=kky;ksa dks muds •pks± ds fy, iSls dk vkoaVu gksrk gSA cM+s rkSj ij blesa vkus okys lky ds fy, dj çLrkoksa dk C;ksjk is'k fd;k tkrk gSA

y ctV esa foÙkh; çko/kuksa ij yksdlHkk dh T;knk Hkwfedk gksrh gS vkSj ;gka ea=kky;ksa dh ekaxksa ij ppkZ gksrh gSA jkT;lHkk esa ea=kky;ksa ds dkedkt ij ppkZ gksrh gSA ea=kky;ksa ds dkedkt dh cgl esa ea=kky;ksa ds dkeksa] mudh miyfC/;ksa] Hkfo"; ds jksMeSi vkSj •kfe;ksa dh ppkZ dh tkrh gSA


in~elEekudkyksdra=khdj.k

in~efoHkw"k.kvkSjin~eHkw"k.kHkkjrjRudscknns'kdsØe'k%nwljsvkSjrhljslclscM+sukxfjdlEekugSaAin~eiqjLdkjksalslEekfurdjusdsfy,igys'kf[l;rksadkp;ufd;ktkrkgSAyksxksadsukeksadkp;udjusdsfy,ç/kuea=khgjo"kZ,dlfefrdkxBudjrsagSaAbllfefrdsiklin~eiqjLdkjksalsvyaÑrdjusdsfy,yksxksadsukeksadhfliQkfj'kvkrhgSA

;g vkys[k lkekU; vè;;u iz'u i=k&2 ('kklu O;oLFkk)ls lacafèkr gSA

eksnhljdkjusvlk/kj.kdk;ks±dsfy,xqeukejgusokysvkevknehrdigqapkfn;kin~elEeku

(tkxj.k)

fdlh Hkh lekt esa lÙkk dk foe'kZ fliQZ jktlÙkk rd lhfer ugha gksrkA yksdrkaf=kd lektksa esa ;g ckr vkSj Hkh T;knk ykxw gksrh gS] blhfy, vczkge fyadu yksdra=k dks turk dh] turk ds fy, vkSj turk }kjk pquh gqbZ ljdkj dgrs gSaA tulk/kj.k dh ;g Hkkxhnkjh jktlÙkk dh ifjf/ ds ckgj O;kid lkekftd&lkaLÑfrd thou esa Hkh gksrh gSA ;g yksdrkaf=kd Hkkxhnkjh Hkkjr jRu ;k fiQj in~e iqjLdkjksa tSls ns'k ds jktdh; vyadj.kksa ;k iqjLdkjksa ls yksxksa dks uokts tkus esa Hkh fn•uh pkfg,A

eksnhljdkjusin~eiqjLdkjksadksvketuds}kjrdigqapkfn;k

fiNys ikap o"kks± dk viuk bfrgkl nksgjkrs gq, ujsaæ eksnh ljdkj us bl ckj Hkh x.kra=k fnol ij in~e iqjLdkjksa }kjk ns'k dh lk/kj.k turk dks muds vlk/kj.k dk;ks± ds fy, ns'k dh rjiQ ls ,d lEeku fn;kA gkykafd] dqN fookn Hkh mBs gSSa] ysfdu ns•k tk, rks eksnh ljdkj us vfHktkR; ?ksjs esa n'kdksa ls can bu iqjLdkjksa dks vke tu ds }kj rd igqapk fn;k gSA

eksnhuscnyhin~eiqjLdkjnsusdhçfØ;kHkkjr ljdkj }kjk fn, tkus okys lokZsPp ukxfjd lEekuksa esa

'kqekj in~e iqjLdkj dyk] lekt lsok] foKku] bathfu;fjax] O;kikj] m|ksx] fpfdRlk] lkfgR;] f'k{kk] •sydwn vkSj flfoy lsok bR;kfn ds laca/ esa fn, tkrs gSaA dqN vioknksa dks NksM+ nsa rks 2014 ds igys ;s iqjLdkj ,d rjg ls fof'k"V yksxksa rd lhfer FksA ohvkbih dYpj dh ijaijk dks •Re djus dh igy djus okyh eksnh ljdkj us U;w bafM;k ds fuekZ.k esa gj ukxfjd ds ;ksxnku dks egÙo nsrs gq, in~e iqjLdkj nsus dh iwjh çfØ;k dks cny fn;kA vc O;fÙkQ ds laidZ vFkok igqap ds ctk; mlds dke dks T;knk egÙo fn;k tkuk 'kq: gqvk gSA

iqjLdkjdsukekadudksvkWuykbuvkSjikjn'khZdjfn;kx;kigys ç/kuea=kh vkSj dqN çHkko'kkyh eaf=k;ksa ds gkFk esa ;g

gksrk Fkk fd ;s iqjLdkj fdu yksxksa dks fn, tk,a\ vc blesa vkewy&pwy ifjorZu dj fn;k x;k gSA ,d rks ukekadu dks gh

vkWuykbu vkSj ikjn'khZ dj fn;k x;k gS rkfd dksbZ Hkh bu iqjLdkjksa ds fy, vkosnu dj ldsA ;gh ugha dSfcusV lsØsVjh dh vè;{krk esa ,d lfefr Hkh xfBr dh xbZ gSA bl lfefr esa vU; yksxksa ds vfrfjÙkQ fofHkUu çfrf"Br fo}kuksa] f'k{kkfonksa] lekt'kkfL=k;ksa vkSj lkekftd dk;ZdrkZvksa dks j•k x;k gSA lfefr dks Li"V funZs'k gS fd og tkfr] etgc ;k {ks=k vkfn ls ijs tk dj vkSj fliQZ mPpoxhZ; yksxksa rd lhfer u jgdj ns'k ds lqnwj dksuksa rd esa mRÑ"V dk;Z dj jgs yksxksa dh lwph rS;kj djsA

2014dscknxkaoksa]dLcksaesaxqeukejgusokyksadksfeykin~eiqjLdkj

;g vuk;kl ugha gS fd 2014 ds ckn ns'k ds ,sls vfrlk/kj.k yksxksa dks in~e iqjLdkj fey jgs gSa tks vkerkSj ij v•ckjksa dh lqf•Z;ksa] Vsyhfotu dh luluh•st •cjksa vFkok cM+s&cM+s lekjksgksa esa fn•kbZ ugha iM+rs] cfYd bUgksaus okLro esa lekt&ns'k ds fy, vlk/kj.k dk;Z fd;k gSA bl çdkj ls xkaoksa] dLcksa vkSj NksVs&NksVs 'kgjksa esa jgus okys mu yksxksa dks eksnh ljdkj us lEekfur djuk 'kq: fd;k gS tks xqeukeh esa jgdj uke&buke dh ijokg fd, fcuk fu"dke Hkko ls lekt&ns'k esa cnyko ykus ds fy, tehuh Lrj ij lkFkZd dk;Z dj jgs gSSaA

2020dsin~eiqjLdkjksadhlwphesanfyr]vkfnoklh]vYila[;d'kkfeygSa

tjk o"kZ 2020 ds in~e iqjLdkjksa dh lwph dks gh ns•saA dbZ uke ,sls gSa ftUgsa 'kk;n gh dksbZ tkurk FkkA cM+h ckr ;g gS fd ftl eksnh ljdkj dks nfyr] vkfnoklh ;k vYila[;d fojks/h dgk tkrk gS mlus cM+h la[;k esa bu leqnk; ds yksxksa dks in~e iqjLdkjksa ls lEekfur fd;k gSA

jktLFkkudheSyk<ksusokyh]es?kky;dhvkfnoklhfdlkuefgykgqbZalEekfur

buesa dHkh eSyk <ksus okyh vfrnfyr leqnk; dh jktLFkku dh m"kk pkSej] dsjy ds nfyr lkekftd dk;ZdrkZ ,eds dqatksy] gYnh dh •srh dks ,d ykHkdkjh vkanksyu esa cny nsus okyh es?kky; dh vkfnoklh fdlku efgyk fVªfuVh lkbvks] cht ekrk ds uke ls çfl¼ egkjk"Vª ds ,d xkao dh jgus okyh vkfnoklh efgyk jkghckbZ lksek iksisjs] ykokfjl yk'kksa dk vafre laLdkj djus okys iQStkckn ds eksgEen 'kjhiQ] jktLFkku ds Hktu xk;d jetku •ku miQZ eqUuk ekLVj] nks n'kdksa ls vf/d le; ls cPpksa dks eqÝr


f'k{kk çnku dj jgs tEew&d'ehj ds fnO;kax lkekftd dk;ZdrkZ tkosn vgen Vkd] 1984 ds Hkksiky xSl =kklnh ds cps yksxksa ds fy, la?k"kZ djus okys vCnqy tCckj vkSj xqtjkrh O;aX;dkj ,oa f'k{kkfon 'kgkcqíhu jkBkSM+ çeq• gSSaA

in~elEekuikusokyhgfLr;ksaesa19eqlyeku'kkfeyvkt tc ;g ekgkSy cuk;k tk jgk gS fd ;g ljdkj eqlyekuksa

ds f•ykiQ gS rc ;g ns•k tkuk pkfg, fd in~e lEeku ikus okyh gfLr;ksa esa 19 eqlyeku 'kkfey gSaA ns'k esa lh,, vkSj ,uvkjlh dks ysdj py jgs fojks/&çn'kZuksa vkSj eqlyekuksa ds mRihM+u ds uke ij foraMk •M+k djus okyksa dks ekdwy tokc bl lEeku esa Hkh utj vkrk gS fd ns'k esa eqlyekuksa dks cjkcj dk gd vkSj lEeku gkfly gSA

ikddsiwoZukxfjd&xk;dvnukulkehdksysdjlokymBsikfdLrku ds iwoZ ukxfjd&xk;d vnuku lkeh dks iqjLÑr

djus ij dqN yksxksa }kjk loky mBk, tk jgs gSa] ysfdu vnuku lkeh dks in~eJh nsdj ljdkj us ns'k&nqfu;k dks ,d lkFk dbZ tokc ns fn, gSaA vnuku lkeh dks lEekfur djuk Li"V lans'k gS fd Hkkjrh; lafo/ku esa vkLFkk j•us okys fdlh Hkh O;fÙkQ ds f•ykiQ Hkkjr ljdkj ugha gSA lkFk gh ;g fd ikfdLrku ;k fdlh eqfLye ns'k ls vk, eqlyeku dks ljdkj xys yxkus ds fy, rS;kj gSA ;g gkL;kLin gS fd vnuku lkeh dks in~e lEeku nsus dh ?kks"k.kk ij lcls vf/d vkifÙk dkaxzsl ds usrkvksa us trkbZA irk ugha D;ksa os ;g Hkwy x, fd •qn dkaxzsl ds lÙkk esa jgrs mUgsa dbZ iqjLdkj vkSj lEeku feysA

in~elEekuikusokysukeksadstfj;s,dlans'kfn;kx;kgSfdlcdklkFk]lcdkfodkl

in~e lEeku ikus okys ukeksa ds tfj;s ,d rjg ls vfrokfn;ksa] vfLerkbZ jktuhfrcktksa vkSj yqfV;u fnYyh dks Hkh ;g ,d lans'k fn;k x;k gS fd lcdk lkFk] lcdk fodkl vkSj lcdk fo'okl gh bl ljdkj dk ewy ea=k gSA Li"V gS fd og nkSj chr x;k tc igqap okyksa dks gh iqjLdkj feyrs FksA

chrsrhu&pkjo"kks±esain~elEekuksads{ks=kesavHkwriwoZvkSjldkjkRedifjorZuutjvk;k(tkxj.k)

o"kZ 2014 ds ckn ls chrs rhu&pkj o"kks± esa in~e lEekuksa ds {ks=k esa ,d vHkwriwoZ vkSj ldkjkRed ifjorZu utj vk;k gSA bl nkSjku ,sls ukeksa dh ?kks"k.kk ns•us dks feyh gS] tks fcuk fdlh laifÙk ;k lEeku dh ykylk ds yacs le; ls vius&vius {ks=k esa mÙke dk;Z dj jgsA o"kZ 2017 esa tc in~e lEekuksa ds ukeksa dk ,yku gqvk rks lEeku ikus okyksa esa fcfiu x.kk=kk] ehuk{kh vEek] ckck cychj flag] fparkfdanh eYys'ke tSls lkekU; i`"BHkwfe ds dbZ vpfpZr uke 'kkfey Fks] ysfdu mudk ;ksxnku vkSj lekt lsok dk Hkko cM+k FkkA bl rjg ds ukeksa ds ,yku ds lkFk gh fliQkfj'kksa vkSj ykWfc;ksa ls eqÙkQ in~e lEekuksa dh ,d uohu ijaijk dk lw=kikr gqvk] ftldks csgrj <ax ls vkxs c<+kus dk dke 2018 vkSj 2019 ls ysdj bl o"kZ rd ljdkj us fd;k gSA

bl ckj fofHkUu {ks=kksa ls lacaf/r dqy 141 O;fÙkQ;ksa dks in~e lEekuksa ds fy, pquk x;k gS] ftuesa lkr çeq• gfLr;ksa dks in~e foHkw"k.k] 16 yksxksa dks in~e Hkw"k.k vkSj 118 yksxksa dks in~eJh fn;k tk,xkA in~eJh dh Js.kh chrs o"kks± dh rjg gh bl ckj Hkh vuwBh gS ftlesa lEekfur O;fÙkQ;ksa esa T;knkrj uke ,sls gSa] tks yacs le; ls la?k"kZiw.kZ <ax ls vius&vius {ks=k esa fcuk fdlh yksHk&ykylk ds mRÑ"V dk;Z dj jgs gSa] ysfdu mudh dksbZ O;kid igpku ugha gSA gkykafd] bls foMacuk gh dgsaxs fd in~eJh ds fy, ftruh ppkZ dj.k tkSgj] daxuk jkukSV] vnuku lkeh] ,drk diwj tSls igys ls gh çfl¼ yksxksa dh gks jgh] mruh bu vpfpZr yksxksa dh ugha gks jghA tcfd ppkZ ds dsaæ esa ;gh yksx gksus pkfg,A

vkt tc fpfdRlk ,d fo'kq¼ O;kolkf;d deZ cu x;k gS vkSj ljdkj dks igy djds eqÝr fpfdRlk dk çca/ djuk iM+ jgk gS] ,sls oÙkQ esa mÙkjk•aM ds MkW- ;ksxh ,ju fdlh vtwcs dh rjg gh gSa] tks vc rd tys&dVs gtkjksa ejhtksa dh fu%'kqYd IykfLVd ltZjh djds mUgsa ,d u;k :i ns pqds gSaA gkykafd] vcls iwoZ MkW- ;ksxh ds fo"k; esa 'kk;n gh muds fudVLFk yksxksa ds flok fdlh dks dqN irk jgk gks] ysfdu bl ckj in~eJh ds fy, pqus tkus ds ckn muds bl lsok&dk;Z dks O;kid igpku feyus dh mEehn gSA blh rjg iatkc ds txnh'k yky vkgwtk lSdM+ksa xjhcksa dks gj fnu eqÝr Hkkstu eqgS;k djokrs gSaA chrs 15 lkyksa ls ;g mudk fuR; fu;e cuk gqvk gS vkSj bl dkj.k LFkkuh; Lrj ij mudh igpku yaxj ckck ds :i esa LFkkfir gks xbZ gSA

,sls gh pkpk 'kjhiQ ds uke ls e'kgwj eksgEen 'kjhiQ 25 lkyksa ls iQStkckn vkSj mlds fudV ds {ks=kksa esa gtkjksa ykokfjl 'koksa dk vafre laLdkj dj pqds gSaA muds bl dk;Z esa u rks mudk etgc dHkh vkM+s vk;k vkSj u gh bl lsok&dk;Z ds fy, dksbZ igpku u feyus dk fopkj gh mUgsa jksd ik;kA fu"dke Hkko ls vius deZ esa yxs eksgEen 'kjhiQ dks vcdh in~eJh nsus dh ?kks"k.kk gqbZ gSA

rqylh xkoM+k us vkSipkfjd f'k{kk dqN Hkh ugha yh gS] ysfdu isM+&ikS/ksa ds fo"k; esa mudh tkudkjh ,slh gS fd mUgsa ^taxy dk bulkbDyksihfM;k* dgk tkrk gSA vkt tc çÑfr dks cpkus dh pqukSrh ls ekuork nks&pkj gks jgh gS] ,sls oÙkQ esa çÑfr laj{k.k ds çfr mudk leiZ.k çsj.kknk;d gSA crkrs gSa fd os vHkh rd yk•ksa ikS/ksa dks isM+ cuk pqdh gSa] ftl dkj.k dukZVd ljdkj us mUgsa ou foHkkx esa ukSdjh Hkh nh gSA bl o"kZ in~eJh ds fy, mudk p;u fu%lansg i;kZoj.k laj{k.k ds fy, dk;Zjr vusd xqeuke uk;dksa dks vkSj csgrj djus dh ÅtkZ vkSj çsj.kk çnku djsxkA

blds vykok larjs cspdj xjhc cPpksa ds fy, Ldwy pykus okys gjsdyk gtCck gksa] if'pe caxky ds lqanjou esa nks n'kd ls vf/d le; ls lIrkg esa nks fnu xjhcksa dk eqÝr bykt djus okys MkW- v#.kksn; eaMy gksa] •qn ydokxzLr gksrs gq, Hkh fnO;kax cPpksa ds fy, dk;Zjr ,l jkeÑ".ku gksa ;k ns'k Hkj esa ?kwedj fdlkuksa dks vkWxZsfud •srh ds xqj fl•kus okys vksfM'kk ds jk/keksgu vkSj


lkcjerh gksa vFkok vPNh ljdkjh ukSdjh dks Bqdjkdj de ikuh esa •srh dh fof/ ij dke djrs gq, fdlkuksa ds fy, çsj.kklzksr cus lqaMkjke oekZ gksa] ,sls vusd yksxksa ds ukeksa ls blckj ds in~eJh lEekuksa dh lwph Hkjh iM+h gSA vf/dka'k ukeksa dk ifjp; ikus ds fy, •kstchu djuh iM+rh gSA

in~e lEeku rks chrs lk<+s Ng n'kdksa ls fn, tk jgs gSa] ysfdu bl rjg tulkekU; ds chp ls vpfpZr uk;d&ukf;dkvksa dks bl rjg lEekfur djus dk dke brus O;kid :i ls igys ugha gqvkA njvly jkt/kuh esa cSBh ykWch ds b'kkjksa ij lEekuksa ds forj.k dk •sy ns'k esa yacs le; rd pyk gS] ftlds fy, lEeku dh

çeq• dlkSVh lÙkk dh th&gqtwjh jgh gSA ysfdu eksnh ljdkj us bu lEekuksa dh çfØ;k dks ikjn'khZ cukus ds fy, ukekadu çfØ;k dks vkWuykbu dj fn;kA ljdkj ds bu ç;klksa dk gh ifj.kke gS fd vkt ns'k ds nwljh] rhljh vkSj pkSFkh ojh;rk ds ;s lokZsPp ukxfjdrk lEeku lgh vFkks± esa vius fy, lqik=k ukxfjdksa rd igqap jgs gSaA ;g Hkh dguk vuqfpr ugha gksxk fd Hkkjr dh yksdrkaf=kd O;oLFkk esa in~e lEeku Hkys lk<+s Ng n'kdksa ls çnku fd, tk jgs gksa] ysfdu okLrfod vFkks± esa budk yksdra=khdj.k vc tkdj gqvk gS] ftlds fy, orZeku ljdkj fuf'pr gh ljkguk dh ik=k gSA


y Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk fn, tkus okys lokZsPp ukxfjd lEekuksa esa 'kqekj in~e iqjLdkj dyk] lekt lsok] foKku] bathfu;fjax] O;kikj] m|ksx] fpfdRlk] lkfgR;] f'k{kk] •sydwn vkSj flfoy lsok bR;kfn ds laca/ esa fn, tkrs gSaA

y ,d rks ukekadu dks gh vkWuykbu vkSj ikjn'khZ dj fn;k x;k gS rkfd dksbZ Hkh bu iqjLdkjksa ds fy, vkosnu dj ldsA ;gh ugha dSfcusV lsØsVjh dh vè;{krk esa ,d lfefr Hkh xfBr dh xbZ gSA bl lfefr esa vU; yksxksa ds vfrfjÙkQ fofHkUu çfrf"Br fo}kuksa] f'k{kkfonksa] lekt'kkfL=k;ksa vkSj lkekftd dk;ZdrkZvksa dks j•k x;k gSA

y o"kZ 2020 ds iÁ iqjLdkjksa dh lwph dks gh ns•saA dbZ uke ,sls gSa ftUgsa 'kk;n gh dksbZ tkurk FkkA cM+h ckr ;g gS fd ftl eksnh ljdkj dks nfyr] vkfnoklh ;k vYila[;d fojks/h dgk tkrk gS mlus cM+h la[;k esa bu leqnk; ds yksxksa dks in~e iqjLdkjksa ls lEekfur fd;k gSA

y ikfdLrku ds iwoZ ukxfjd&xk;d vnuku lkeh dks iqjLÑr djus ij dqN yksxksa }kjk loky mBk, tk jgs gSa] ysfdu vnuku lkeh dks in~eJh nsdj ljdkj us ns'k&nqfu;k dks ,d lkFk dbZ tokc ns fn, gSaA vnuku lkeh dks lEekfur djuk Li"V lans'k gS fd Hkkjrh; lafo/ku esa vkLFkk j•us okys fdlh Hkh O;fÙkQ ds f•ykiQ Hkkjr ljdkj ugha gSA lkFk gh] ;g fd ikfdLrku ;k fdlh eqfLye ns'k ls vk, eqlyeku dks ljdkj xys yxkus ds fy, rS;kj gSA

y bl ckj fofHkUu {ks=kksa ls lacaf/r dqy 141 O;fÙkQ;ksa dks in~e lEekuksa ds fy, pquk x;k gS] ftuesa lkr çeq• gfLr;ksa dks in~e foHkw"k.k] 16 yksxksa dks in~e Hkw"k.k vkSj 118 yksxksa dks in~eJh fn;k tk,xkA in~eJh dh Js.kh chrs o"kks± dh rjg gh bl ckj Hkh vuwBh gS ftlesa lEekfur O;fÙkQ;ksa esa T;knkrj uke ,sls gSa] tks yacs le; ls la?k"kZiw.kZ <ax ls vius&vius {ks=k esa fcuk fdlh yksHk&ykylk ds mRÑ"V dk;Z dj jgs gSa] ysfdu mudh dksbZ O;kid igpku ugha gSA

y rqylh xkoM+k us vkSipkfjd f'k{kk dqN Hkh ugha yh gS] ysfdu isM+&ikS/ksa ds fo"k; esa mudh tkudkjh ,slh gS fd mUgsa ^taxy dk bulkbDyksihfM;k* dgk tkrk gSA vkt tc çÑfr dks cpkus dh pqukSrh ls ekuork nks&pkj gks jgh gS] ,sls oÙkQ esa çÑfr laj{k.k ds çfr mudk leiZ.k çsj.kknk;d gSA crkrs gSa fd os vHkh rd yk•ksa ikS/ksa dks isM+ cuk pqdh gSa] ftl dkj.k dukZVd ljdkj us mUgsa ou foHkkx esa ukSdjh Hkh nh gSA

in~eiqjLdkj

y ns'k ds lokZsPp ukxfjd iqjLdkjksa esa ls ,d in~e iqjLdkj rhu Jsf.k;ksa] in~e foHkw"k.k] in~e Hkw"k.k vkSj in~eJh esa çnku fd;k tkrk gSA ;s iqjLdkj fofHkUu fo"k;ksa@xfrfof/;ksa ds {ks=kksa] vFkkZr& dyk] lkekftd dk;Z] lkoZtfud ekeys] foKku ,oa bathfu;fjax] O;kikj ,oa m|ksx] fpfdRlk] lkfgR; vkSj f'k{kk] •sy] ukxfjd lsok vkfn esa çnku fd, tkrs gSaA

y în~e foHkw"k.k* vlk/kj.k vkSj fof'k"V lsok ds fy,] în~e Hkw"k.k* mPp Øe dh fof'k"V lsok ds fy, vkSj în~eJh* fdlh {ks=k esa fof'k"V lsok ds fy, çnku fd, tkrs gSaA ;g iqjLdkj gj lky x.kra=k fnol ds volj ij ?kksf"kr fd, tkrs gSaA

y jk"Vªifr }kjk ;s iqjLdkj jk"Vªifr Hkou esa vkerkSj ij gj lky ekpZ@vçSy ds vklikl vk;ksftr ,d lekjksg esa çnku fd, tkrs gSA bl o"kZ jk"Vªifr us 4 ;qxy ekeyksa (,d ;qxy ekeyksa dk eryc ,d iqjLdkj) lfgr uhps nh xbZ lwph ds vuqlkj 141 in~e iqjLdkj çnku djus dks eatwjh nh gSA

y bl lwph esa 7 in~e foHkw"k.k] 16 in~e Hkw"k.k vkSj 118 in~eJh iqjLdkj 'kkfey gSaA iqjLdkj ikus okyksa esa 33 efgyk,a gSaA bl lwph esa fonsf'k;ksa dh Js.kh ds 18 O;fÙkQ;ksa@ ,uvkjvkbZ@ ihvkbZvks@ vkslhvkbZ vkSj 12 ej.kksijkar iqjLdkj ikus okys Hkh 'kkfey gSaA

y in~e iqjLdkj rhu Jsf.k;ksa esa çnku fd, tkrs gSa% ¶in~e foHkw"k.k¸ vlk/kj.k vkSj fof'k"V lsok_ ¶in~e Hkw"k.k¸ mRÑ"V dksfV dh fof'k"V lsok vkSj ¶in~e Jh¸ fdlh Hkh {ks=k esa fof'k"V lsok ds iQyLo:i çnku fd;k tkrk gSA



1- Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk fn, tkus okys loksZPp ukxfjd iqjLdkjksa esa 'kkfey in~e iqjLdkj fuEufyf[kr esa ls fdu&fdu laca/ksa esa fn;k tkrk gS\1- foKku 2- O;kikj3- lkfgR; 4- dykuhps fn, x, owQVksa dh lgk;rk ls lgh mÙkj pquas%&(a) 1] 2] 3 (b) 2] 3] 4(c) 1] 3] 4 (d) mi;qZDr lHkh

(mÙkj&d)

2- fuEufyf[kr dFkuksa ij fopkj dhft,&

1- Hkkjr esa in~e iqjLdkj rhu Jsf.k;ksa& in~e foHkw"k.k] in~e Hkw"k.k ,oa in~eJh esa çnku fd;k tkrk gSA

2- ;g iqjLdkj çR;sd nks o"kZ osQ varjky ij jk"Vªifr }kjk çnku fd;k tkrk gSA

mi;qZDr esa ls dkSu&lk@ls dFku lR; gS@gSa\(a) dsoy 1 (b) dsoy 2(c) 1 vkSj 2 nksuksa (d) buesa ls dksbZ ugha

(mÙkj&c)

3- ¶ljdkj dks vius ns'k ds egÙoiw.kZ ukxfjdksa dks iqjLÑr vkSj lEekfur fd;s tkus dk iwjk vf/dkj gS] ij fdls fdl vk/kj ij bl lEeku ds ;ksX; le>k tk jgk gS bls Hkh lHkh ukxfjdksa dks tkuus dk vf/dkj gSA lEeku] iqjLdkj vkSj naM dh çfØ;k Li"V] ikjn'khZ vkSj HksnHkko jfgr ugha gS rks os lEekfur ;k nafMr O;fÙkQ dks fookfnr gh cuk nsrs gSaA¸ leh{kk djsaA

PT/Mains - iz'u

in~e foHkw"k.k

in~e Hkw"k.k

in~eJh


jkstxkjl`tudky{;

blle;nqfu;kdslkFk&lkFkns'kdkHkhjkstxkjifjn`';rsthlscnyjgkgSA,slscnyrsifjn`';esajkstxkjdht:jrsaHkhcnyjghgSaArduhddhç/kurkc<+jghgSAnqfu;kdsvusdns'k;ksX;&dq'kyHkkjrh;;qokvksadhjkgns•jgsgSaA•klrkSjlsns'kesaesdbubafM;kdhliQyrkdsfy,Hkhçf'kf{kr;qokvksadht:jrgSA[;kfrçkIrLVkfiQaxiQeZeSuikojxzqidh,dLVMhfjiksVZesadgkx;kgSfdHkkjresam|ksx&dkjksckjdsfy,i;kZIrla[;kesa

VSysaVsMçksiQs'kuYlughafeyjgsgSaA


gjgkFkdksfeysdkevkSjcsjkstxkjhgksde]ljdkjdksbldsfy,djusgksaxsesgur(tkxj.k)

fMikVZesaV vkWiQ ilZuy ,aM Vªsfuax ;kuh dkfeZd ,oa çf'k{k.k foHkkx us gky esa ,d fn'kk&funZs'k tkjh fd;k gS] ftlds eqrkfcd ljdkj dh vksj ls gj ekg ,d fjiksVZ cusxh ftlesa fdu&fdu ea=kky;ksa esa fdruh ubZ fu;qfÙkQ gqbZ bldk ys•k&tks•k fn;k tk,xkA blesa lh/h vkSj çfr;ksfxrk ds ekè;e ls gksus okyh nksuksa fu;qfÙkQ;ka 'kkfey gksaxhA lHkh ea=kky;ksa vkSj foHkkxksa dks Hksts x, fn'kk&funZs'k esa ubZ O;oLFkk dks iQjojh ls ykxw djus ds fy, dgk x;k gSA

,sls le; esa tc ns'k ds ;qok csjkstxkjh dh leL;k ls tw> jgs gSa] oSlh ifjfLFkfr esa fuf'pr :i ls ljdkj dk ;g igy ,d Lokxr ;ksX; dne gSA dsaæ ljdkj us reke ea=kky;ksa vkSj foHkkxksa esa fiNys Ng o"kks± ds nkSjku fjÙkQ inksa dks Hkjus dh çfØ;k esa yxkrkj rsth vkus dk nkok Hkh fd;k gS vkSj blds fy, ljdkj us vkadM+k Hkh tkjh fd;k gSA ukSdjh vkSj csjkstxkjh dks ysdj ljdkj yxkrkj lokyksa ds ?ksjs esa jgh gSA bl eqís dks ysdj foi{k ljdkj ij geykoj gS vkSj mls ?ksjrh jgh gSA ,sls esa yxrk gS fd ljdkj us ;qokvksa dks jkstxkj nsus vkSj foi{k dh pqukSfr;ksa ls fuiVus ds fy, ,d csgrj fn'kk&funZs'k tkjh fd;k gSA

ljdkj dk dguk gS fd •kyh inksa dh la[;k esa fiNys Ng o"kZ esa ikap iQhln deh vkbZ gSA o"kZ 2014 esa ;g 16 iQhln Fkh tks 2019 esa ?kVdj 11 iQhln jg xbZ gSA vHkh dqy •kyh inksa dh la[;k 6]83]823 gSA ljdkj us viuh fjiksVZ esa dgk gS fd vHkh djhc pkj yk• inksa dks Hkjus dh çfØ;k py jgh gSA gkykafd ;g vyx ckr gS fd bl fjiksVZ esa ;g vkadM+k ugha fn;k x;k gS fd fdrus inksa dks lekIr fd;k x;k gS ;k fdrus inksa dks feyk dj ,d in fd;k x;k gSA

njvly ljdkj dks le>uk gksxk fd Hkkjr esa yacs le; ls jkstxkj dh fLFkfr Bhd ugha gSA ftl rsth ls xzkeh.k •ir esa deh vkbZ gS vkSj ns'k esa csjkstxkjh dh nj c<+h gS mls xaHkhjrk ls fy;k tkuk pkfg,A nwljh rjiQ dsaæ esa lÙkklhu eksnh ljdkj Hkkjr dks ikap ^fVªfy;u MkWyj bdksukWeh* cukus dk liuk ns• jgh gSA ;g rHkh laHko gS tc gj gkFk dks dke feys vkSj ns'k esa csjkstxkjh

dh nj de gksA blds fy, gesa Rofjr dkjZokbZ djuh gksxh vkSj yxkrkj ç;kl djus gksaxsA

ukSdjh dks ysdj ns'k vkSj fons'k ls vDlj tkjh gksus okyh fjiksVZ fpark c<+kus dk dke djrh gSA gky esa LVsV cSad vkWiQ bafM;k dh fjlpZ fjiksVZ ^bdksjSi* ds vuqlkj ekStwnk foÙk o"kZ esa ukSdfj;ksa esa Hkkjh fxjkoV dh vk'kadk gSA fjiksVZ ds eqrkfcd] vFkZO;oLFkk esa lqLrh dh otg ls jkstxkj ij cqjk vlj iM+k gSA fjiksVZ esa ;g Hkh crk;k x;k gS fd foÙk o"kZ 2018&19 ds eqdkcys o"kZ 2019&20 esa 16 yk• de ubZ ukSdfj;ka l`ftr gqbZa vkSj jkstxkj ds dqy 89-7 yk• u, ekSds vk, FksA

vke yksxksa ds fy, jkstxkj ,d cgqr gh vge eqík gksrk gSA blls os vius ifjokj dk Hkj.k&iks"k.k djrs gSa vkSj vxj yksxksa ds ikl jkstxkj uk gks rks blls ns'k dh vFkZO;oLFkk ij Hkh vlj iM+uk LokHkkfod gSA ^bdksjSi* fjiksVZ ds bl fgLls ls vklkuh ls le>k tk ldrk gSA fjiksVZ ds eqrkfcd vle] fcgkj] jktLFkku] mÙkj çns'k vkSj vksfM'kk tSls jkT;ksa ls etnwjh vkSj ukSdjh ds fy, ckgj x, yksxksa ds ?kj okil Hksts tkus okys iSlksa esa Hkh deh ntZ dh xbZ gSA

vke yksxksa ds lkeus ukSdjh dh leL;k ,d cM+k loky gksrh gSA ljdkj Hkh bl ckr dks le>rh gS vkSj 'kk;n ;gh otg gS fd MhvksihVh us lHkh foHkkxksa vkSj ea=kky;ksa dks fn'kk&funZs'k tkjh fd;k gSA jk"Vªh; vijk/ fjdkMZ C;wjks (,ulhvkjch) ds gky ds ,d fjiksVZ ds eqrkfcd] o"kZ 2018 esa çfrfnu vkSlru 35 csjkstxkjksa vkSj Lojkstxkj ls tqM+s 36 yksxksa us •qndq'kh dhA vkf/dkfjd vkadM+ksa ds vuqlkj] ,sls esa bu nksuksa Jsf.k;ksa dks feykdj o"kZ 2018 esa dqy 26]085 yksxksa us vkRegR;k dhA vkadM+ksa ds vuqlkj ml o"kZ 12]936 csjkstxkjksa vkSj Lojkstxkj ls tqM+s 13]149 yksxksa us •qndq'kh dhA ;g vkadM+k Ñf"k {ks=k ls tqM+s •qndq'kh djus okys 10]349 yksxksa dh rqyuk esa vf/d gSA

fuf'pr :i ls ,ulhvkjch dk ;g vkadM+k pkSadkus vkSj fpafrr djus okyk gSA vkerkSj ij ;g ekuk tkrk gS fd ns'k dh dqy vkcknh dk ,d cM+k fgLlk Ñf"k {ks=k ij fuHkZj gSA ns'k esa Ñf"k lsDVj dh fLFkfr cgqr csgrj vkSj vkn'kZtud ugha gSA vkerkSj ij ge eku dj pyrs gSa fd ns'k esa Ñf"k ladV ds nkSj ls xqtj


jgk gS vkSj blesa lq/kj ugha gksus vkSj ekyh gkyr •jkc gksus ds dkj.k fdlku •qndq'kh dj jgs gSaA

gkykafd] ,slk djrs gq, 'kk;n ge csjkstxkjksa dh •qndq'kh ls tqM+h ,d vge ckr dks utjvankt dj nsrs gSaA ;g fjiksVZ crkrh gS fd ns'k esa csjkstxkjh dh fLFkfr fdruh Hk;kog gSA vxj ,slk ugha gksrk rks fdlkuksa dh rqyuk esa csjkstxkj bruh vf/d la[;k esa •qndq'kh ugha djrsA csjkstxkjksa ds vkRegR;k dh ?kVuk,a fpafrr vkSj ijs'kku djus okyh gSA gesa bu ?kVukvksa ij yxke yxkuk gh gksxkA blds fy, gesa orZeku gkyr esa lq/kj djuk gksxk vkSj jkstxkj nj dks c<+kuk gksxk rkfd dksbZ ;qod csjkstxkj ugha jgs vkSj og •qndq'kh djus ds fy, etcwj uk gksA fuf'pr :i ls blds fy, ljdkj çHkkoh vkSj Bksl dne mBk jgh gSA gkykafd] lkFk esa lkekftd laxBuksa dks Hkh vge vkSj çeq• Hkwfedk fuHkkuh gksxh vkSj le;c¼ rjhds ls dkjZokbZ djuh gksA

eksnhljdkjdslkeusjkstxkjdsekspZsij•jkmrjusdhpqukSrh]dbZckjgqbZgSdksf'k'k(tkxj.k)

jkstxkj dh pqukSrh ls fuiVuk fdlh ljdkj ds fy, dHkh Hkh vklku ugha jgk gSA jkstxkj c<+kus dks ysdj fo'o Hkj esa ges'kk fpark çdV dh tkrh jgh gSA ns'k esa Hkh eksnh ljdkj ds lkeus jkstxkj ds ekspZs ij •jk mrjus dh pqukSrh gSA gkykafd blds fy, og reke dksf'k'ksa Hkh dj jgh gS] ysfdu mls visf{kr liQyrk ugha fey jgh gSA xkSjryc gS fd Lojkstxkj dh fn'kk esa LVkVZvi ls ysdj eqæk ;kstuk dks c<+kok fn;k x;k] exj lwjr fiQj Hkh ugha cnyh gSA vc ctV esa foÙk ea=kh fueZyk lhrkje.k us jkstxkj l`tu ds fy, dbZ mik; fd, gSa ftlls mEehnsa txh gSa] ijarq blesa lkS iQhln liQyrk dks ysdj fuf'par ugha gqvk tk ldrkA

njvly fdlh Hkh ns'k ds fodkl dh lS¼kafrd vkSj O;kogkfjd fLFkfr dks ;fn le>uk gS rks ogka ds ;qokvksa esa dkS'ky vkSj jkstxkj dh fLFkfr dks ns•uk pkfg,A Hkkjr bu fnuksa jkstxkj ds ekeys esa rsth ls fiNM+ jgk gSA xkSjryc gS fd csjkstxkjh dh nj chrs 45 o"kks± esa lcls vf/d gSA vkfFkZd loZs{k.k ;g crkrk gS fd lky 2011&12 ls 2017&18 ds chp 2-62 djksM+ yksxksa dks ukSdfj;ka feyh gSa tks laxfBr {ks=k ls lacaf/r gSaA

;g la[;k ekax dh rqyuk esa dkiQh de gSA bldh lwjr cnyus ds fy, uhfr;ksa vkSj ;kstukvksa dh l[r vko';drk gSA rktk ctV ;g b'kkjk djrk gS fd ljdkj jkstxkj ds volj c<+kus dks ysdj dqN u, ç;kl djsxhA blds rgr og LFkkuh; Lrj ij jkstxkj ds volj fufeZr djus ls ysdj ;qokvksa dks çf'k{k.k nsus rFkk mUgsa fons'kksa esa jkstxkj gkfly djus ds dkfcy cukus dk dke djsxhA og Lojkstxkj dks c<+kok nsus okyh LVkVZvi daifu;ksa dks Hkh dj ds ekeys esa NwV ns jgh gS rkfd ;g {ks=k O;kid cusA

blds vykok ljdkjh gks ;k lkoZtfud {ks=k vjktif=kr deZpkfj;ksa dh fu;qfÙkQ esa Hkh cM+s lq/kj dh ckr ctV esa dh xbZ gSA vc bldh ijh{kk dk vk;kstu vkWuykbu fd;k tk,xk vkSj blds fy, gj ftys esa VsLV lsaVj gksaxs] ftlesa 112 ftys çkFkfedrk

esa jgsaxs tks ns'k esa lcls fiNM+s gSaA dbZ ikBÔØeksa dks jkstxkjijd cukus dh Hkh ckr dgh xbZ gSA dqN dkslks± dks m|ksxksa ds dk;ZØe ls tksM+k tk,xkA tkfgj gS blls ;qokvksa esa dkS'ky fodkl gksxk vkSj muds fy, jkstxkj ds u, jkLrs •qysaxsA gkykafd Lojkstxkj ds fy, 'kq: dh xbZ ljdkj dh egÙokdka{kh eqæk ;kstuk dks bl ctV esa 500 djksM+ #i;s çnku fd, x, gSaA

blds Bhd igys ctV esa Hkh vkoaVu dk ;gh vkadM+k FkkA jkspd ;g gS fd ljdkj blh ds cy ij 12 djksM+ yksxksa dks jkstxkj eqgS;k djkus dh ckr djrh jgh gSA ,sls esa mfpr gksrk fd ctV esa blds fy, vkSj vkoaVu c<+k;k tkrkA ogha ç/kuea=kh jkstxkj l`tu dk;ZØe dks ctV esa 25 lkS djksM+ #i;s çnku fd, x, gSa tks fiNys ctV dh rqyuk esa 36 djksM+ vf/d gSaA gkykafd] blds fy, Hkh vkoaVu c<+k;k tk ldrk FkkA blesa dksbZ nks jk; ugha fd lHkh dks ljdkjh ukSdjh ugha fey ldrhA ,sls esa Lojkstxkj Hkh ,d fodYi cu tkrk gSA lkFk gh] futh {ks=k esa jkstxkj dh ryk'k O;kid iSekus ij fd;k tkuk Hkh ykteh gSA

ctV esa bl ckr ij Hkh è;ku fn;k x;k gS fd ;qokvksa dks fons'k esa jkstxkj ds fy, rS;kj fd;k tk,A pwafd] jkstxkj ds vius ekud gksrs gSaA ;fn blds vuq:i ;qokvksa dks çf'k{k.k fn;k tk, vkSj rS;kj fd;k tk, rks blesa dksbZ nks jk; ugha fd muds fy, laHkkouk,a çcy gksaxhA foÙk ea=kh us Hkh dqN ,slk gh b'kkjk fd;k gSA 2025 rd csgrj lSyjh okyh pkj djksM+ ukSdfj;ka miyC/ djkus dk y{; rHkh iwjk gksxk tc jkstxkj ds voljksa ds eqrkfcd ;qokvksa esa dkS'ky fodkl gksxkA fofHkUu loZs dgrs gSa fd uoacj 2019 rd yxHkx 70 yk• yksxksa dks ç/kuea=kh dkS'ky fodkl ;kstuk ds rgr çf'k{k.k fn;k x;k tks ns'k esa 75 djksM+ ls vf/d ;qokvksa dh rqyuk esa dkiQh de gSA

fczDl dks fodflr vkSj fodkl'khy ns'kksa dk iqy dgk tkrk gSA blesa ikap ns'k gSaA Hkkjr csjkstxkjh ds ekeys esa nf{k.k vÚhdk vkSj czkthy ds ckn vkrk gSA jkstxkj ds elys esa phu csgrj ns'k gSA ljdkj 2030 rd lk<+s vkB djksM+ jkstxkj phuh ekWMy ij vlsacfyax flLVe ls fodflr djuk pkgrh gSA fjiksVZ Hkh crkrh gS fd 2027 rd Hkkjr lokZf/d Jecy okyk ns'k gksxk vkSj budh lgh •ir ds fy, cM+s fu;kstu dh njdkj gksxhA ctV esa f'k{kk ij yxHkx ,d yk• djksM+ #i;s •pZ djus dh ckr dgh xbZ gS] tcfd dkS'ky fodkl ds fy, rhu gtkj djksM+ #i;s dh ckr dh xbZ gSA

ns•k tk, rks ;g ekax ds vuq:i de gSA ns'k esa jkstxkj dh la[;k c<+s bls ysdj ctV rks c<+kus gh iM+saxsA lkFk gh ;qokvksa dks Hkh ;g le>uk gksxk fd dsoy fMxzh jkstxkj dk ekud ugha gSA fofuekZ.k {ks=k dks nq#Lr fd, fcuk jkstxkj ugha c<+ ik,xkA ikap fVªfy;u dh vFkZO;oLFkk dk y{; Hkh jkstxkj l`tu ds lkFk gh gkfly gksxkA l'kÙkQ lekt vkfFkZd lqn`<+rk ds cxSj laHko ugha gSA blds fy, jkstxkj t:jh gSA bl ctV esa ckxokuh] i'kqikyu ,oa Ms;jh] eRL; ikyu vkfn ds {ks=kksa ds fy, fd, x, çko/kuksa ls Hkh xzkeh.k txr esa jkstxkj dks c<+r fey ldrh gSA

fo'o cSad dk ,d iqjkuk vkadM+k gS fd ;fn Hkkjr esa i<+h&fy•h lHkh efgyk,a dkedkth gks tk,a vkSj xzkeh.k {ks=kksa ds


yksxksa dks ogka ds okrkoj.k ds fglkc ls jkstxkj ds ekSds miyC/ gks tk,a rks thMhih esa pkj iQhln dh c<+r gks tk,xhA vHkh vFkZO;oLFkk lqLrh dk lkeuk dj jgh gSA ,sls esa fuos'k] ekax vkSj mRiknu Hkh detksj gkyr esa gSaA ,slh fLFkfr esa jkstxkj ds volj iSnk djus gSa rks blds fy, larqfyr uhfr ds lkFk /u dh O;oLFkk djus lfgr vPNs eu dks çdV djuk gh gksxkA mfpr gS fd eksnh ljdkj bl fn'kk esa dqN djrh utj vk jgh gSA

visf{kr :i ls jkstxkj l`tu dHkh vklku ugha gksrkA Hkkjr tSls ns'k esa rks ;g pqukSrh vkSj fodjky gks tkrh gSA ,d rks ;qok vkcknh dh Hkjekj vkSj ml ij vkfFkZd lqLrh ls fldqM+rs jkstxkj us bl ekspZs ij ljdkj ds fy, nksgjh pqukSrh c<+k nh gSA eksnh ljdkj blls fuiVus ds fy, reke dksf'k'ksa dj rks jgh gS] ysfdu mls vko';d liQyrk ugha fey jghA vc ctV esa foÙk ea=kh fueZyk lhrkje.k us jkstxkj l`tu ds fy, dbZ mik; fd, gSa ftlls mEehnsa txh gSaA


y fMikVZesaV vkWiQ ilZuy ,aM Vªsfuax ;kuh dkfeZd ,oa çf'k{k.k foHkkx us gky esa ,d fn'kk&funZs'k tkjh fd;k gS ftlds eqrkfcd ljdkj dh vksj ls gj ekg ,d fjiksVZ cusxh ftlesa fdu&fdu ea=kky;ksa esa fdruh ubZ fu;qfÙkQ gqbZ bldk ys•k&tks•k fn;k tk,xkA blesa lh/h vkSj çfr;ksfxrk ds ekè;e ls gksus okyh nksuksa fu;qfÙkQ;ka 'kkfey gksaxhA

y ljdkj dk dguk gS fd •kyh inksa dh la[;k esa fiNys Ng o"kZ esa ikap iQhln deh vkbZ gSA o"kZ 2014 esa ;g 16 iQhln Fkh tks 2019 esa ?kVdj 11 iQhln jg xbZ gSA vHkh dqy •kyh inksa dh la[;k 6]83]823 gSA ljdkj us viuh fjiksVZ esa dgk gS fd vHkh djhc pkj yk• inksa dks Hkjus dh çfØ;k py jgh gSA

y ftl rsth ls xzkeh.k •ir esa deh vkbZ gS vkSj ns'k esa csjkstxkjh dh nj c<+h gS mls xaHkhjrk ls fy;k tkuk pkfg,A nwljh rjiQ dsaæ esa lÙkklhu eksnh ljdkj Hkkjr dks ikap ^fVªfy;u MkWyj bdksukWeh* cukus dk liuk ns• jgh gSA ;g rHkh laHko gS tc gj gkFk dks dke feys vkSj ns'k esa csjkstxkjh dh nj de gksA

y gky esa LVsV cSad vkWiQ bafM;k dh fjlpZ fjiksVZ ^bdksjSi* ds vuqlkj ekStwnk foÙk o"kZ esa ukSdfj;ksa esa Hkkjh fxjkoV dh vk'kadk gSA fjiksVZ ds eqrkfcd] vFkZO;oLFkk esa lqLrh dh otg ls jkstxkj ij cqjk vlj iM+k gSA fjiksVZ esa ;g Hkh crk;k x;k gS fd foÙk o"kZ 2018&19 ds eqdkcys o"kZ 2019&20 esa 16 yk• de ubZ ukSdfj;ka l`ftr gqbZa vkSj jkstxkj ds dqy 89-7 yk• u, ekSds vk, FksA

y fdlh Hkh ns'k ds fodkl dh lS¼kafrd vkSj O;kogkfjd fLFkfr dks ;fn le>uk gS rks ogka ds ;qokvksa esa dkS'ky vkSj jkstxkj dh fLFkfr dks ns•uk pkfg,A Hkkjr bu fnuksa jkstxkj ds ekeys esa rsth ls fiNM+ jgk gSA xkSjryc gS fd csjkstxkjh dh nj chrs 45 o"kks± esa lcls vf/d gSA vkfFkZd loZs{k.k ;g crkrk gS fd lky 2011&12 ls 2017&18 ds chp 2-62 djksM+ yksxksa dks ukSdfj;ka feyh gSa tks laxfBr {ks=k ls lacaf/r gSaA

y fczDl dks fodflr vkSj fodkl'khy ns'kksa dk iqy dgk tkrk gSA blesa ikap ns'k gSaA Hkkjr csjkstxkjh ds ekeys esa nf{k.k vÚhdk vkSj czkthy ds ckn vkrk gSA jkstxkj ds elys esa phu csgrj ns'k gSA ljdkj 2030 rd lk<+s vkB djksM+ jkstxkj phuh ekWMy ij vlsacfyax flLVe ls fodflr djuk pkgrh gSA fjiksVZ Hkh crkrh gS fd 2027 rd Hkkjr lokZf/d Jecy okyk ns'k gksxk vkSj budh lgh •ir ds fy, cM+s fu;kstu dh njdkj gksxhA

Hkkjresajkstxkj

y Hkkjr esa çfr o"kZ 50 yk• vfrfjÙkQ jkstxkj pkfg,] ysfdu xr rhu o"kks± esa vfrfjÙkQ jkstxkj l`tu 10 çfr'kr ls Hkh de gks ik;k gSA laxfBr {ks=k esa dqy jkstxkj dk 10 çfr'kr gh gks ikrk gS ysfdu 90 çfr'kr jkstxkj vlaxfBr {ks=k ls feyrk gS] tgka ij dh U;wure osru ;k etnwjh dk ikyu Hkh ugha gks ikrk gS rFkk ukSdjh ,oa lkekftd lqj{kk dk vHkko gksrk gSA

y vlaxfBr {ks=k esa jkstxkj l`tu vYidkfyd gksrk gS rFkk mldh çÑfr LFkk;h ugha gksdj rkRdkfyd gksrh gSA dHkh Hkh vkdfLedrk ds pyrs jkstxkj csjkstxkjh esa cny tkrk gSA ;g mEehn Fkh fd Ñf"k {ks=k dk vfrfjÙkQ jkstxkj fuekZ.k ,oa lsok {ks=k esa •i tk,xk ysfdu ,slk ugha gks ldkA

y Hkkjr ljdkj us o"kZ] 2022 rd fuekZ.k {ks=k dk ;ksxnku ldy ?kjsyw mRikn dk yxHkx 25 çfr'kr vftZr fd, tkus dk y{; j•k gS

y Hkkjr dk tulka[;dh; ykHk ;g crk;k tkrk gS fd Hkkjr esa yxHkx 55 çfr'kr tula[;k ;qok gS tcfd nqfu;k ds fodflr ns'kksa esa ;qok tula[;k dh rqyuk esa o`¼ tula[;k dk vuqikr c<+ jgk gS tks fd lkekftd lqj{kk ds cks> dks c<+k jgk gSA

y Hkkjr ,d Ñf"k ç/ku ns'k ekuk tkrk gS D;ksafd lokZf/d tula[;k •srh dk dk;Z djrh gS ysfdu Ñf"k {ks=k esa fNih gqbZ csjkstxkjh dh Hkh xaHkhj leL;k gS tks ;g n'kkZrh gS fd Ñf"k {ks=k ls Je 'kfÙkQ dks gVk fn;k tk, rks Hkh Ñf"k mRiknu ,oa mRikndrk ij dksbZ foijhr çHkko ugha iM+sxkA



1- gky gh esa csjkstxkjh laca/h vk¡dM+ksa dks çdkf'kr djus okyh ^bdksjSi* fjiksVZ fuEufyf[kr esa ls fdl laLFkk }kjk tkjh dh xbZ gS\(a) Hkkjrh; LVsV cSad (b) Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad(c) ;wfulsiQ (d) ;wukbZVsM us'kal

(mÙkj&a)


1- vlaxfBr {ks=k esa jkstxkj l`tu vYidkfyd gksrk gSA

2- vlaxfBr {ks=k osQ jkstxkj dh ço`Qfr rkRdkfyd gksrh gSA

3- vlaxfBr {ks=k esa ukSdjh ,oa lkekftd lqj{kk dk vHkko gksrk gSA

mi;qZDr esa ls dkSu&lk@ls dFku lR; gS@gSa\(a) 1 vkSj 2 (b) 2 vkSj 3(c) 1 vkSj 3 (d) mi;qZDr lHkh

(mÙkj&d)

3- ¶Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk esa Je dk vkf/D; gS] ysfdu dkS'ky dh dkiQh deh gSA¸ fVIi.kh djsaA


1- çPNUu csjkstxkjh dk lkekU;r% vFkZ gksrk gS fd

(a) yksx cM+h la[;k esa csjkstxkj jgrs gSaA

(b) oSdfYid jkstxkj miyC/ ugha gaSA

(c) Jfed dh lhekUr mRikndrk 'kwU; gSA

(d) Jfedksa dh mRikndrk uhph gSA

(IAS izkjafHkd ijh{kk] o"kZ&2013] mÙkj&c)


,d ladYiuk osQ :i esa ekuo iw¡th fuekZ.k dh csgrj O;k[;k ml çfozQ;k osQ :i esa dh tkrh gS] ftlosQ }kjk

1- fdlh ns'k osQ O;fDr vf/d iw¡th dk lap; dj ikrs gSaA

2- ns'k osQ yksxksa osQ Kku] dkS'ky Lrjksa vkSj {kerkvksa esa o`f¼ gks ikrh gSA

3- xkspj /u dk lap; gks ikrk gSA

4- vxkspj /u dk lap; gks ikrk gSA

mi;qZDr dFkuksa esa ls dkSu&lk@ls lR; gSa\(a) 1 vkSj 2 (b) dsoy 2(c) 2 vkSj a4 (d) 1] 3 vkSj 4

(IAS izkjafHkd ijh{kk] o"kZ&2018] mÙkj&c)3- ¶ftl le; ge Hkkjr ds tulkaf[;dh; ykHkka'k (MseksxzkfiQd

fMfoMasM) dks 'kku ls iznf'kZr djrs gSa] ml le; ge jkstxkj&;ksX;rk dh iru'khy njksa dks utjvankt dj nsrs gSaA¸ D;k ge ,slk djus ls dksbZ pwd dj jgs gSa\ Hkkjr dks ftu tkWcksa dh cslcjh ls njdkj gS] os tkWc dgk¡ ls vk,¡xs\ Li"V dhft,A (200 'kCn)


4- gky ds le; eas Hkkjr eas vkfFkZd lao`f¼ dh izd`fr dk o.kZu vDlj ukSdjhfoghu lao`f¼ ds rkSj ij fd;k tkrk gSA D;k vki bl fopkj ls lger gSa\ vius mÙkj ds leFkZu eas rdZ izLrqr dhft,A (200 'kCn)

(IAS eq[; ijh{kk] o"kZ&2015)5- Hkkjrh; lanHkZ esa lekos'kh fodkl esa fufgr pqukSfr;ksa] ftuesa

ykijokg vkSj csdkj tu'kfDr 'kkfey gS] ij fVIi.kh dhft,A bu pqukSfr;ksa dk lkeuk djus ds mik; lq>kb,A (200 'kCn)

(IAS eq[; ijh{kk] o"kZ&2016)6- Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk esa oS'ohdj.k ds ifj.kkeLo:i vkSipkfjd

{ks=k esa jkstxkj dSls de gq,\ D;k c<+rh gqbZ vukSipkfjdrk ns'k ds fodkl ds fy, gkfudkjd gS\ (200 'kCn)


PT/Mains - iz'u


bafM;kbuesfdax

bafM;kbuesfdaxçkstsDVdk,dek=kmís';yxHkx25vkfFkZd{ks=kksaesavf/drejkstxkjl`tuvkSjdkS'kyc`f¼ijè;kudsafærdjukgSAbl;kstukesafons'khdaifu;ksa}kjkHkkjresaghoLrqvksadsfuekZ.kijtksjfn;ktkrkgSAvr%bl

;kstuklsns'kesajkstxkjksadkl`tugksxklkFkghns'kdksu;hrduhdhdsckjsesaHkhirkpysxkA


ns'kdsldy?kjsywmRiknesalky2022rdgksxk25iQhlnesdbubafM;kdk;ksxnku(tkxj.k)

ljdkj us flracj 2014 esa tksj&'kksj ls êsd bu bafM;k*

;kstuk 'kq: djrs oÙkQ y{; j•k Fkk fd ns'k ds ldy ?kjsyw

mRikn (thMhih) esa bldk ;ksxnku 16 çfr'kr ls c<+kdj 2022

rd 25 çfr'kr dj fn;k tk,xkA ysfdu flracj 2019 rd ;g

17-38 çfr'kr ij vVdk gqvk FkkA

foÙk ea=kh fueZyk lhrkje.k us bl ckj ds ctV esa ^m|ksx]

okf.kT; o fuos'k* ij cksyuk 'kq: fd;k rks mUgksaus Hkkjr dh

'kk'or m|e'khyrk dk mYys• fd;kA tc çksRlkgu dh ckr vkbZ

rks eksckby iQksu] bysDVªkWfud midj.k o lsehdaMDVj iSdsftax

cukus ij dsafær Ldhe rd fleV xbZaA

bl Ldhe esa mUgksaus esfMdy midj.kksa dks Hkh uRFkh dj fn;kA

ysfdu ;s m|ksx {ks=k rks •qn gh rsth ls c<+ jgs gSaA mUgsa 'kk;n

fdlh çksRlkgu dh t:jr ugha FkhA VsfDudy VsDlVkby ds 16

vjc MkWyj ds vk;kr dks iyVus ds fy, pkj lky ds jk"Vªh;

VsfDudy VsDlVkby fe'ku dk çLrko j•k x;k vkSj blds fy,

1480 djksM+ #i;s dk vkoaVu dj fn;kA ysfdu xqtjs tekus dk

VsDlVkby m|ksx ljdkjksa ds iqjtksj ç;klksa ds ckotwn lkyksa&lky

ls D;ksa nqnZ'kk dk f'kdkj gS ;k D;ksa ckaXykns'k o fo;ruke tSls

ns'k gesa VsDlVkby fu;kZr esa ekr ns jgs gSa] bldh dksbZ leh{kk

ugha is'k dhA

foÙk ea=kh us ikap u, LekVZ 'kgjksa] fu;kZrdksa vkSj lw{e] y?kq

o eè;e m|ksxksa (,e,l,ebZ) dk Hkh mYys• fd;kA ns'k ds gj

ftys esa fu;kZr gc cukus dh ckr dhA ysfdu ugha crk;k fd

gekjk fu;kZr lkynj&lky D;ksa ?kVrk tk jgk gSA varr% tc m|ksx

o okf.kT; {ks=k ds fy, ctV vkoaVu djuk Fkk rks vly vkadM+k

27]227 djksM+ #i;s rd fleV x;kA ;g ekStwnk foÙk o"kZ ds

28]608 djksM+ #i;s ds la'kksf/r vuqeku ls 4-82 çfr'kr de gSA

baÚkLVªDpj bl ljdkj dh ugha] ns'k ds fy, Hkh cM+h

çkFkfedrk gSA foÙk ea=kh us fnlacj var esa ?kksf"kr ikap lky esa 103

yk• djksM+ #i, fuos'k djus ds jk"Vªh; baÚkLVªDpj ikbiykbu dk

,d ckj fiQj mYys• fd;kA ysfdu tc dqN Bksl djus dh ckjh

vkbZ rks ekeyk baÚkLVªDpj iQkbusal daifu;ksa dh bfDoVh esa 22]000

djksM+ #i;s yxkus ij vk fVdkA ;s daifu;ka yxHkx ,d yk•

djksM+ #i;s dk iQkbusal tqVkus esa enn dj ldrh gSaA ysfdu 103

yk• djksM+ #i;s esa ls vf/dka'k jde futh {ks=k dks tqVkuh gSA

?kksVkys esa iQalh baÚkLVªDpj yhftax ,aM iQkbusal lfoZlst

(vkb,y ,aM ,iQ,l) ds vuqHko dks ns•rs gq, ;g is'kd'k

fdruh dkjxj gksxh] bldks ysdj Hkkjh lansg gSA fj;y ,LVsV dks

mckjus ds fy, edku •jhnus&cspus ij dSfiVy xsUl VSDl esa

FkksM+h fj;k;r nh xbZ gSA vHkh rd edku dh dher lfdZy jsV

ds 5 çfr'kr ls T;knk de gS rks varj ij 20 çfr'kr dSfiVy

xsUl VSDl nsuk iM+rk gSA vc ;g varj lfdZy jsV ds 10 çfr'kr

ls T;knk dj fn;k gSA

ns'k ds ukS çeq• 'kgjksa esa gh yxHkx 7-75 yk• edku vufcds

iM+s gSa] rc ctV dk ;g dne fdruk dkjxj gksxk\ foÙk ea=kh

us flaFksfVd iQkbcj ls cuus okys diM+ksa o dqN IykfLVd mRikn

cukus ds dPps eky ihVh, (I;ksfjiQkbM VsjsÝFkSfyd ,flM) ij

,aVh&Mafiax MÔwVh •Re dh gS] mldk ?kjsyw m|ksx us Lokxr fd;k gSA

oSls rks ns'k esa fjyk;al baMLVªht vkSj bafM;u vkW;y tSlh

daifu;ka ihVh, cukrh gSa] ysfdu os ihVh, dh lkjh ekax ugha iwjh

dj ikrhaA m|ksx dk dguk gS fd blls ns'k dks fu;kZr c<+kus esa

enn feysxhA m|ksx dks fujk'kk ds chp vk'kk dh cl ;gh ,d

fdj.k utj vk jgh gSA

êsdbubafM;k*dks'kq:gq,ikapo"kZgkspqdsgSa]vcbldsewY;kadudkle;(tkxj.k)

êsd bu bafM;k* vfHk;ku dh 'kq#vkr cgqr mRlkg vkSj

okgokgh ds lkFk dh xbZ FkhA bldh vo/kj.kk vkSj y{;ksa dh

dkiQh rkjhiQ dh xbZ FkhA blds visf{kr çHkko dh ckr djsa rks

blus u dsoy vke vkneh dh dYiuk dks ubZ mM+ku nh] cfYd


m|ksx txr dh mEehnksa dks Hkh iquthZfor fd;kA m|ksx txr us blls O;kid Lrj ij çfØ;kvksa esa cnyko dh ifjdYiuk dh Fkh vkSj mlls Hkh egÙoiw.kZ ;g fd U;wure ljdkj vf/dre 'kklu* dh lksp ds dk;kZfUor gksus dh mEehn FkhA

fofuekZ.k {ks=k esa egt nks iQhln fgLlsnkjh % fofuekZ.k {ks=k ls ns'k dks ubZ mEehnsa gSaA ,sls le; esa tc phu us •qn dks bl laca/ esa nqfu;k dh ^dk;Z'kkyk* ds :i esa LFkkfir fd;k gS] oSf'od fofuekZ.k esa gekjk fgLlk egt nks çfr'kr gSA ,d vè;;u ds vuqlkj fofuekZ.k oSf'od cktkj esa çR;sd ,d çfr'kr dh o`f¼'khy fgLlsnkjh 50 yk• ubZ ukSdfj;ka iSnk djsxkA dbZ yksx ;g ekurs gSa fd Hkkjr nqfu;k ds fofuekZ.k dsaæ ds :i esa mHkj jgk gSA bu lcds chp gekjs uhfr fuekZrk vkSj jktusrk ,d tSls gSaA ,d i{k dks lexz le> vkSj çksRlkgu dh deh gS] rks nwljs i{k esa okLrfodrk dh deh gSA bl rjg dh ;kstuk dh ?kks"k.kkvksa esa dkiQh dksykgy lquus dks feyrk gS ftUgsa lqudj dksbZ Hkh ;dhu dj ysxk fd nqfu;k dh ^dk;Z'kkyk* esa Hkkjr ds vkxeu ls phu ds bl lanHkZ esa dk;e ,dkf/dkj dks •Re fd;k tk ldrk gSA gkykafd] ;g gdhdr ls dkslksa nwj gSA VsDlVkby] peM+s vkSj twrs ds O;kikj dk ckaXykns'k vkSj fo;ruke esa LFkkukarfjr gksuk bldk ,d çR;{k mnkgj.k gSA

nks dne lh/k] ,d dne Vs<+k % ljdkj bl laca/ esa dksbZ Hkh volj ugha NksM+ jgh gSA j{kk] jsyos] varfj{k vkfn egÙoiw.kZ {ks=kksa dks •ksy fn;k x;k gSA fofu;ked <kaps dks mnkj cuk;k x;k gSA fofuekZ.k esa enn djus okyh ;kstukvksa dks ,d rjg ls BaMs cLrs esa Mky fn;k x;k gSA ^bt vkWiQ Mwbax fctusl* ;kuh ^dkjksckjh lqxerk* ij è;ku nsus ls mís'; ds çfr fo'oluh;rk c<+ xbZ gSA ljdkj dh bl ckr ds fy, ljkguk djus dh t:jr gS fd çfrLi/kZ rFkk mUu;u ds fy, ubZ rduhd ls ;qÙkQ vuqla/ku fodkl ds lkFk gh xq.koÙkk ds ckjs esa vk/qfud fofuekZ.k t:jrksa] fo'ks"kKrk o vk/qfud rduhd] Li"Vrk] ifjiDork vkfn dk è;ku j•k tk jgk gSA

cny jgk gS fofuekZ.k {ks=k % bldh eq[; fo'ks"krk vdq'ky Je vkSj de iwath dh rqyuk esa O;kid iwath vkSj dq'ky Je ij vf/d fuHkZjrk gSA ;gka rduhdh fo'ks"kKksa dh deh gSA bl chp] ljdkj detksj ;kstukvksa] xyr dk;kZUo;u okyh dkS'ky fodkl dk;ZØeksa esa gtkjksa djksM+ dk fuos'k dj jgh gSA vkt m|ksx txr dh dtZ ls nch n'kk êsd bu bafM;k* dh /heh çxfr ds dkj.k gS] tks ,uih, ØsfMV dh nqnZ'kk vkSj varr% Mwcrs m|ksx ds nq"pØ dks c<+kus dk dke djrs gSaA iQafMax] fo'ks"kKrk vkSj ukSdj'kkgh ck/kvksa dh iSB tSlh varfuZfgr pqukSfr;ksa ls fujk'k] gekjh vf/dka'k cqfu;knh ifj;kstuk,a ;k rks iwjh ugha gksrh gSa vkSj ;fn gksrh gSa rks muesa dkiQh le; yxrk gS vkSj os yksxksa dh t:jrksa ds fygkt ls vi;kZIr gksrh gSaA

Hkkjr rRij gS] ysfdu rS;kj ugha % vçpfyr vkSj vojks/d :ijs•kvksa dks •Re djuk gksxk vkSj ,d ikjn'khZ ç.kkyh ds lkFk bls cnyuk gksxkA uokpkj dks c<+kok nsus] dkS'ky dks c<+kus vkSj fuos'k dks vkdf"kZr djus vkfn lqfu;ksftr rjhds ls gksuk pkfg,A bls ,dy&f•M+dh] vkWuykbu iksVZy] bZfct ds vfrfjÙkQ fofHkUu lsokvksa ls ,dhÑr fd;k x;k gS] ysfdu vHkh bl fn'kk esa cgqr dqN fd;k tkuk 'ks"k gSA

fnokfy;k vf/fu;e ikfjr gksuk rFkk th,lVh dk dk;kZUo;u ,d vuqdwy dne gS] ysfdu ;g fliQZ NksVs dne gSaA gekjs usrkvksa dh lksp ds lkFk&lkFk varnZ`f"V] fMtkbu vkSj forfjr djus dh gekjh {kerk] ukSdj'kkgh dk yphykiu rFkk ;ksX;rk êsd bu bafM;k* ds eq[; igyw gSa vkSj gekjs dkjksckj dks thoar djus ds fy, ;g egÙoiw.kZ gSaA de eqækLiQhfr] de C;kt nj vkSj mPp fodkl ls ;qÙkQ ifjos'k çfrLi/kZ ds fy, vko';d gSaA çpfyr Je dkuwu vkSj ukSdj'kkgh dh ijs'kkuh gh bls de djrs gSaA blds vykok] m|ksx dks ,d iqu#¼kj ;kstuk dh vko';drk gS tks ck/kvksa dks gVk ldrh gS vkSj vusd ekStwnk rFkk ?kkVs okyh ifj;kstukvksa dks iquthZfor vkSj iquxZfBr dj ldrh gSA gesa Hkwfe vf/xzg.k] dj lajpuk vkSj Je lq/kjksa ds fy, uhfr;ksa dks rS;kj djus dh vko';drk gSA lkFk gh fuos'k dks c<+kus] uokpkj dks c<+kok nsus vkSj dkS'ky fodflr djus dh uhfr;ksa ds dk;kZUo;u dks lqfuf'pr djus dh t:jr gSA

fnokfy;k vf/fu;e] th,lVh vuqdwy igy gS] ysfdu foÙkh; {ks=kksa esa lq/kjksa dks etcwr vkSj lexz cukus dh t:jr gSA tc rd ekax dks iquthZfor ugha fd;k tkrk gS] rc rd dsoy dkWjiksjsV djksa esa dVkSrh djus ls fuos'k dks ugha c<+k;k tk ldrk gSA gesa ,d LoLFk ikfjfLFkfrdh ra=k cukus dh t:jr gS tks fofu;ked eatwjh dks l{ke cukrk gks] dBksj çfØ;kvksa dks vklku cukrk gks vkSj uhfr;ksa ds dk;kZUo;u dks xfr nsrk gks vkSj uokpkj rFkk ifj.kkeksa dks iqjLÑr djrk gksA gekjk y{; fons'kh fuos'k ds fy, ,d lk/u ds :i esa bls tksM+us ds lkFk Hkkjr dks fofuekZ.k] fMtkbu o uokpkj ds oSf'od dsaæ ds :i esa LFkkfir djuk gksuk pkfg,A ;g O;kid y{; fofuekZ.k {ks=k dks lqn`<+ cukus] vFkZO;oLFkk dks rsth çnku djus] jkstxkj iSnk djus] vkfFkZd xfrfof/;ksa dks c<+kus vkSj fodflr ns'kksa ds laxBu esa Hkkjr dks 'kkfey djus ds bnZ&fxnZ gksuk pkfg,A

êsd bu bafM;k* dks 'kq: gq, ikap o"kZ gks pqds gSa vkSj blds ewY;kadu dk le; vk x;k gSA fuf'pr :i ls fofuekZ.k {ks=k esa O;kid ifjorZu ns•us dks fey jgk gS tks eq[; :i ls Lor% çsfjr gS vkSj ,d vPNh fLFkfr esa gSA Hkkjr esa êsd bu bafM;k* dk;ZØe dks ftl edln ds lkFk 'kq: fd;k x;k Fkk] mls vkt okLro esa gkfly dj fy;k x;k gS ;k fiQj ge mls gkfly djus dh fn'kk esa fdruh rsth ls vkxs c<+ jgs gSa] gesa bu phtksa ds ckjs esa Hkh O;kid :i ls le>uk pkfg,A



y ljdkj us flracj 2014 esa tksj&'kksj ls êsd bu bafM;k*

;kstuk 'kq: djrs oÙkQ y{; j•k Fkk fd ns'k ds ldy ?kjsyw

mRikn (thMhih) esa bldk ;ksxnku 16 çfr'kr ls c<+kdj

2022 rd 25 çfr'kr dj fn;k tk,xkA ysfdu flracj 2019

rd ;g 17-38 çfr'kr ij vVdk gqvk FkkA

y VsfDudy VsDlVkby ds 16 vjc MkWyj ds vk;kr dks iyVus

ds fy, pkj lky ds jk"Vªh; VsfDudy VsDlVkby fe'ku

dk çLrko j•k x;k vkSj blds fy, 1480 djksM+ #i;s dk

vkoaVu dj fn;kA

y foÙk ea=kh us ikap u, LekVZ 'kgjksa] fu;kZrdksa vkSj lw{e] y?kq

o eè;e m|ksxksa (,e,l,ebZ) dk Hkh mYys• fd;kA ns'k ds

gj ftys esa fu;kZr gc cukus dh ckr dhA

y foÙk ea=kh us fnlacj var esa ?kksf"kr ikap lky esa 103 yk•

djksM+ #i, fuos'k djus ds jk"Vªh; baÚkLVªDpj ikbiykbu dk

,d ckj fiQj mYys• fd;kA ysfdu tc dqN Bksl djus dh

ckjh vkbZ rks ekeyk baÚkLVªDpj iQkbusal daifu;ksa dh bfDoVh

esa 22]000 djksM+ #i;s yxkus ij vk fVdkA ;s daifu;ka

yxHkx ,d yk• djksM+ #i;s dk iQkbusal tqVkus esa enn

dj ldrh gSaA ysfdu 103 yk• djksM+ #i;s esa ls vf/dka'k

jde futh {ks=k dks tqVkuh gSA

y ,d vè;;u ds vuqlkj fofuekZ.k oSf'od cktkj esa çR;sd

,d çfr'kr dh o`f¼'khy fgLlsnkjh 50 yk• ubZ ukSdfj;ka

iSnk djsxkA dbZ yksx ;g ekurs gSa fd Hkkjr nqfu;k ds

fofuekZ.k dsaæ ds :i esa mHkj jgk gSA

esdbubafM;k

y esd bu bafM;k Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk 25 flrEcj 2014 dks ns'kh

vkSj fons'kh daifu;ksa }kjk Hkkjr esa gh oLrqvksa ds fuekZ.k ij

cy nsus ds fy, cuk;k x;k gSA vFkZO;LFkk ds fodkl dh

jÝrkj c<+kus] vkS|ksxhdj.k vkSj m|ferk dks c<+kok nsus vkSj

jkstxkj l`tu ds fy, ;g ;kstuk 'kq: dh xbZA Hkkjr dk

fu;kZr mlds vk;kr ls de gksrk gSA blh VªsaM dks cnyus

ds fy, ljdkj us oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa dks ns'k esa gh cukus

dh eqghe dks 'kq: djus ds fy, Make in India uhfr

dh 'kq#vkr dh FkhA

y esd bu bafM;k dk edln ns'k dks eSU;qiQSDpfjax dk gc

cukuk gSA?kjsyw vkSj fons'kh nksuksa fuos'kdksa dks ewy :i ls ,d

vuqdwy ekgkSy miyC/ djkus dk ok;nk fd;k x;k gS] rkfd

125 djksM+ dh vkcknh okys etcwr Hkkjr dks ,d fofuekZ.k

dsaæ ds :i esa ifjofrZr djds jkstxkj ds volj iSnk gksaA

y çkIr fd;s tkus okys y{;

y eè;kof/ dh rqyuk esa fofuekZ.k {ks=k esa 12&14 çfr'kr

çfro"kZ o`f¼ djus dk y{;A

y ns'k ds ldy ?kjsyw mRikn esa fofuekZ.k dh fgLlsnkjh 2022

rd c<+kdj 16 ls 25 çfr'kr djukA

y fofuekZ.k {ks=k esa 2022 rd 100 fefy;u vfrfjDr jkstxkj

l`ftr djukA

y xzkeh.k çokfl;ksa vkSj 'kgjh xjhc yksxksa esa lexz fodkl ds

fy, leqfpr dkS'ky dk fuekZ.k djukA

y ?kjsyw ewY; lao¼Zu vkSj fofuekZ.k esa rduhdh Kku esa o`f¼

djukA

y Hkkjrh; fofuekZ.k {ks=k dh oSf'od çfrLi/kZ esa o`f¼ djukA

y Hkkjrh; fo'ks"k :i ls i;kZoj.k ds laca/ esa fodkl dh

fLFkjrk lqfuf'pr djukA




1- êsd bu bafM;k* ;kstuk o"kZ 2014 esa 'kq: dh xbZ FkhA

2- bldk y{; Hkkjr dks eSU;qiSQDpfjax gc cukuk gSA


(mÙkj&c)


1- jk"Vªh; rduhdh oL=k fe'ku dk y{; Hkkjr dks rduhdh oL=k osQ {ks=k esa ,d oSf'od yhMj cukuk gSA

2- jk"Vªh; volajpuk ikbiykbu osQ varxZr vk/kjHkwr ifj;kstukvksa ij è;ku osaQfnzr fd;k tkrk gSA


(mÙkj&c)

3- ¶esd bu bafM;k¸ ds ekè;e ls ljdkj fofHkUu ns'kksa dh daifu;ksa dks Hkkjr esa dj NwV nsdj viuk m|ksx Hkkjr esa gh yxkus ds fy, çksRlkfgr djsxh] ftlls dh Hkkjr dk vk;kr fcy de gks lds vkSj ns'k esa jkstxkj dk l`tu gks ldsA¸ fVIi.kh djsaaA


1- fofuekZ.k {ks=k osQ fodkl dks çksRlkfgr djus osQ fy, Hkkjr ljdkj us dkSu&lh ubZ uhfrxr igy dh gS@gSa\

1- jk"Vªh; fuos'k rFkk fofuekZ.k {ks=kksa dh LFkkiukA

2- ^,dy f[kM+dh eatwjh* (flaxy foaMks Dyh;jsal) dh lqfo/k çnku djukA

3- çkS|ksfxdh vf/xzg.k rFkk fodkl dks"k dh LFkkiukA

fuEufyf[kr owQVksa osQ vk/kj ij lgh mÙkj pqfu,&(a) osQoy 1 (b) 2 vkSj 3(c) 1 vkSj 3 (d) 1] 2 vkSj 3

(IAS izkjafHkd ijh{kk] o"kZ&2012] mÙkj&d)

2- ^jk"Vªh; fuos'k vkSj volajpuk fuf/* osQ lanHkZ esa] fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu&lk@ls dFku lgh gS@gSa\

1- ;g uhfr (NITI) vk;ksx dk ,d vax gSA

2- orZeku esa bldh dkWilZ #- 4]00]000 djksM+ gSA

fuEufyf[kr owQVksa osQ vk/kj ij lgh mÙkj pqfu,&(a) osQoy 1 (b) dsoy 2(c) 1 vkSj 2 nksuksa (d) u rks 1] u gh 2


3- Je&iz/ku fu;kZrksa ds y{; dks izkIr djus eas fofuekZ.k {ks=kd dh foiQyrk ds dkj.k crkb,A iw¡th&iz/ku fu;kZrksa dh vis{kk Je&iz/ku fu;kZrksa ds fy, mik;ksa dks lq>kb,A (150 'kCn)


PT/Mains - iz'u


tuçfrfuf/;ksadkvijk/hdj.k

yksdrkaf=kdçfØ;kdksckgqcfy;ksavkSjvkijkf/di`"BHkwfeokysyksxksadhHkkxhnkjhlseqÙkQdjkusdsfy;smPpreU;k;ky;vkSjfuokZpuvk;ksxyxkrkjç;kldjjgsgSaAblesadksbZlansgughagSfdjktuhfrdkvijk/hdj.kyksdrkaf=kdç.kkyhdksnheddhrjgpkVjgkgSA,slsyksxksadkspqukoçfØ;kesaços'kdjuslsjksdusdsfy,dBksjdkuwudh

vko';drkgSA

;g vkys[k lkekU; vè;;u iz'u i=k&2 ('kklu O;oLFkk) ls lacafèkr gSA

jktuhfrdsvijk/hdj.kdketZc<+rkx;k]T;ksa&T;ksanokdh]vcblsjksdusdhdksVZusdhigy

(tkxj.k)

lqçhe dksVZ us jktuhfr dk vijk/hdj.k jksdus ds fy, ,d vge iQSlyk lquk;k gSA mlus vkns'k fn;k gS fd jktuhfrd ny ftl mEehnokj dks fVdV nsaxs] mlds vkijkf/d fjdkMZ lesr lkjk C;kSjk ikVhZ dh osclkbV] iQslcqd vkSj fV~oVj ij MkysaxsA jktuhfrd ny ;g Hkh crk,axs fd mUgksaus vkijkf/d i`"BHkwfe ds O;fÙkQ dks mEehnokj D;ksa pquk\ ;g vge iQSlyk gSA ns'k esa jktuhfr ds vijk/hdj.k vkSj vijk/ ds jktuhfrdj.k dh leL;k dks le>kus ds fy, eSa ,d ?kVuk dk ftØ djuk pkgwaxkA

jktuhfrdkvijk/hdj.kyksdra=kdk'keZukdigywdjhc nks n'kd igys eSaus fcgkj ds ,d ckgqcyh lkaln ds

ckjs esa fy•k Fkk fd ekStwnk yksdra=k dk ;g 'keZukd igyw gS fd 33 laxhu eqdneksa ds vkjksih laln esa gS vkSj ,d 'kkyhu] deZB vkSj bZekunkj usrk lM+dksa ij /wy iQkad jgk gSA bl ij ml ckgqcyh dh vthcksxjhc f'kdk;r vkbZ FkhA mlus dgk fd vkius esjs f•ykiQ 33 eqdneksa dh ppkZ dh gSA bl ij u rks eq>s dksbZ xe gS] u xqLlkA

pqukoesackgqcfy;ksadslkeusLoPNjktuhfrdjusokysusrkfVdrsughagSa

vki 33 ds ctk; 133 dsl fy• nsrs] eq>s dksbZ iQdZ ugha iM+rk] ij eq>s cqjk bl ckr dk yxk fd vkius esjh rqyuk ,d vikfgt usrk ls D;ksa dj nh\ og esjs lkeus D;k gS\ ckgqcyh dh ml fVIi.kh esa nks ckrssaa fufgr FkhaA ,d rks ;g fd ckgqcfy;ksa dh vius ernkrkvksa esa yksdfç;rk ls mu eqdneksa dk lh/k laca/ gksrk gS vkSj mlls mUgsa rkdr feyrh gSA nwljh ckr ;g fd ftl rFkkdfFkr vikfgt lkaln dks mlus gjk;k og LoPN jktuhfr ds çrhd ekus tkrs FksA oSlh jktuhfr dks gh rks ijkftr djds og ckgqcyh lkaln cuk FkkA ,sls esa og ugha pkgrk Fkk fd LoPN jktuhfr dks turk fiQj ls ilan djus yxsA ns•k tk, rks og ckgqcyh ns'k dh vkijkf/d U;k; O;oLFkk dh foiQyrk dh mit FkkA ns'k esa ,slh vusd ^mit* gSaaA og vc tsy esa gS] ij ,sls gj ckgqcyh ds ekeys lcls cM+h vnkyr rd igqap ugha ikrs] blfy, muds 'keu ds fy, laLFkkxr O;oLFkk djuh gksxhA

lqçhedksVZpqukovk;ksxdksvkns'kns fdognkxhmEehnokjksadsukekadui=kLohdkjudjsa

vuqHko crkrs gSa fd vkijkf/d U;k; O;oLFkk dks lqn`<+ cukus dk dke Hkh lqçhe dksVZ gh dj ldrk gSA vkt mEehnokjksa dh laifÙk] 'kS{kf.kd ;ksX;rk vkSj vkijkf/d fjdkWMZ ds ckjs esa tks lwpuk,a turk dks fey ik jgh gSa og Hkh lqçhe dksVZ ds vkns'k ds dkj.k gh laHko gqvk gSA jktuhfrd ny rks igys ,slh tkudkfj;ksa dks lk>k djus rd dks rS;kj ugha FksA csgrj ;g gksrk fd lqçhe dksVZ nyksa ij Hkjkslk djus ds cnys pquko vk;ksx dks ;g vkns'k nsrk fd og mu mEehnokjksa ds ukekadu i=k Lohdkj gh u djs ftuds f•ykiQ dqN laxhu /kjkvksa esa eqdnes ntZ gksaA

tcnkfx;ksalslalnHkjtk,xhrksfiQjdkuwudk'kkludSlsjgsxk

okLro esa ns'k esa lafo/ku ykxw gks jgk gS ;k ugha] ;g ns•uk lqçhe dksVZ dh ftEesnkjh gSA dkuwu dk 'kklu lafo/ku ds cqfu;knh <kaps dk çeq• vax gSA loky gS fd ,d fnu tc nkfx;ksa ls laln Hkj tk,xh rks fiQj dkuwu dk 'kklu dSls jgsxk\ ;fn jktuhfr ls vijkf/;ksa dks fudky ckgj djuk gS rks lekt esa mudh yksdfç;rk ds c<+us ds dkj.k •kstus gksaxsA ftl 33 eqdnes okys ckgqcyh dh ppkZ eSaus dh og ,d •kl leqnk; ds mPpLrjh; laj{k.k çkIr vijkf/;ksa ls yM+rs gq, vius leqnk; ds ernkrkvksa ds chp yksdfç; gqvk FkkA tkfgj gS dkuwu dk 'kklu jgk gksrk rks nksuksa i{kksa dks vkil esa tw>us dh ukScr ugha vkrhA

ns'kesavijkf/;ksadksvnkyrhltkdkiQhlnfliQZ46gS]tcfd;w,lesa93iQhlngS

loky gS fd bl ns'k esa dkuwu dk 'kklu D;ksa detksj gS\ lkekU; vijk/ksa esa bl ns'k esa vnkyrh ltk dk çfr'kr D;ksa fliQZ 46 gS] tcfd ;g vkadM+k vesfjdk esa 93 çfr'kr vkSj tkiku esa 99 çfr'kr gS\ tokc Li"V gS fd tc U;kf;d vkijkf/d çfØ;k ls vijkf/;ksa dks ltk ugha fey ikrh rHkh ihfM+r O;fÙkQ ckgqcfy;ksa dh 'kj.k esa tkrk gSA ns'k dh vusd txgksa ij vius&vius leqnk;ksa ds vius&vius ckgqcyh iSnk gks x, gSaA os •kl lewg esa yksdfç; gSaA mUgsa jktuhfrd ny fVdV ns nsrs gSaA ,d ny ugha nsxk] nwljk ns nsxkA dksbZ ugha nsxk rks os funZyh; mEehnokj cu tk,axsA


fo/kf;dkvksaesackgqcfy;ksadhck<+vkxbZvusd usrk loky djrs gSa fd ge ck?k ds f•ykiQ fdlh cdjh

dks rks mEehnokj ugha cuk ldrs\ blhfy, ns'k esa fo/kf;dkvksa esa ck?kksa ;kuh ckgqcfy;ksa dh ck<+ vk xbZ gSA dbZ txg muds ifjtuksa dhA bl rjg fo/kf;dkvksa dk Lo:i cnyrk tk jgk gSA ;g r; gS fd jktuhfrd ny pquko gkjus dk dksbZ •rjk •qn eksy ugha ysaxsA

pqukolq/kjijlquokbZugksuslslalnesankxhlkalnksadhla[;k43iQhlngksxbZ

jktuhfr esa vijkf/;ksa ,oa /u dk çHkko 1967 ds vklikl ls gh c<+us yxk FkkA gkykafd rHkh ls blds f•ykiQ vkoktsa Hkh mBrh jgh gSa] fiQj Hkh etZ c<+rk x;k] T;ksa&T;ksa nok dh xbZ! pquko vk;ksx bl chp le;≤ ij pquko lq/kj ls lacaf/r 40 lq>ko Hkkjr ljdkj dks Hkst pqdk gS] ij viQlksl vHkh rd dksbZ lquokbZ ugha gqbZA urhtru laln esa vc nkxh lkalnksa dh la[;k 43 çfr'kr gks xbZ gS tks 2004 esa 24 çfr'kr FkhA ,sls esa yksdlHkk ds vxys rhu&pkj vke pqukoksa ds ifj.kkeksa dk vuqeku yxk yhft,A D;k lqçhe dksVZ bls ,sls gh gksus nsxk\

igysckgqcyhusrkvksadkspqukoftrokrsFks]cknesaos•qnghpqukoyM+usyxs

igys ykBh vkSj gfFk;kj ds cy ij cwFk dCtk djds ckgqcyh fdLe ds yksx usrkvksa dks ftrokrs FksA os f}rh;d Hkwfedk esa gksrs Fks] ij ckn esa ckgqcyh tgka&rgka •qn gh pquko yM+us yxs] D;ksafd mUgksaus lkspk fd tc ge mudks ftrk ldrs gSa rks •qn Hkh thr ldrs gSaA fiQj dbZ txg ckgqcyh igys funZyh; mEehnokj ds :i esa thrsA ckn esa jktuhfrd ny Hkh ckgqcfy;ksa dks fVdV nsus yxsA

jktuhfrdsvijk/hdj.kijusrkvksads?kfM+;kyhvkalwgkykafd 1997 esa laln esa loZlEer ls çLrko ikl dj jktuhfr

ds vijk/hdj.k ij fpark çdV dh xbZ Fkh vkSj mls jksdus dh dksf'k'k dk ladYi fy;k x;k Fkk] ij gqvk dqN ughaA njvly os usrkvksa ds ?kfM+;kyh vkalw FksA

pqukoeSnkuesamrjusokysnkxhmEehnokjksadksjksdusdsfy,lqçhedksVZusdhcsgrjigy

lqçhe dksVZ bl leL;k ds lek/ku ds fy, le;≤ ij dkjxj dne mBkrk jgk gSA mldh rktk igy Hkh ljkguh; gSA gkykafd mldh vHkh rd dh igyksa dk lhfer vlj gh gqvk gSA ns•uk gS fd mldh rktk igy fdruh çHkkoh lkfcr gksrh gS\ bldh vk'kadk gS fd jktuhfrd ny nkxh mEehnokjksa dks pquko eSnku esa mrkjus ds fy, fNæksa dh ryk'k dj ldrs gSaA

'kh"kZvnkyrdkxqLlk]ikfVZ;kavijkf/;ksadksD;ksansjghfVdV\nsatokc(tkxj.k)

jktuhfr esa c<+rs vijk/hdj.k ij gekjs vkids lcz dk cka/ Hkys u VwVs] ysfdu lqçhe dksVZ dk /S;Z tokc ns x;k gSA gky gh esa mlus lHkh jktuhfrd nyksa dks funZs'k fn;k fd fo/kulHkkvksa vkSj yksdlHkk pqukoksa esa gj mEehnokj ds vkijkf/d bfrgkl dk

fooj.k lkoZtfud djsaA lkFk gh] p;u ds 48 ?kaVksa ds vanj os crk,a fd fdlh lkiQ&lqFkjh Nfo okys mEehnokj dh txg mUgksaus nkxh dk oj.k D;ksa fd;kA

'kh"kZ vnkyr dk xqLlk xSjtk;t ugha gSA gky gh fnYyh fo/kulHkk esa pqudj vk, 70 u, fo/k;dksa esa 37 (53 iQhln) ij xaHkhj vkijkf/d ekeys ntZ gSaA 2018 esa lqçhe dksVZ esa ljdkj us ,d gyiQukek is'k djds crk;k fd ns'k Hkj esa dqy 1765 lkaln ;k fo/k;d gSa ftuds Åij fofHkUu vnkyrksa esa 3045 vkijkf/d ekeys ntZ gSaA djhc gj ekuuh; ij nks ekeys dk vkSlr fxjrk gSA

njvly jktuhfr dks ^ghax yxs u fiQVdjh] jax vk, pks•k*le>us okys yksx jktuhfr esa rsth ls ços'k dj jgs gSaA fcuk fuos'k vkSj U;wure tksf•e ds T;knk fjVuZ nsus okys is'ks ds rkSj ij le> j•us okys ;s rFkkdfFkr ekuuh; turk dk Hkyk dSls dj ldrs gSaA buds eqdneksa ds Rofjr fuiVku dh cgl ds chp t:jh ;g gS fd ,sls yksxksa dks jktuhfr esa vkus ls gh jksdk tk,A

ftrkÅ mEehnokj ds ykyp esa bUgsa fVdV fey tkrk gS] vkSj ernkrk viuh fç; ikVhZ ds uke ij vka•sa ewan ysrk gSA ogha ernkrk ckn esa ukd&HkkSa fldksM+rs gSa tc mUgsa irk pyrk gS fd muds dY;k.k ds fy, vk, /u dks lkaln&fo/k;d egksn; gte dj x,A ,sls gkykr ls cpus ds fy, vkSj ns'k esa lkiQ&lqFkjh jktuhfr dks c<+kok nsus ds fy, dkuwu&dk;nksa ds lkFk ernkrk cgqr cM+k gfFk;kj gSA mls psruk gh gksxkA

teZuh ds lekt'kkL=kh eSDl oscj us vius fo'ys"k.k ^jktuhfr ,d is'kk*esa dgk Fkk fd] ^jktuhfr esa vkus dh nks otgsa gSa % ;k rks yksx jktuhfr ds fy, thrs gS] ;k fiQj jktuhfr ij thrs gSaA loky mBrk gS fd ,sls D;k iQk;ns gSa ftudh otg ls vijk/ esa Mwcs yksx jktuhfr esa Nykax yxkrs gSaA viuh fdrkc Ogsu Økbe ist % euh ,aM ely bu bafM;u ikWfyfVDl esa feyu oS".ko us bu lokyksa ds tokc fn, gSaA jktuhfr vkt ,d ,slk is'kk curh tk jgh gS ftlesa yksxksa dks fuos'k dh t:jr ugha iM+rh vkSj fjVuZ dbZ xquk T;knk gkfly gksrk gSA

iQwVMkyksjktdjksvkijkf/d Nfo ds yksx vius iQk;ns ds fy, lekt esa ekStwn

caVokjs dks vkSj c<+krs gSaA os j{kkRed vijk/hdj.k ds tfj, viuh tkfr ;k leqnk; ds HkkbZ&ca/qvksa ds eku&lEeku dh j{kk djus dk oknk djrs gSaA mUgsa ;g eeZ irk gS fd jkstkuk ds bu eqíksa dk nh?kZdkfyd mik; dj nsus ls yksxksa dks mudh t:jr ugha jgsxhA

vxj ljdkjsa yksxksa dks ewyHkwr lqfo/k,a çnku dj nsaxh rks vkijkf/d mEehnokj viuh ped •ks nsaxsA ;g lkjs fcanq ernkrkvksa dks çHkkfor djrs gSa] ftlls os vijkf/;ksa dks pquuk ilan djrs gSaA bls ;g lkiQ gks tkrk gS fd vKkuh ernkrk tSlk dqN ugha gksrkA ernkrk ,sls mEehnokjksa dks muds vkijkf/d fjdkWMZ dh otg ls gh pqurs gSaA

jktuhfrvkSjvijk/

vkijkf/d i`"BHkwfe okys lkaln vkSj fo/k;d dks ernkrk lEekfur D;ksa djrs gSa\ lh/k lk tokc ;g gS fd ,sls yksxksa dks


ikVhZ ftrkÅ ekurh gSA jktuhfrd ikfVZ;ka vkijkf/d mEehnokjksa dks ernkrkvksa ds lkeus vkus dk eap nsrh gSaA ;g ,d ,slk cktkj gS tgka ftldk ftruk vPNk usVodZ gksrk gS mls mruk iQk;nk feyrk gSA ikfVZ;ka vkSj vkijkf/d jktusrkvksa ds chp ekax vkSj vkiwfrZ dk lehdj.k dke djrk gSA

,dnwljsdsfgrlk/usokyhlkspusfn;kço`fÙkdksc<+kok

1980 esa rhu phtsa lekukarj :i ls py jgh Fkha& jktuhfr dk fo•aMu] xgjkrh çfrLi/kZ vkSj dkaxzsl dk •Re gksrk opZLoA buds pyrs Hkkjrh; jktuhfr esa •kyhiu vk;kA vfuf'prrk ds bl nkSj esa pqukoh çfr}a}rk dbZ xquk c<+ xbZA

ikfVZ;ksa }kjk dke ij j•s x, vijkf/;ksa ds eu esa •qn lÙkk ij dkfct gksus dh bPNk txhA egaxs gksrs pquko ds chp vijkf/;ksa

}kjk xyr rjhdksa ls dek, x, vdwr /u ds pyrs ikfVZ;ka mUgsa ,sls mEehnokj ds rkSj ij is'k djrh gSa tks pquko dk •pkZ •qn ogu dj ldrk gS vkSj ikVhZ dks dbZ rjhdksa ls vkfFkZd enn ns ldrk gSA

ernkrkvksadhckjh

ernkrk D;ksa ,sls vijk/h mEehnokjksa dks vLohdkj ugha djrs\ njvly tgka dkuwu csgn ypj gks vkSj fo•afMr lekt gks] ogka ,d mEehnokj dh vkijkf/d i`"BHkwfe vge iwath ekuh tkrh gSA ,sls mEehnokj ernkrkvksa dk iqufoZrj.k] nknkfxjh] lkekftd chek vkSj >xM+ksa dk fuiVkjk djds •qn dh lk• cukrs gSaA ;g pkjksa ekè;e jkT; ds fo'ks"kkf/dkj gSa vkSj fdlh vijk/h mEehnokj ds ;s xq.k mls fo'oluh; cukrs gSaA


y lqçhe dksVZ us jktuhfr dk vijk/hdj.k jksdus ds fy, ,d vge iQSlyk lquk;k gSA mlus vkns'k fn;k gS fd jktuhfrd ny ftl mEehnokj dks fVdV nsaxs] mlds vkijkf/d fjdkMZ lesr lkjk C;kSjk ikVhZ dh osclkbV] iQslcqd vkSj fV~oVj ij MkysaxsA jktuhfrd ny ;g Hkh crk,axs fd mUgksaus vkijkf/d i`"BHkwfe ds O;fÙkQ dks mEehnokj D;ksa pquk\

y vuqHko crkrs gSa fd vkijkf/d U;k; O;oLFkk dks lqn`<+ cukus dk dke Hkh lqçhe dksVZ gh dj ldrk gSA vkt mEehnokjksa dh laifÙk] 'kS{kf.kd ;ksX;rk vkSj vkijkf/d fjdkWMZ ds ckjs esa tks lwpuk,a turk dks fey ik jgh gSa og Hkh lqçhe dksVZ ds vkns'k ds dkj.k gh laHko gqvk gSA

y okLro esa ns'k esa lafo/ku ykxw gks jgk gS ;k ugha] ;g ns•uk lqçhe dksVZ dh ftEesnkjh gSA dkuwu dk 'kklu lafo/ku ds cqfu;knh <kaps dk çeq• vax gSA loky gS fd ,d fnu tc nkfx;ksa ls laln Hkj tk,xh rks fiQj dkuwu dk 'kklu dSls jgsxk\ ;fn jktuhfr ls vijkf/;ksa dks fudky ckgj djuk gS rks lekt esa mudh yksdfç;rk ds c<+us ds dkj.k •kstus gksaxsA

y lkekU; vijk/ksa esa bl ns'k esa vnkyrh ltk dk çfr'kr D;ksa fliQZ 46 gS] tcfd ;g vkadM+k vesfjdk esa 93 çfr'kr vkSj tkiku esa 99 çfr'kr gS\ tokc Li"V gS fd tc U;kf;d vkijkf/d çfØ;k ls vijkf/;ksa dks ltk ugha fey ikrh rHkh ihfM+r O;fÙkQ ckgqcfy;ksa dh 'kj.k esa tkrk gSA ns'k dh vusd txgksa ij vius&vius leqnk;ksa ds vius vius ckgqcyh iSnk gks x, gSaA

y teZuh ds lekt'kkL=kh eSDl oscj us vius fo'ys"k.k jktuhfr ,d is'kk*esa dgk Fkk fd] ^jktuhfr esa vkus dh nks otgsa gSa% ;k rks yksx jktuhfr ds fy, thrs gS] ;k fiQj jktuhfr ij thrs gSaA loky mBrk gS fd ,sls D;k iQk;ns gSa ftudh otg ls vijk/ esa Mwcs yksx jktuhfr esa Nykax yxkrs gSaA

jktuhfrdkvijk/hdj.k

y jkt djus dh uhfr jktuhfr dgykrh gS] tcfd vijk/

dksbZ ,slk ÑR; gS] tks fof/ }kjk n.Muh; cuk;k x;k gksA ^jktuhfr dk vijk/hdj.k* 'kCn jktuhfr esa vijkf/;ksa dh c<+rh la[;k] ekfiQ;kvksa dh c<+rh la[;k rFkk /u&cy vkSj ckgqcy dk |ksrd gSA

y loZçFke ge ikrs gSa fd gekjs ns'k dh pquko çfØ;k esa Hkh lq/kj dh vko';drk gS A gekjh Hkkjrh; jktuhfr esa /u o 'kfÙkQ dk cksyckyk gSA ,d vkdyu ds vuqlkj lkekU;r% 90 çfr'kr ls Hkh vf/d gekjs usrkx.k ;k rks vR;f/d /uk<~ ; ifjokjksa ls gksrs gSa vFkok mudk laca/ vijk/h rÙoksa ls gksrk gSA xq.koÙkk dHkh Hkh gekjh pquko çfØ;k dk vk/kj ugha jgk gSA

y nks"kh çekf.kr gksus ds ckn tuçfrfuf/;ksa ds pquko yM+us ij çfrca/ yxkus dh O;oLFkk rks gS ysfdu dbZ ekeyksa esa rks 20 lkyksa rd lquokbZ pyrh jgrh gS vkSj bl chp tuçfrfuf/ pkj dk;Zdky iwjk dj ysrk gSA ,sls esa ltk ds ckn pquko yM+us ds v;ksX; ?kksf"kr djus dk dksbZ eryc ugha jg tkrkA ,sls ekeyksa esa Ng eghus ls T;knk dk LVs ugha fn;k tkuk pkfg;s vkSj ,d lky ds Hkhrj tuçfrfuf/;ksa ds ekeyksa dk fuiVkjk fd;k tkuk pkfg;sA

y Hkkjrh; jktuhfr esa vkijkf/d rÙoksa dk ços'k ,d gh fnu esa ugha gqvk gSA Lora=krk ds i'pkr~ ftl rjg ls dqlhZ ds fy, tksM+&rksM+ dk la?k"kZ vkjEHk gqvk gS_ lHkh ny vkSj jktuhfrK viuk opZLo LFkkfir djus ds fy, lk/uksa dh ifo=krk ds xk¡/hoknh n`f"Vdks.k dks udkjus yxs gSa vkSj blls jktuhfr ,oa vijk/ dk xBtksM+ rS;kj gqvk gSA

y jktuhfr ds vijk/hdj.k dks c<+kok nsus esa ernkrk Hkh cjkcj dk nks"kh gSA ernkrk dks ernku djus ls igys mEehnokj dh i`"BHkwfe dks è;ku esa j•uk pkfg, vkSj ;fn ernkrk fcuk fdlh ykyp esa iM+s ;ksX; mEehnokj dk pquko djs rks jktuhfr ds vijk/hdj.k ij cgqr gn rd vadq'k yxk;k tk ldrk gSA



1- jktuhfr osQ vijk/hdj.k ij fuEufyf[kr esa ls fdl lfefr dk xBu fd;k x;k Fkk\(a) ,u-,u- oksgjk lfefr (b) ch-,l- ujheu lfefr(c) lh-osQ- feJk lfefr (d) Mh-osQ- vy?k lfefr

(mÙkj&a)

2- Hkkjrh; jktuhfr esa c<+rs vijk/hdj.k osQ fy, fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu&lk@ls dkjd mÙkjnk;h gSa\

1- ckgqcy

2- /ucy

3- nqcZy U;kf;d ç.kkyh

4- pqukoh dk;Zç.kkyh esa [kkeh

fuEufyf[kr owQVksa osQ vk/kj ij lgh mÙkj pqfu,&(a) 1] 2] 3 (b) 2] 3] 4(c) 1] 3] 4 (d) mi;ZqDr lHkh

(mÙkj&d)

3- ¶pquko yM+us dk vf/dkj u rks nSoh; gS vkSj u gh ekuoh;- ;g Hkkjrh; lafo/ku ds varxZr dksbZ ekSfyd vf/dkj Hkh ugha gSA¸ fVIi.kh djsaA


1- Hkkjr esa erkf/dkj vkSj fuokZfpr gksus dk vf/dkj

(a) ewy vf/dkj gS

(c) laoS/kfud vf/dkj gS

(b) uSlfxZd vf/dkj gS

(d) fof/d vf/dkj gS


2- yksdra=k dk mRo`Q"V xq.k ;g gS fd og fozQ;k'khy cukrk gS

(a) lk/kj.k iq#"kksa vkSj efgykvksa dh cqf¼ ,oa pfj=k dks

(b) dk;Zikyd usr`Ro dks l'kDr cukus okyh i¼fr;ksa dks

(c) xfr'khyrk vkSj nwjnf'kZrk ls ;qDr ,d csgrj O;fDr dks

(d) lefiZr nyh; dk;ZdrkZvksa osQ ,d lewg dks

(IAS izkjafHkd ijh{kk] o"kZ&2017] mÙkj&a)3- ¶Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd ikVhZ iz.kkyh ifjorZu ds ,sls nkSj ls xqtj

jgh gS] tks varfoZjks/ksa vkSj fojks/kHkklksa ls Hkjk izrhr gksrk gSA¸ ppkZ dhft,A (200 'kCn)

(IAS eq[; ijh{kk] o"kZ&2016)4- Hkkjr eas yksdra=k dh xq.krk dks c<+kus ds fy, Hkkjr ds pquko

vk;ksx us 2016 eas pqukoh lq/kjksa dk izLrko fn;k gSA lq>k, x, lq/kj D;k gSa vkSj yksdra=k dks liQy cukus eas os fdl lhek rd egÙoiw.kZ gSa\ (250 'kCn)


PT/Mains - iz'u


gkydso"kks±esafdlkuksadkladVcgqrppkZesajgkgSA•srh–fdlkuhokLroesacgqrdfBukbZdsnkSjlsxqtjjghgSAfdlkuksavkSjxzkeh.kHkkjrdksekStwnknqnZ'kklsckgjfudkyusdsfy,vkSjvf/d/udhvko';drkgSA,dvè;;udsvuqlkj]vxysrhuo"kks±rdfdlkuksadhokLrfodvkenuhesaçfro"kZ15iQhlnhdhc<+ksÙkjhgksusijgh

mudhvk;2022rdnksxquhgksik,xhA


LokehukFkufjiksVZdkfgLlkgSactVds16,D'kuIokbaV]fdlkuksadhvkenuhc<+kusdkgStfj;k

(tkxj.k)

ç/kuea=kh ujsaæ eksnh }kjk o"kZ 2017 esa ;g ?kks"k.kk dh xbZ fd ns'k ds fdlkuksa dh vkenuh dks vkxkeh ikap o"kks± esa nksxquk rd c<+k;k tk,xk rks fdlku ls ysdj vke vkneh ds eu esa ;g loky mBk Fkk fd vkf•j eksnh ljdkj ,slk D;k dj nsxh] ftlls fdlkuksa dh vkenuh nksxquk gks tk,xhA T;knkrj tkudkj bl y{; dks vkRe?kkrh eku jgs Fks ;k fiQj eku jgs gSa] ysfdu ujsaæ eksnh us ogha ls 'kq: fd;k tgka vVy fcgkjh oktis;h us ç/kuea=kh ds :i esa 'kq: fd;k FkkA mls ;wih, ljdkj us vkxs rks c<+k;k] ysfdu ykxw ugha fd;kA vVy fcgkjh oktis;h us iQjojh 2004 esa jk"Vªh; fdlku vk;ksx cuk;k] ysfdu ebZ 2004 esa ,uMh, yksdlHkk pquko gkj x;k vkSj ;wih, us jk"Vªh; Ñf"k vk;ksx ds vxqvk çksiQslj ,e,l LokehukFku dks cuk fn;kA çksiQslj LokehukFku dh vxqvkbZ okys vk;ksx us fnlacj 2004] vxLr 2005] fnlacj 2005 vkSj vçSy 2006 esa viuh fjiksVZ lkSaihA vDVwcj 2006 esa LokehukFku vk;ksx us ikapoha vkSj vkf•jh fjiksVZ lkSai nh Fkh ftlesa Hkys gh ujsaæ eksnh dh ljdkj dh rjg fdlkuksa dh vkenuh nksxquk djus dk dksbZ r; y{; ugha Fkk] ysfdu mldh Hkh ea'kk ogh Fkh fd fdlkuksa dks mudh mit dk mfpr ewY; dSls feysA

ughaykxwdhxbZLokehukFkuvk;ksxdhfliQkfj'ksaeueksgu flag us vius dk;Zdky esa ç/kuea=kh ds rkSj ij

çksiQslj LokehukFku vk;ksx dh fliQkfj'kksa dks ykxw ugha fd;kA ç/kuea=kh ds rkSj ij vVy fcgkjh oktis;h us jk"Vªh; Ñf"k vk;ksx igys gh cuk fn;k Fkk blhfy, ns'k dks LokehukFku dh fjiksVZ fey ldh] ftls iwjs djhc ,d n'kd ckn ujsaæ eksnh dh ljdkj us ykxw djus dk lkgl fn•k;k vkSj bl n'kd ds igys ctV esa foÙk ea=kh fueZyk lhrkje.k us fdlkuksa dh vkenuh nksxquk djus ds fy, 16 lw=kh; ,tsaMk çLrqr fd;k gSA LokehukFku us 2017 esa ,d ys• ds tfj;s bl ckr dh ç'kalk dh Fkh fd eksnh ljdkj jk"Vªh; Ñf"k vk;ksx dh fliQkfj'kksa dks ykxw dj jgh gSA blesa xq.koÙkk okys cht] e`nk LokLF; dkMZ] iQly chek] flapkbZ vkSj fdlkuksa ds Hkys ds fy, pykbZ tk jgh nwljh ;kstukvksa dk ftØ Fkk vkSj 2020 ds ctV esa foÙk ea=kh fueZyk lhrkje.k us 16 fcanqvksa esa

mUgha fliQkfj'kksa dks Øeokj rjhds ls ykxw djus ds ljdkj dh bPNk'kfÙkQ dks lkeus j•k gSA

LokehukFku us Hkwfe lq/kj dks fdlku leL;k ds lek/ku ds fy, lcls t:jh crk;k Fkk vkSj foÙk ea=kh dk lcls igyk fcanq tehu ls tqM+k ekWMy dkuwuksa dk gh gSA ekWMy ,xzhdYpj ySaM yhftax ,DV 2016] ekWMy ,xzhdYpj çksMÔwl ,aM ykboLVkWd ekdZsfVax ,DV 2017 vkSj ekWMy ,xzhdYpj çksMÔwl ,aM ykboLVkWd dkWUVªSDV iQk²ex ,aM lfoZlst ,DV 2018 dks jkT;ksa ls ykxw djus ij vihy dh xbZ gSA flapkbZ dh leL;k ds lek/ku ds fy, ljdkj us Hkwty dh leL;k ls tw> jgs 100 ftyksa ds fy, ;kstuk rS;kj dh gSA

iSnkokjdsHkaMkj.kdhi;kZIrO;oLFkkÑf"k mit dk HkaMkj.k ns'k dh cM+h leL;k gSA bl leL;k

ds lek/ku ds fy, dsaæ ljdkj us 2015&16 ls vDVwcj 2019 rd 1]303 u, xksnke cuk, gSaA blls 45]62]860 Vu HkaMkj.k {kerk c<+ xbZ gSA vc ns'k esa 162 fefy;u Vu dh HkaMkj.k {kerk gks xbZ gSA ctV esa foÙk ea=kh us crk;k fd ukckMZ lHkh os;jgkml dh eSfiax djds ft;ks VSfxax djsxkA lkFk gh os;jgkml MsoyiesaV jsxqysVjh vFkkWfjVh iathÑr os;jgkml CykWd&rkyqdk Lrj rd cukus ds fy, ljdkj ok;fcfyVh xSi iQafMax dk ç;ksx djsxhA jkT; ljdkjsa tehu nsdj ihihih ekWMy ls os;jgkml cukus esa enn dj ldrh gSaA blds vykok iQwM dkWjiksjs'ku vkWiQ bafM;k vkSj lsaVªy os;jgkmflax deh'ku viuh tehu ij Hkh ,sls os;jgkml cuk ldrs gSaA •sr ls bu os;jgkml ds chp fyad cukus ds fy, Lo;a lgk;rk lewg dh rjiQ ls pykbZ tkus okyh xzkeh.k Lrj ij HkaMkj.k ;kstuk dks vkxs c<+k;k tk,xkA efgyk Lo;a lgk;rk lewgksa dks ^/kU;y{eh* ds uke ls tkuk tk,xkA

tYnh •jkc gksus okys Ñf"k mRiknksa tSls nw/] ekal vkSj eNyh dks fdlku jsy ds tfj;s cktkj rd igqapkus vkSj Ñf"k mM+ku ds rgr jk"Vªh; vkSj varjjk"Vªh; cktkj rd igqapus esa fdlkuksa dks enn fey ldsxhA blls iwoksZÙkj vkSj vkfnoklh {ks=kksa dks •klrkSj ij enn fey ldsxhA fdlkuksa dh vkenuh c<+kus ds fy, t:jh gS fd fdlku xsgwa] /ku vkSj nwljs vukt ds vykok ckxokuh dh rjiQ tk,a vkSj blesa ljdkj dks liQyrk feyrh fn• jgh gSA ckxokuh {ks=k 31 fefy;u Vu iSnkokj ds lkFk vukt {ks=k ls cM+k gks x;k gSA bls c<+kus ds fy, ôu çksMDV ou fMfLVDV* dh

Ñf"klq/kjdhçfrc¼rk


'kq#vkr dh xbZ gSA cgqLrjh; •srh] e/qeD•h ikyu] lkSj iai] lkSj ÅtkZ] thjks ctV çkÑfrd •srh ls fdlku dks ykxr ij dekbZ dk tfj;k rS;kj djus esa ljdkj enn dj jgh gSA

ctV esa fdlku dh vkenuh c<+kus ds fy, foÙk ea=kh us tks 16 lw=k fn, gSa mlesa nloka lw=k vfregÙoiw.kZ gSA

jk"Vªh; Ñf"k cktkj ;kstuk ds tfj;s 91 gtkj djksM+ #i;s ls T;knk ds Ñf"k mRiknksa dh •jhn&fcØh bysDVªkWfud eafM;ksa ds tfj;s gks pqdh gSA yacs le; ls vk/qfud Ñf"k ds iSjksdkj ;g ekax dj jgs Fks fd jk"Vªh; Ñf"k cktkj ;kstuk ds rgr os;jgkml MsoyiesaV jsxqysVjh vFkkWfjVh ls iathÑr os;jgkml dks Hkh eaMh dk ntkZ fn;k tk,A iathÑr os;jgkml esa j•h mit ij bysDVªkWfud fuxksf'k,cy os;jgkml jlhn ls fdlku os;jgkml esa j•h mit ij cSad ls dtZ Hkh ys ldrk gS vkSj bls iwjh rjg ls ;k fdLrksa esa csp Hkh ldrk gSA ljdkj dk 2020&21 esa 15 yk• djksM+ #i;s dk dtZ fdlkuksa dks nsus dk çLrko vkSj îh,e fdlku* ;kstuk dks fdlku ØsfMV dkMZ ls tksM+us dk ,yku Hkh blh dks vkxs c<+k jgk gSA mYys•uh; gS fd fdlku ØsfMV dkMZ dh 'kq#vkr vVy fcgkjh oktis;h us gh ç/kuea=kh jgrs dh FkhA

fdlkuksadhcsgrjhdsfy,çk:i•sr esa iSnkokj c<+kus] vk/qfud •jhn&fcØh ds rjhdksa dk

ç;ksx c<+kus ds lkFk gh fdlkuksa dh vk; c<+kus ds fy, t:jh gS fd fdlku nqX/ çlaLdj.k] eNyhikyu tSls lk/uksa ij Hkh è;ku nsaA blhfy, bl ctV esa nqX/ çlaLdj.k nksxquk djus vkSj rVh; {ks=kksa esa jgus okys ukStokuksa dks eNyh ikyu vkSj çlaLdj.k ds tfj;s jkstxkj nsukA blds vykok 3]477 lkxjfe=k vkSj 500 eNyhikyd mRiknd laxBu blh dks vkxs c<+kus okys gSaA ctV esa 58 yk• Lo;a lgk;rk lewg ds tfj;s nhun;ky mikè;k; ds vaR;ksn; ds y{; dks çkIr djus dh dksf'k'k dh xbZ gSA ctV esa •srh ds fy, fd;k x;k 2-83 yk• djksM+ #i;s dk çko/ku cgqr cM+k ,yku ugha gS] ysfdu ns'k ds bfrgkl esa igyh ckj gS fd fdlh ljdkj us fdlkuksa dh csgrjh dk ,d iDdk •kdk u fliQZ rS;kj fd;k gS] cfYd mls ewrZ :i nsus ds fy, ;kstukc¼ rjhds ls ykxw fd;k gSA vc ns'k dh lHkh jkT; ljdkjksa dks] fiQj oks Hkktik dh gksa ;k nwljs jktuhfrd nyksa dh] vkSj fdlku usrkvksa dks fdlkuksa ds thou dh csgrjh ds bl ctV esa crk, x, 16 lw=kksa dks ykxw djus esa jktuhfr ugha djuk pkfg, vkSj fdlkuksa ds Hkys ds bl ,sfrgkfld volj dks fdlkuh dks pednkj cukus ds fy, lkFk vkuk pkfg,A

;g ykxw gks x;k rks fdlku dk csVk •sr NksM+dj ugha tk,xk vkSj dkjksckjh dk csVk Hkh •sr dh vksj #• djsxkA •srh dks ysdj fpark djus okys vf/dka'k yksx ;g ckr vklkuh ls dg nsrs gSa fd •srh vc djus yk;d jgh ugha] ysfdu de gh yksx ;g crk ikrs gSa fd •srh dh rjiQ yksx vkdf"kZr gksa] blds fy, djuk D;k pkfg,A bl vcw> ç'u dk mÙkj çksiQslj LokehukFku dh vxqvkbZ okys ^jk"Vªh; Ñf"k vk;ksx* us fn;k Fkk] ij bl fn'kk esa le; jgrs dke ugha 'kq: fd;k x;kA ,sls esa ç/kuea=kh ujsaæ eksnh us chrs o"kks± fdlkuksa dh vk; dks 2022 rd nksxquk djus

dk y{; fu/kZfjr fd;k vkSj mlds ckn ls ljdkj fujarj bl fn'kk esa dk;Zjr gS

bruslsghughagksxhfdlkuksadhvkenuhnksxquh(fganqLrku)

fdlkuksa dh vkenuh nksxquh djus dh çfrc¼rk fiNys dqN le; ls Hkkjrh; jktuhfr dk u;k foe'kZ cu xbZ gSA dsaæ ljdkj ds gj ctV vkSj gj uhfr esa bldh ppkZ gksrh gSA bl ckj Hkh dsaæh; ctV esa ftu 16 lw=kh; dk;Z&;kstukvksa dh ?kks"k.kk gqbZ gS] muls ;gh mEehn cka/h xbZ gSA bu ;kstukvksa ds fØ;kUo;u ds fy, 2-83 yk• djksM+ #i;s dk vkoaVu o laLFkkxr dtZ ds fy, 15 yk• djksM+ #i, dk y{; fiNys o"kks± dh rqyuk esa vf/d t:j gS] ysfdu ekStwnk xzkeh.k o Ñf"k ladV ls fuiVus dh fn'kk esa blls dkiQh T;knk dh vis{kk FkhA bu dk;Z&;kstukvksa ds fy, vkoafVr jkf'k ljdkjh x.kuk ds fglkc ls i;kZIr gks ldrh gS] exj fdlkuksa vkSj xzkeh.k Hkkjr dks ekStwnk nqnZ'kk ls ckgj fudkyus ds fy, vkSj vf/d /u dh vko';drk gSA lcls cM+k loky ;g gS fd o"kZ 2022 rd fdlkuksa dh vkenuh nksxquh djus dh fn'kk esa ;g jkLrk dSls gesa ys tk,xk\

,d vè;;u ds vuqlkj] vxys rhu o"kks± rd fdlkuksa dh okLrfod vkenuh esa çfro"kZ 15 iQhlnh dh c<+ksÙkjh gksus ij gh mudh vk; 2022 rd nksxquh gks ik,xhA ;g fLFkfr la'k;iw.kZ gS] D;ksafd fiNys ikap o"kks± ds nkSjku fdlkuksa dh okLrfod vk; esa egt rhu iQhlnh dh o`f¼ ntZ gks ikbZ gSA ;g o`f¼ Hkh rc laHko gks ikbZ gS] tc gj o"kZ ds ctV esa fdlkuksa ds fy, dksbZ u dksbZ cM+h ?kks"k.kk gqbZA 2014 ds ctV esa ubZ flapkbZ ifj;kstuk dh 'kq#vkr] 2015 ds ctV esa us'kuy ,xzhdYpj ekdZsV dk ,yku] 2016 esa Ñf"k lsl dh ?kks"k.kk] 2017 esa 10 yk• djksM+ Ñf"k dtZ dk y{;] 2018 esa ykxr ds eqdkcys Ms<+ xquk U;wure leFkZu ewY; dh ?kks"k.kkA buds vykok Hkh dbZ vU; fdlku dY;k.kdkjh ;kstukvksa dh 'kq#vkr dh xbZ] ftuesa us'kuy ,xzhdYpj ekdZsV] us'kuy fe'ku iQkWj lLVsuscy ,xzhdYpj] ç/kuea=kh Ñf"k flapkbZ ;kstuk] ijaijkxr Ñf"k fodkl ;kstuk] ç/kuea=kh iQly chek ;kstuk] xzkeh.k HkaMkj.k ;kstuk] ekbØks bjhxs'ku iQaM vkfn eq[; gSaA

bu ;kstukvksa dk ykHk fdlkuksa dks t:j feyk] ysfdu ykHk ftruk dkjxj vkSj Bksl rjhds ls feyuk pkfg, Fkk] og fØ;kUo;u esa vfu;ferrk] ykijokgh ;k lqLrh dh otg ls ugha fey ldkA ç/kuea=kh iQly chek ;kstuk dks gh ns•sa] rks bldks ysdj Hkh fdlkuksa ds chp og mRlkg ugha cpk] tks 'kq#vkr esa ns•us dks feyk FkkA vkfFkZd leh{kk 2020 esa ;g ckr Lohdkj dh xbZ gS fd iQly chek ;kstuk fdlkuksa dh ilan ugha cu ik jgh gS vkSj vf/d fdlku bl ;kstuk dks ugha viuk jgsA leh{kk esa ;g ckr Hkh dgh xbZ gS fd 2022 rd fdlkuksa dh vkenuh nksxquh djus tSls y{; dh fn'kk esa Ñf"k o lac¼ {ks=kksa esa ØsfMV] ba';ksjsal dojst vkSj flapkbZ dh lqfo/k vkfn tSlh cqfu;knh pqukSfr;ksa dks xaHkhjrk ls ysus dh vko';drk gSA vkinkvksa dh ekj ds uqdlku ls cpkus dh fn'kk esa ;g dkiQh vge ;kstuk gS] ysfdu blls


fdlkuksa dh ctk; chek daifu;ksa dk iQk;nk gksrk fn• jgk gSA ljdkjh vkadM+ksa ds gh vuqlkj] lky 2016&17 esa daifu;ksa dks 21]892 djksM+ #i, çhfe;e feys] tcfd 16]659 djksM+ #i, dk Dyse fn;k x;kA bl ;kstuk ds rgr chfer fdlkuksa dh la[;k vkSj •srh dk nk;jk Hkh yxkrkj ?kVk gSA vHkh dbZ leL;k,a bl ;kstuk dh ped dks /wfey dj jgh gSaA

bl ckr dk ftØ Hkh t:jh gS fd l[r dkuwu ds vHkko esa fdlh Hkh iQly dk fu/kZfjr U;wure leFkZu ewY; fdlkuksa dks ugha fey ikrk gSA laln esa Ñf"k ea=kh us Hkh bl rF; dks Lohdkj

fd;k gSA fygktk] fdlkuksa dks ;g mEehn Fkh fd vkenuh nksxquh djus dh fn'kk esa ,e,lih dh lqfuf'prrk dks ysdj fdlh etcwr fu;a=kd ra=k dh ?kks"k.kk gks ldrh gSA fiNys nks&rhu o"kks± ds nkSjku iQlyksa dh ,e,lih esa c<+ksÙkjh t:j gqbZ gS] ysfdu •srh vkSj thou&;kiu ls tqM+h vko';d oLrqvksa dh c<+rh egaxkbZ dh rqyuk esa u ds cjkcj gSA ,sls esa] fdlku vkSj xzkeh.k vFkZO;oLFkk dh lajpuk vkSj detksj u gks tk,] blds fy, t:jh gS fd ljdkj vU; lkekftd] 'kS{kf.kd] vkfFkZd vk;ksxksa dh rtZ ij jk"Vªh; Ñf"k vk;ksx dk xBu djds muds fgrksa dh j{kk lqfuf'pr djsA


y ç/kuea=kh ujsaæ eksnh }kjk o"kZ 2017 esa ;g ?kks"k.kk dh xbZ fd

ns'k ds fdlkuksa dh vkenuh dks vkxkeh ikap o"kks± esa nksxquk

rd c<+k;k tk,xk rks fdlku ls ysdj vke vkneh ds eu

esa ;g loky mBk Fkk fd vkf•j eksnh ljdkj ,slk D;k dj

nsxh] ftlls fdlkuksa dh vkenuh nksxquk gks tk,xhA

y ç/kuea=kh ds rkSj ij vVy fcgkjh oktis;h us jk"Vªh; Ñf"k

vk;ksx igys gh cuk fn;k Fkk blhfy, ns'k dks LokehukFku

dh fjiksVZ fey ldh] ftls iwjs djhc ,d n'kd ckn ujsaæ

eksnh dh ljdkj us ykxw djus dk lkgl fn•k;k vkSj bl

n'kd ds igys ctV esa foÙk ea=kh fueZyk lhrkje.k us fdlkuksa

dh vkenuh nksxquk djus ds fy, 16 lw=kh; ,tsaMk çLrqr

fd;k gSA

y Ñf"k mit dk HkaMkj.k ns'k dh cM+h leL;k gSA bl leL;k

ds lek/ku ds fy, dsaæ ljdkj us 2015&16 ls vDVwcj

2019 rd 1]303 u, xksnke cuk, gSaA blls 45]62]860 Vu

HkaMkj.k {kerk c<+ xbZ gSA vc ns'k esa 162 fefy;u Vu dh

HkaMkj.k {kerk gks xbZ gSA ctV esa foÙk ea=kh us crk;k fd

ukckMZ lHkh os;jgkml dh eSfiax djds ft;ks VSfxax djsxkA

y •sr esa iSnkokj c<+kus] vk/qfud •jhn&fcØh ds rjhdksa dk

ç;ksx c<+kus ds lkFk gh fdlkuksa dh vk; c<+kus ds fy,

t:jh gS fd fdlku nqX/ çlaLdj.k] eNyhikyu tSls lk/uksa

ij Hkh è;ku nsaA blhfy, bl ctV esa nqX/ çlaLdj.k nksxquk

djus vkSj rVh; {ks=kksa esa jgus okys ukStokuksa dks eNyh ikyu

vkSj çlaLdj.k ds tfj;s jkstxkj nsukA

y dsaæh; ctV esa ftu 16 lw=kh; dk;Z&;kstukvksa dh ?kks"k.kk gqbZ

gS] muls ;gh mEehn cka/h xbZ gSA bu ;kstukvksa ds fØ;kUo;u

ds fy, 2-83 yk• djksM+ #i;s dk vkoaVu o laLFkkxr dtZ

ds fy, 15 yk• djksM+ #i, dk y{; fiNys o"kks± dh rqyuk

esa vf/d t:j gS] ysfdu ekStwnk xzkeh.k o Ñf"k ladV ls

fuiVus dh fn'kk esa blls dkiQh T;knk dh vis{kk FkhA

Hkkjrh;Ñf"k

y Hkkjr ,d Ñf"k ç/ku ns'k gSA Ñf"k Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dh

jh<+ gSA Hkkjr esa Ñf"k fla/q ?kkVh lH;rk ds nkSj ls dh tkrh

jgh gSA 1960 ds ckn ns'k esa Ñf"k ds {ks=k esa gfjr Økafr

ds lkFk u;k nkSj vk;kA

y Hkkjr ds dqy {ks=kiQy dk yxHkx 51 iQhlnh Hkkx ij Ñf"k]

4 iQhlnh ij pjkxkg] yxHkx 21 iQhlnh ij ou vkSj 24

iQhlnh catj vkSj fcuk mi;ksx dh gS- ns'k dh dqy Je

'kfÙkQ dk yxHkx 52 iQhlnh Hkkx Ñf"k vkSj blls lEcaf/r

m|ksx vkSj /a/ksa ls viuh vkthfodk pyrk gSA

y Hkkjr esa vf/dka'k •srh ns'k ds xzkeh.k fgLlksa esa dh tkrh

gSA gkykafd] Hkkjr ds xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa lq/kj gqvk gS ysfdu

Hkkjr ds xzkeh.k vkSj 'kgjh varj ds iqy dks de djus ds

fy, ;g i;kZIr ugha gSA

y Ñf"k {ks=kksa esa u, fuos'k esa deh gqbZ gSA dbZ vFkZ'kkfL=k;ksa

us blds fy, dbZ dkj.k crk, gSa vkSj dbZ yksx ekurs gSa

fd Ñf"k esa vfLFkjrk dk ewy dkj.k Hkwfe vlekurk gSA

;g rdZ fn;k tkrk gS fd •srh dh O;oLFkk ds rgr edku

ekfyd&fdjk;snkj vkfn }kjk ckn ds lHkh mRiknu •pks±

dks ogu fd;k tkrk gS vkSj fdjk;snkjksa esa fuos'k ;ksX;

lalk/uksa dh deh gksrh gS tks Ñf"k mRikndrk ij çfrdwy

çHkko Mkyrs gSaA




1- ç/kuea=kh fdlku lEeku fuf/ ;kstuk* ,d osaQnz çk;ksftr ;kstuk gSA

2- blesa 100 çfr'kr foÙkiks"k.k osaQnz ljdkj djsxhA

3- blesa ykHkkfFkZ;ksa osQ cSad [kkrksa esa bysDVªkWfud ekè;e ls ykHk&varj.k fd;k tk,xkA

mi;qZDr esa ls dkSu&lk@ls dFku lR; gS@gSa\(a) 1 vkSj 2 (b) 2 vkSj 3(c) 1 vkSj 3 (d) mi;qZDr lHkh

(mÙkj&d)


1- ijEijkxr o`Qf"k fodkl ;kstuk* dk y{; tSfod mRiknksa osQ çek.khdj.k vkSj foi.ku dks çksRlkfgr djuk gSA

2- jk"Vªh; lrr~ o`Qf"k fe'ku* osQ varxZr e`nk LokLF; çca/u ,d lfoLrkfjr ?kVd gSA


(mÙkj&c)

3- fdlku vkSj xzkeh.k vFkZO;oLFkk dh lajpuk vkSj detksj u gks tk,] blds fy, t:jh gS fd ljdkj vU; lkekftd] 'kS{kf.kd] vkfFkZd vk;ksxksa dh rtZ ij jk"Vªh; Ñf"k vk;ksx dk xBu djds muds fgrksa dh j{kk lqfuf'pr djsA ppkZ dhft,A



jk"VªO;kih enk LokLF; dkMZ Ldhe (lkWby gsYFk dkMZ Ldhe*) dk mís'; gS%

1- flafpr o`Qf"k ;ksX; {ks=k dk foLrkj

2- e`nk xq.koÙkk osQ vk/kj ij fdlkuksa dks fn, tkus okys Í.k dh ek=kk osQ vkdyu esa cSadksa dks leFkZ cukukA

3- o`Qf"k Hkwfe esa moZjdksa osQ vfr&mi;ksx dks jksdukA

mi;qZDr esa ls dkSu&lk@ls dFku lR; gS@gSa\(a) 1 vkSj 2 (b) dsoy 3(c) 2 vkSj 3 (d) 1] 2 vkSj 3

(IAS izkjafHkd ijh{kk] o"kZ&2017] mÙkj&b)

2- fuEufyf[kr dFkuksa ij fopkj dhft,&1- lqikjh2- tkS3- dkWiQh

4- jkxh5- ewaxiQyh6- fry

7- gYnh

mi;qZDr esa ls fduosQ U;wure leFkZu ewY; dh ?kks"k.kk vkfFkZd ekeyksa dh oSQfcusV lfefr us dh gS\(a) 1] 2] 3 vkSj 7 (b) 2] 4] 5 vkSj 6 (c) 1] 3] 4] 5 vkSj 6 (d) 1] 2] 3] 4] 5] 6 vkSj 7

(IAS izkjafHkd ijh{kk] o"kZ&2018] mÙkj&b)3- jk"Vªh; o jktdh; Lrj ij Ñ"kdksa dks nh tkus okyh fofHkUu

izdkj dh vkfFkZd lgk;rk,a dkSu&dkSu lh gSa\ Ñf"k vkfFkZd lgk;rk O;oLFkk dk mlds }kjk mRiUu foÑfr;ksa ds lanHkZ esa vkykspukRed fo'ys"k.k dhft,A (200 'kCn)

(IAS eq[; ijh{kk] o"kZ&2013)4- Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk esa lqèkkj] Ñf"k mRikndrk vkSj xjhch

mUewyu ds chp LFkkfir dhft,A Hkkjr esa Ñf"k vuqdwy Hkwfe lqèkkjksa ds :ikadu o vuqikyu esa dfBukbZ;ksa dh foospuk dhft,A (200 'kCn)


5- xzkeh.k {ks=kksa eas o`Qf"krj jkstxkj vkSj vk; dk izca/ djus eas i'kq/u ikyu dh cM+h laHkkO;rk gSA Hkkjr eas bl {ks=kd dh izksUUkfr djus ds mi;qDr mik; lq>krs gq, ppkZ dhft,A (200 'kCn)

(IAS eq[; ijh{kk] o"kZ&2015)6- Hkkjr eas o`Qf"k Hkwfe /kj.kksa ds iruksUeq[kh vkSlr vkdkj dks

ns[krs gq,] ftlds dkj.k vf/dak'k fdlkuksa ds fy, o`Qf"k vykHkdkjh cu xbZ gS] D;k lafonk o`Qf"k dks vkSj Hkwfe dks iV~Vs ij nsus dks c<+kok fn;k tkuk pkfg,\ blds i{k&foi{k dk lekykspukRed ewY;kadu dhft,A (200 'kCn)


PT/Mains - iz'u


futrkdhfparkdht:jr

gkydso"kks±esabaVjusVdsmi;ksxesaO;kidc<+ksÙkjhgqbZgSAbllsMkVkpksjhdh?kVuk,aHkhc<+hgSaAMsVkçlaLdj.kfu"i{kvkSjrkfdZd<axlsfd;ktkukpkfg,rkfdfutrkdkscpkdjj•ktkldsAlaosnu'khyfuthMsVkdsoymUgha

loZjesaHkaMkfjrvkSjçlaLÑrfd;ktkukpkfg,tksns'kesafLFkrgksaA

;g vkys[k lkekU; vè;;u iz'u i=k&3 (foKku ,oa çkS|ksfxdh) ls lacafèkr gSA

Hkfo";dkHkkjrh;lektblckrijfuHkZjdjsxkfdgeviusfuthvkadM+ksadsckjsesafdrus

tkx:dgSa(tkxj.k)

ekuo lH;rk ds bfrgkl esa 21oha lnh dk nwljk n'kd blfy,

;kn j•k tk,xk tc balku ,d MkVk (vkadM+s) esa ifjofrZr gks x;k

vkSj vkt bl lnh ds rhljs n'kd esa ;g cgqr ewY;oku gks pqdk

gSA MkVk gh og b±/u gS tks vufxur daifu;ksa dks pyk, j•us

ds fy, ftEesnkj gSA og pkgs reke ,Il gksa ;k fofHkUu lks'ky

usVo²dx lkbV~l] lHkh miHkksÙkQkvksa ds fy, eqÝr gSaA vly esa tks

pht gesa eqÝr fn•kbZ ns jgh gS og lqfo/k gesa gekjs laosnu'khy

futh MkVk ds cnys fey jgh gSA buesa ls vf/drj daifu;ka

miHkksÙkQkvksa }kjk miyC/ vkadM+ksa dks laHkky ikus esa vliQy jgrh

gSa ftldk ifj.kke yxkrkj vkadM+ksa dh pksjh vkSj muds nq#i;ksx

ds ekeys lkeus vkrs jgrs gSaA

Vsd ,vkjlh dh ,d fjiksVZ ds vuqlkj ,d Hkkjrh; de ls

de 24 ,i dk bLrseky djrk gS vkSj ;g vkadM+k oSf'od vkSlr

ls rhu xquk T;knk gSA eksckby ,ukfyfVDl iQeZ ,i ,uh* dh ,d

fjiksVZ ds vuqlkj oSf'od Lrj ij fdlh iQksu esa ,i j•us dk

vkSlr ukS ,i ç;ksx djus dk gS] ij vkSlr :i ls ,d Hkkjrh;

51 ,i rd iQksu esa j•rk gSA oSls vf/dre ,i baLVkWy djus

dk vkadM+k blh fjiksVZ ds vuqlkj 207 dk gSA ;g rF; crkrk

gS fd ,d vke Hkkjrh; fdlh ,i dks MkmuyksM djus esa fdruh

de lko/kuh cjr jgs gSaA

lcls T;knk lks'ky ehfM;k ,i dk bLrseky fd;k tkrk gS vkSj

;gha ls balku ds MkVk cuus dk •sy 'kq: gks tkrk gSA ;g lkspus

esa vPNk gS fd gekjs vkWuykbu çksiQkby ij gekjk fu;a=k.k gSA

ge r; djrs gSa fd gesa dkSu lh rLohjsa lk>k djuh gSa vkSj dkSu

lh futh jguh pkfg,A ge fuea=k.k Lohdkj djrs gSa ;k vLohdkj

djrs gSa] VSx dks fu;af=kr djrs gSa vkSj iksLV ;k fVIi.kh çdkf'kr

djus ls igys nks ckj lksprs gSaA cqjh •cj ;g gS fd tc vkids

fMftVy çksiQkby dh ckr vkrh gS rks vkids }kjk lk>k fd;k

tkus okyk MkVk dsoy ,d fge'kSy ds Åijh fgLls dh rjg gSA

ge ckdh dks ugha ns•rs gSa tks eksckby ,fIyds'ku vkSj vkWuykbu

lsokvksa ds vuqdwy baVjiQsl ds ikuh ds uhps fNik gqvk gSA

gekjs ckjs esa lcls ewY;oku MkVk gekjs fu;a=k.k ls ijs gSA ;g

,slh xgjh ijrsa gSa ftUgsa ge fu;af=kr ugha dj ldrs gSaA igyh ijr

og gS ftls vki fu;af=kr djrs gSaA blesa og MkVk gksrk gS tks vki

lks'ky ehfM;k vkSj eksckby ,fIyds'ku esa iQhM djrs gSaA blesa

vkidh çksiQkby] vkids lkoZtfud iksLV vkSj futh lans'k] ilan]

•kst] viyksM dh xbZ iQksVks vkfn phtsa gSaA nwljh ijr O;ogkj

laca/h fVIif.k;ksa ls cuh gSA blesa ,slh phtsa 'kkfey gSa ftUgsa vki

'kk;n gj fdlh ds lkFk lk>k ugha djuk pkgrs gSa] tSls vkidk

okLrfod le;] LFkku vkSj vkids varjax vkSj is'ksoj laca/ksa dh

foLr`r le>A tSls ,d gh ?kj esa vDlj ,d gh dk;kZy; dh

bekjrksa ;k vkids vkjke djus ds le; vkids eksckby dh txg

dks fn•kus okys LFkku iSVuZ dks ns•dj daifu;ka cgqr dqN crk

ldrh gSa fd vki dgka le; fcrkrs gSaA rhljh ijr igys vkSj

nwljs dh O;k[;kvksa ls cuh gSA

vkids MkVk dk fo'ys"k.k fofHkUu ,Yxksfjn~e }kjk fd;k tkrk

gS vkSj lkFkZd lkaf[;dh; lglaca/ksa ds fy, vU; mi;ksxdrkZvksa ds

MkVk ds lkFk rqyuk dh tkrh gSA ;g ijr u dsoy ge D;k djrs

gSa] cfYd ge vius O;ogkj vkSj esVkMkVk (MkVk ds fo'ys"k.k ls

gkfly fd, tkus okys fofo/ ifj.kke) ij vk/kfjr gSa] muds ckjs

esa fu"d"kZ fudkyrs gSaA bl ijr dks fu;af=kr djuk cgqr vf/d

dfBu gSA bu çksiQkby&eSfiax ,Yxksfjn~e dk dk;Z mu phtksa dk

vuqeku yxkuk gS] ftUgsa vki LosPNk ls çdV djus dh laHkkouk

ugha j•rs gSaA buesa vkidh detksfj;ka] vkbD;w ysoy] ikfjokfjd

fLFkfr] O;lu] chekfj;ka vkfn 'kkfey gSaA


miHkksÙkQk vf/dkjksa ds rgr vHkh vkadM+s ugha vk, gSaA fdlh

Hkh miHkksÙkQk dks ;g ugha irk pyrk gS fd mldh futh tkudkfj;ksa

(vkadM+ksa) dk fdl rjg bLrseky gksrk gSA vkadM+ksa dh nqfu;k esa

Hkh oxZ la?k"kZ dk nkSj 'kq: gks x;k gSA yksxksa ds futh MkVk fliQZ

daifu;ksa ds çksMDV dks cspus esa gh enn ugha dj jgs] cfYd ;g

vkadM+s gesa Hkfo"; ds lekt ds fy, rS;kj Hkh dj jgs gSa ftlesa

, vkb ;kuh vkfVZfiQf'k;y baVsfytsal ,d cM+h Hkwfedk fuHkkus

okyk gSA vkfVZfiQf'k;y baVsfytsal daI;wVj foKku dh og 'kk•k gS

tks daI;wVj ds balkuksa dh rjg O;ogkj djus dh /kj.kk ij vk/

kfjr gS tks e'khuksa dh lkspus] le>us] lh•us] leL;k gy djus

vkSj fu.kZ; ysus tSlh laKkukRed dk;ks± dks djus dh {kerk ij

dk;Z djrk gS] ysfdu Hkfo"; dk Hkkjrh; lekt dSlk gksxk ;g

bl eqís ij fuHkZj djsxk fd vHkh ge vius futh vkadM+ksa ds ckjs

esa fdrus tkx:d gSaA

tgkadne&dneijgS•rjksadhHkjekj(fganqLrku)

lqjf{kr baVjusV dk eryc gS fd baVjusV ds ekè;e ls

miHkksxdrkZvksa dks tks pqukSfr;ka fey ldrh gSa] muls os eqÙkQ jgsaA

baVjusV dk bLrseky djrs&djrs muds eksckby ;k daI;wVj gSd

u gksaA muds lkeus u MkVk pksjh gksus dh vk'kadk gks] u mudh

futrk ds mYya?ku dk Mj gks vkSj u gh vokafNr lkWÝVos;j ds

baLVkWy gksus dk •rjkA bl vk/kj ij lqjf{kr baVjusV vc rd ,d

ifjdYiuk gh gSA gka] ;g fdlh ns'k dk liuk t:j gks ldrk

gSA vly esa] baVjusV ds vlqjf{kr gksus ds dbZ dkj.k gSaA lcls

cM+h otg rks eksckby iQksu gSA eksckby ls gh miHkksxdrkZ dh

futrk dk lcls T;knk mYya?ku gksrk gSA eksckby esa ,sls ,i gksrs

gSa] tks baLVkWy gksus ds le; iQksu cqd vkSj xSyjh ds bLrseky dh

vuqefr ekaxrs gSaA bruk gh ugha] ftl txg ij ge tkrs gSa] ogka

dh tkudkjh Hkh mlls lkoZtfud gksrh gSA tSls] ;fn vki fdlh

ekWy ;k nqdku esa tk,a] rks FkksM+h nsj ckn gh ml ekWy ;k nqdku

ls tqM+k uksfVfiQds'ku eksckby LØhu ij ped mBrk gSA iy&iy

fuxjkuh j•us dh bl O;oLFkk ls miHkksxdrkZ dh futrk dk

mYya?ku rks gksrk gh gS] mldh lqj{kk dks •rjk Hkh gks ldrk gSA

LekVZiQksu dh rjiQ daI;wVj Hkh de vlqjf{kr ugha gSA bldk

,d cM+k dkj.k lkWÝVos;j gSA vius ns'k esa vkerkSj ij ekbØkslkWÝV

foaMks bLrseky fd;k tkrk gSA gSjkuh dh ckr ;g gS fd baVjusV

dk bLrseky djus okys yxHkx 70 ls 80 iQhlnh yksx pksjh dk

foaMks mi;ksx djrs gSaA bldk eryc gS fd baVjusV bLrseky djrs

gh foaMks vlqjf{kr gks tkrh gS vkSj daI;wVj esa lsa/ yx tkrh gSA

blds foijhr] tc ge fdlh vf/Ñr ,tsalh ls foaMks •jhnrs gSa]

rks ,d fu;r varjky ds ckn mldk lqj{kk dop viMsV fd;k

tkrk gSA blls daI;wVj flLVe gSd ugha gks ikrkA ;g lqfo/k gesa

pksjh ds lkWÝVos;j esa ugha feyrhA ,d vkSj eqf'dy ;g gS fd

T;knkrj yksx eqÝr esa lkWÝVos;j ikus dh tqxr esa jgrs gSaA bl

dkj.k os mu reke osclkbVksa ls xqtjrs gSa] tks lqjf{kr ugha gksrhaA

VksjsaV Hkh ,slk gh ,d flLVe gSA Hkkjr esa bldk lcls vf/d

bLrseky gksrk gSA eqÝr dh baVjusV lkefxz;ka ;gka ls cgqrk;r esa

MkmuyksM dh tkrh gSaA exj bl lsok dk ykHk mBkrs gh gekjs

daI;wVj esa lsa/ yx tkrh gSA lcls cM+h fnDdr ;g gS fd T;knkrj

yksxksa dks ;g rd ugha irk fd muds daI;wVj esa lsa/ yx pqdh

gS vkSj muds lHkh MkVk pqjk fy, x, gSaA

,sls oÙkQ esa] tc lkbcj ls tqM+s vijk/ yxkrkj c<+ jgs gksa]

;g t:jh gS fd Ldwy&dkWystksa esa lqjf{kr baVjusV ij ckr dh

tk,A ,aVhok;jl ds ckjs esa crk;k tk,A gekjs f'k{k.k laLFkkuksa esa

baVjusV ds ckjs esa rks i<+k;k tkrk gS] ij mldh lqj{kk dks ysdj

T;knk ckrsa ugha dh tkrhaA blh dkj.k ls baVjusV ij vijk/ yxkrkj

c<+ jgs gSaA •klrkSj ls lky 2014 ds ckn ls vksVhih vk/kfjr

MsfcV&ØsfMV dkMZ ;k bZ&okWysV ls tqM+s vijk/ c<+ x, gSaA bls

jksduk blfy, Hkh eqf'dy gS] D;ksafd ftl baVjusV lsok ls ge

vkfFkZd ysu&nsu djrs gSa] ogh lqjf{kr ugha gSA blhfy, fdlh

,i ;k lkWÝVos;j dks MkmuyksM djus ds le; mldh •wfc;ksa ds

lkFk&lkFk mldh lqj{kk ij Hkh xkSj djsaA

;gka ;g lkspuk Hkze gS fd vxj cSad •krs esa iSls ugha gSa]

rks MkVk pksjh ls dksbZ •rjk ugha gSA rc Hkh •wc •rjk gS] ftls

,d gkfy;k ?kVuk ls le>k tk ldrk gSA bu fnuksa ,d bZ&okWysV

ds miHkksxdrkZvksa dks viuk okWysV viMsV djus ds fy, dsokbZlh

djus ds lans'k fey jgs gSaA ;g lans'k iQthZ gS] exj ftu yksxksa

us bl lans'k ij fo'okl djds vius iSu ;k vk/kj dkMZ dh

tkudkjh bZ&okWysV viMsV djus ds uke ij ns nh] rks muds lkeus

cM+h eqf'dy •M+h gks xbZ gSA laHko gS fd MkVk pksj bu yksxksa ds

uke ij vkWuykbu vdkmaV •ksy ysa vkSj muls nqfu;k ds fdlh

vU; dksus esa vkfFkZd vijk/ dks vatke nsaA ;fn ,slk gksrk gS] rks

dkuwu mlh O;fÙkQ dks ncksspsxk] ftlds uke ij og vdkmaV gksxkA

tkfgj gS] MkVk pksjh vius ;gka ,d cM+k •rjk gSA gkykafd ;g

vPNh ckr gS fd ljdkj bls jksdus dh fn'kk esa dke dj jgh gSA

MkVk çkboslh ,sDV çLrkfor gSA vxj bls laln dh eatwjh feyrh

gS] rks baVjusV miHkksxdrkZvksa dks dkiQh jkgr fey ldrh gSA



y MkVk gh og b±/u gS tks vufxur daifu;ksa dks pyk, j•us ds

fy, ftEesnkj gSA og pkgs reke ,Il gksa ;k fofHkUu lks'ky

usVo²dx lkbV~l] lHkh miHkksÙkQkvksa ds fy, eqÝr gSaA vly

esa tks pht gesa eqÝr fn•kbZ ns jgh gS og lqfo/k gesa gekjs

laosnu'khy futh MkVk ds cnys fey jgh gSA

y Vsd ,vkjlh dh ,d fjiksVZ ds vuqlkj ,d Hkkjrh; de ls

de 24 ,i dk bLrseky djrk gS vkSj ;g vkadM+k oSf'od

vkSlr ls rhu xquk T;knk gSA eksckby ,ukfyfVDl iQeZ ^,i

,uh* dh ,d fjiksVZ ds vuqlkj oSf'od Lrj ij fdlh iQksu

esa ,i j•us dk vkSlr ukS ,i ç;ksx djus dk gS] ij vkSlr

:i ls ,d Hkkjrh; 51 ,i rd iQksu esa j•rk gSA

y vkids MkVk dk fo'ys"k.k fofHkUu ,Yxksfjn~e }kjk fd;k

tkrk gS vkSj lkFkZd lkaf[;dh; lglaca/ksa ds fy, vU;

mi;ksxdrkZvksa ds MkVk ds lkFk rqyuk dh tkrh gSA ;g ijr

u dsoy ge D;k djrs gSa] cfYd ge vius O;ogkj vkSj

esVkMkVk (MkVk ds fo'ys"k.k ls gkfly fd, tkus okys fofo/

ifj.kke) ij vk/kfjr gSa] muds ckjs esa fu"d"kZ fudkyrs gSaA

bl ijr dks fu;af=kr djuk cgqr vf/d dfBu gSA

y vkfVZfiQf'k;y baVsfytsal daI;wVj foKku dh og 'kk•k gS

tks daI;wVj ds balkuksa dh rjg O;ogkj djus dh /kj.kk ij

vk/kfjr gS tks e'khuksa dh lkspus] le>us] lh•us] leL;k gy

djus vkSj fu.kZ; ysus tSlh laKkukRed dk;ks± dks djus dh

{kerk ij dk;Z djrk gS] ysfdu Hkfo"; dk Hkkjrh; lekt

dSlk gksxk ;g bl eqís ij fuHkZj djsxk fd vHkh ge vius

futh vkadM+ksa ds ckjs esa fdrus tkx:d gSaA

MkVk

y MkVk ,slk LFkku laxzfgr djus okyk iwjd gS ftldks dEI;wVj

;k eksckbZy ds lh-ih-;w- eseksjh esa LFkku fn;k tkrk gSA ftleas

;g jf{kr jgrk gSA rFkk fdlh çksxzke dks 'kq: djus] xfr

nsus vkSj LFkfxr djus ds dk;Z esa MkVk ,d ekè;e dh rjg

ç;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA MkVk 'kCn dk igyk mi;ksx 1940 eas

vaxszth esa fd;k x;k FkkA

y ^Vªkalfeflcy vkSj LVsyscy daI;wVj lwpuk* eas ^MsVk* 'kCn

dk igyh ckj 1946 eas mi;ksx fd;kA MkVk 'kCn ds dbZ

eryc gSa_ tSls& lwpuk] Kku ;g 'kCn MkVk ls laca f/r gS

ysfdu gj 'kCn dk viuk vyx gh egÙo gSA

y Data daI;wVj dk ,d egÙoiw.kZ vax gS ftl ij lkjk dk;Z

gksrk gSA MkVk daI;wVj esa buiqV vkSj vkmViqV fd;k tkrk gSA

CPU dk dk;Z MkVk dks çkslsl djuk gksrk gSA bl iksLV esa

daI;wVj MkVk D;k gS (Data Kya Hai)] MkVk çkslsflax vkSj

MkVk dk çdkj bl iksLV esa tkuus dk ç;kl gSA

y Computer esa ekStwn best] ohfM;ks] vkWfMvks] VsDLV] uacj]

MkWD;wesaV bR;kfn dks Data dgrs gaSA dhcksMZ ls MkVk dks

gh Vkbi fd;k tkrk gSA A ls Z ds vYiQkcsV~l] 0 ls 9

uEcj] Lis'ky dSjsDVj $,@,& ;s lHkh MkVk gh gSA Data

vO;ofLFkr rF; vkSj vkadM+ksa dk laxzg gksrk gS tks dsoy

,d oSY;w gksrh gSA MkVk dks dysDV djuk Hkh egÙoiw.kZ gSA

MkVk daI;wVj esa buiqV gksus ds ckn lkWÝV dkWih esa cny

tkrk gSA

y daI;wVj esa MkVk buiqV djus ls igys oks Raw gksrk gSA bl

Raw Data dks oaQI;wVj esa buiqV djus ij MkVk çkslsl gksrk

gSA Processed MkVk Information dgykrk gSA Data

oaQI;wVj esa ckbujh fMftV 0]1 esa LVksj gksrk gSA bu ckbujh

fMftV dks ¶fcV¸ dgrs gSaA ;g e'khuh ySaXost gksrh gS ftls

daI;wVj le>rk gSA MsVk dks ckbujh iQkWeZ esa cnyuk Data

Representation dgykrk gSA




1- vkfVZfiQf'k;y baVsfytsal (AI) dh vo/kj.kk oaQI;wVj osQ

balkuksa dh rjg O;ogkj djus dh /kj.kk ij vk/kfjr gSA

2- ^jk"Vªh; o`Qf=ke cqf¼erk dk;ZozQe* osQ fy, uhfr vk;ksx

us ^,sjkor* uked DykmM oaQI;wfVax IysViQkWeZ LFkkfir

djus dk çLrko fn;k gSA

mi;qZDr esa ls dkSu&lk@ls dFku lR; gS@gSa\

(a) dsoy 1 (b) dsoy 2

(c) 1 vkSj nksuksa (d) buesa ls dksbZ ugha

(mÙkj&c)

2- ¶baVjusV daifu;ksa ds ekè;e ls fo'o O;kikj ds lkFk lwpuk

ra=k ij fu;a=k.k] vesfjdh uolkezkT;okn dk lcls cM+k ,tsaMk

gS] ftldk lkefjd vk;ke tklwlh gSA¸ fVIi.kh djsaA


1- fuEufyf[kr ;qXeksa ij fopkj dhft,&

dHkh&dHkhlekpkjksaesa lanHkZfo"k;

vkusokys'kCn

1- csy II ç;ksx % o`Qf=ke cqf¼

2- CykWdpsu çkS|ksfxdh % fMftVy@fozQIVks eqnzk

3- CRISPR-Cas9 % d.k HkkSfrdh

mi;qZDr ;qXeksa esa ls dkSu&lk@ls lR; gS@gSa\

(a) 1 vkSj 3 (b) dsoy 2

(c) 2 vkSj 3 (d) 1] 2 vkSj 3


2- tc lqcg vkids LekVZ iQksu dk vykeZ ctrk gS] rks vki mB

tkrs gSa vkSj vykeZ dks can djus ds fy, mls Fkidh nsrs gSa

ftlls vkidk xhtj Lor% gh py iM+rk gSA vkids Lukukxkj

eas yxk LekVZ niZ.k fnu ds ekSle dks n'kkZrk gS vkSj vkidh

mQijh Vadh eas ikuh ds Lrj dk Hkh ladsr nsrk gSA tc vki

uk'rk cukus ds fy, vius jsfizQtjsVj ls dqN fdjkuk&lkeku

fudky ysrs gSa] ;g bleas HkaMkfjr lkeku eas vkbZ deh dks

tku ysrk gS vkSj rkts fdjkuk&lkeukas dh iwfrZ ds fy, Ø;kns'k

ns nsrk gSA tc vki ?kj ls ckgj dne j[krs gSa vkSj njokts

ij rkyk yxkrs gSa] rc lHkh cfÙk;k¡] ia[ks] xh”kj vkSj ,-lh-

e'khukas Lor% can gks tkrh gSaA vkids dk;Zy; ds jkLrs ij]

vkidh dkj vkxs vkus okys ;krk;kr dh HkhM+ ds ckjs eas

vkidks psrkouh nsrh gS vkSj oSdfYid jkLrs dk lq>ko nsrh

gS vkSj ;fn vkidks fdlh cSBd ds fy, nsj gks jgh gS] rks

;g mlds vuqlkj vkids dk;kZy; eas lans'k Hkst nsrh gSA

bu vkfoHkwZr gksrh gqbZ lapkj izkS|ksfxfd;kas ds lanHkZ eas] mi;qZDr

ifjn`'; ds fy, fuEufyf[kr eas ls dkSu&lk in lcls mi;qZDr

:i ls ykxw gksrk gS\

(a) ckWMZj xsVos izksVksdkWy (b) bUVjusV vkWiQ fFkaXl

(c) bUVjusV izksVksdkWy (d) opqZvy izkbosV usVooZQ


3- xSj&jkT; vfHkdÙkkZvksa }kjk baVjusV ,oa lks'ky ehfM;k dk

foèoaldkjh xfrfof/;ksa gsrq iz;ksx lqj{kk ds fy, ,d o`gn~

fpark dk fo"k; gSA gky gh esa budk nq"iz;ksx fdl izdkj

gqvk gS\ mi;qZDr [krjs dks fu;af=kr djus ds fy, izHkkodkjh

lq>ko lq>kb,A (200 'kCn)


PT/Mains - iz'u


^JhjketUeHkwferhFkZ{ks=k*ukelsVªLV

ç/kuea=khujsaæeksnhusv;ksè;kesaHkxokujkedseafnjfuekZ.kdsfy,,dVªLVcukusdhckrdghAv;ksè;kesackgjh,oavan:uhpcwrjsdkdCtkVªLVdksfn;ktkukgSA'ks"kvf/xzghrtehudsfo"k;esadsaædksviusfoosdls

iQSlykdjukFkkAmlus;gtehuHkhVªLVdksnsusdkiQSlykfd;kA

;g vkys[k lkekU; vè;;u iz'u i=k&2 ('kklu O;oLFkk) ls lacafèkr gSA

v;ksè;kesajkeeafnjHkkjrdhlH;rkdkxkSjooyksdra=kdsçfrçfrc¼rkdkgksxkçrhd(tkxj.k)

vkf•jdkj lfn;ksa dh çrh{kk iwjh gksus tk jgh gSA v;ksè;k esa HkO; jke eafnj fuekZ.k ds fy, lHkh vkSipkfjdrk,a iwjh gks xbZ gSaA 'kh"kZ vnkyr ds fu.kZ; ds vuq:i jke eafnj fuekZ.k dk nkf;Ro iwjk djus ds fy, ç/kuea=kh ujsaæ eksnh us ^Jhjke tUeHkwfe rhFkZ {ks=k* uke ls VªLV ds xBu dk ,yku dj fn;k vkSj x`gea=kh us bl VªLV ds dqN lnL;ksa ds uke Hkh ?kksf"kr dj fn,A

ç/kuea=khusVªLVdh?kks"k.kkdks,sfrgkfldcrk;kç/kuea=kh us laln esa bl dne dks ,sfrgkfld crk;kA è;ku

jgs fd v;ksè;k esa fookfnr LFky dh tehu fganqvksa dks lkSaius ds lkFk gh vnkyr us dsaæ ljdkj dks ;g funZs'k Hkh fn;k Fkk fd og bl fu.kZ; ds rhu eghuksa ds Hkhrj eafnj fuekZ.k ds fy, VªLV dk xBu djsA mlus ljdkj ls ;g Hkh dgk Fkk fd og VªLV ;k mlds tSlh dksbZ O;oLFkk djs tks eafnj fuekZ.k vkSj mlds çca/u ds lkFk gh VªfLV;ksa dh 'kfÙkQ;ksa ,oa vf/dkjksa ls tqM+s çko/ku cuk,A

v;ksè;kesackgjh,oavan:uhpcwrjsdkdCtkVªLVdksfn;ktkukgS

v;ksè;k esa ckgjh ,oa van:uh pcwrjs dk dCtk VªLV dks fn;k tkuk gSA 'ks"k vf/xzghr tehu ds fo"k; esa dsaæ dks vius foosd ls iQSlyk djuk FkkA mlus ;g tehu Hkh VªLV dks nsus dk iQSlyk fd;kA blds lkFk gh vnkyr us ;g Hkh funZs'k fn;k Fkk fd v;ksè;k esa ,d mfpr LFkku ij lqUuh lsaVªy oDiQ cksMZ dks ikap ,dM+ tehu vkoafVr dh tk,A iQSlys ds vuqlkj dsaæ vkSj jkT; ljdkj dks ijLij ijke'kZ ds tfj;s fu/kZfjr vof/ esa ;g vkoaVu djuk FkkA ljdkj us fiNys gÝrs vnkyr ds bu lHkh funZs'kksa dks iwjk dj fn;kA

b/jeafnjfuekZ.kdhrS;kfj;ka]m/jLi"Vugha fdlqUuhcksMZtehuLohdkjdjsxk;kugha

tgka VªLV dh vkxkeh cSBd esa eafnj fuekZ.k dh rS;kfj;ksa ij ckr gksus tk jgh gS ogha ;g vHkh Li"V ugha fd lqUuh oDiQ cksMZ ikap ,dM+ tehu dks Lohdkj djus ds fy, rS;kj gS ;k ugha\ tks Hkh gks] jke eafnj fuekZ.k ds fy, VªLV dk xBu o"kZ 1994 esa dsaæ ljdkj ds okns dks gh iwjk djus tSlk gSA

jkoljdkjusoknkfd;kFkk;fneafnjdsvo'ks"kfeysrksvf/xzghrtehufganqvksadksykSVknsaxs

flracj 1994 esa rRdkyhu ç/kuea=kh ihoh ujflag jko ljdkj us ;g oknk fd;k Fkk fd ;fn ckcjh efLtn ds uhps fganw eafnj ds vo'ks"k ik, tkrs gSa rks og vf/xzghr tehu fganqvksa dks okil ykSVk nsxhA ml le; dsaæ ljdkj us ;g çfrc¼rk trkbZ Fkh fd ^;fn ;g ckr lkeus vkrh gS fd fxjk, x, <kaps ls igys ogka fganw eafnj ekStwn Fkk rc ljdkj fganw leqnk; ds i{k esa dne mBk,xhA ;fn ;g lkeus vkrk gS fd vrhr ds fdlh dky•aM esa ogka fganw eafnj dk vfLrRo ugha Fkk rc ljdkj eqfLye leqnk; ds i{k esa fu.kZ; djsxhA*

iqjkrRoloZs{k.kdhtkapesaefLtndsuhpslsLraHkvkSjfganweafnjlstqM+svU;çrhdfeys

blds djhc ,d n'kd ckn Hkkjrh; iqjkrRo loZs{k.k ;kuh ,,lvkb dks blls tqM+s nkoksa&çfrnkoksa dh iM+rky djus dk ftEek lkSaik x;kA iqjkrRo loZs{k.k dh tkap esa ,sls lk{; lkeus vk, fd fxjkbZ xbZ efLtn ds uhps ls LraHk vkSj fganw eafnj ls tqM+s vU; çrhd feysA bl fn'kk esa dsaæ ljdkj }kjk fn;k x;k vk'oklu ,dne Li"V Fkk ftlesa fdlh fdLe ds fdarq&ijarq ugha FksA

fganwvkLFkkdksoSKkfudlk{;ksadhdlkSVhijdlkx;kbl ekeys dh laosnu'khyrk dks ns•rs gq, dsaæ ljdkj dk

;g 'kiFki=k ,d cgqr cM+k tksf•e Fkk] D;ksafd ;g elyk fganqvksa dh ml ekU;rk ls tqM+k Fkk ftlds vuqlkj os ekurs gSa fd Hkxoku jke dk tUe blh fookfnr txg ij gh gqvkA bldk vFkZ ;g Fkk fd fganqvksa dks blds lk{; is'k djus gksaxs ;k fiQj os ;g mEehn j•sa fd èoLr <kaps ds uhps ,sls lk{; ekStwn gksaA blls Hkxoku jke ds tUeLFkku dh lk• dks ysdj loky mBus dk •rjk FkkA lh/s rkSj ij ns•k tk, rks ;g iwjh rjg ls vU;k; gh Fkk] D;ksafd fganw vkLFkk dks oSKkfud lk{;ksa dh dlkSVh ij dlk tkuk FkkA

;fnoSKkfudlk{;vliQyjgrsrksjkedstUeLFkkuijfganqvksadknkokNwVtkrk

;fn mlesa vliQyrk feyrh rks jke ds tUeLFkku ij mudk nkok NwV tkrkA D;k fganqvksa dks ,slh fLFkfr esa iQalkuk mfpr Fkk\ fiQj Hkh fganqvksa us bls eatwj dj fy;kA ,slh dksbZ vkSj felky nqfu;k esa dgha vkSj feyuk eqf'dy gSA blesa dqN Hkh urhtk fudy


ldrk FkkA blls fganqvksa dh Hkkouk,a vkgr gks ldrh Fkha] fiQj Hkh fganqvksa us blesa rky ls rky feykbZA

fganqvksaustUeLFkkudksysdjvnkyrdsiQSlysdkfd;kbartkj

tUeLFkku ij viuh vkLFkk ls tqM+s igyw ij 'kh"kZ vnkyr ds iQSlys dk Hkh mUgksaus iwjs /hjt ds lkFk bartkj fd;kA vxj dHkh Hkh fdlh dks fganw leqnk; ds lsD;qyj yksdrkaf=kd iSekuksa dk lk{; pkfg, rks ;g mldk ,d cM+k mnkgj.k gksxkA ujflag jko ljdkj ds 'kiFki=k ij fganqvksa dk ekSu vkSj U;kf;d iQSlys dh /S;ZiwoZd çrh{kk ;gh n'kkZrh gS fd cgqla[;d fganqvksa ds fy, lafo/ku ges'kk lokZsifj jgkA

v;ksè;kiQSlysijeqlyekuksadhLohÑfrn'kkZrhgSlqçhedksVZdhlokZsPprkesavkLFkk

vkf•jdkj vnkyr bl urhts ij igqaph] fganqvksa dh vkLFkk vkSj fo'okl ;gh gS os ckcjh efLtn ds fuekZ.k ds igys ls gh ml LFkku dks Hkxoku jke dk tUeLFkku ekurs vk, gSaA blh rjg lqçhe dksVZ ds iQSlys dks Hkkjrh; eqlyekuksa dh LohÑfr Hkh gekjh yksdrkaf=kd <kaps ds yphysiu vkSj lafo/ku dh O;k[;k ds ekeys ,oa ,sls fooknksa ds fuiVku esa lqçhe dksVZ dh lokZsPprk esa vkLFkk dks gh n'kkZrk gSA ;g gekjh laoS/kfud thou'kSyh dk thoar Lo:i Hkh gSA

lfn;ks a iqjkus fookndklaoS/kfudnk;js es a fuiVkjkyksdrkaf=kdijaijkvksadkvuqiemnkgj.k

lfn;ksa iqjkus bl fookn dk gekjs laoS/kfud nk;js esa fuiVkjk gekjh yksdrkaf=kd ijaijkvksa dk vuqie mnkgj.k gS vkSj bl ckr dk Hkh fd ,d yksdra=k ds :i esa ge fdl çdkj mHkjs vkSj le`¼ gq, gSa\ bldk t'u euk;k tkuk pkfg,A ç/kuea=kh us jke tUeHkwfe ij vk, fu.kZ; ds ckn viuh çfrfØ;k esa bldk mYys• Hkh fd;k Fkk fd Hkkjrh;ksa us yksdrkaf=kd jhfr&uhfr vkSj çfØ;kvksa esa vuqdj.kh; vkLFkk dk çn'kZu fd;kA

v;ksè;kesajkeeafnjHkkjrdhlH;rkdsxkSjodkgksxkçrhdtc Hkh jke eafnj cudj rS;kj gksxk rc ;g u dsoy Hkkjr

dh lH;rk ds xkSjo] cfYd yksdra=k ,oa lkSgknZ ds çfr mldh çfrc¼rk dk Hkh çrhd gksxkA bls ysdj vc dksbZ Hkze ugha gksuk pkfg,A nqfu;k esa vU;=k dgha ,slk mnkgj.k feyuk vlaHko gSA

bLykfedns'kksaesavYila[;dksadhnqnZ'kkijvkoktmBkusdkdHkhneughafn•k;k

,sls esa dqN fo?ularksf"k;ksa dh vuns•h djuk gh mfpr gS ftUgsa fiNys o"kZ yksdlHkk pquko esa ns'k dh turk us •kfjt dj fn;k Fkk vkSj tks vius fufgr LokFkks± ds pyrs gekjs yksdra=k dks vo#¼ djus dh dksf'k'kksa esa tqVs gSa] D;ksafd turk mUgsa ckj&ckj udkj jgh gSA bl ekeys esa if'peh ehfM;k ls yksdra=k ij Hkk"k.k lquuk vkSj Hkh fopfyr djus okyk gS ftlus nqfu;k ds lkB bLykfed ns'kksa esa vYila[;dksa dh nqnZ'kk ij vkokt mBkus dk dHkh ne ugha fn•k;kA

rF;]rdZvkSjHkkouk]rhuksadhthr(fganqLrku)

yxHkx pkj lnh iqjkus ,d fookn dk var cq/okj dks yksdlHkk esa ml ,sfrgkfld ?kks"k.kk ds lkFk gks x;k] ftlesa ç/kuea=kh ujsaæ eksnh us v;ksè;k esa Hkxoku jke ds eafnj fuekZ.k ds fy, ,d VªLV cukus dh ckr dghA bl ?kks"k.kk dk ,sfrgkfld egÙo rhu dkj.kksa ls gS& igyk] ;g Hkkjr dh iaFkfujis{krk dh ml ijaijk dk ifjpk;d gS] ftlesa fookn foHkktu esa ugha] lkeatL; esa ifj.kr gksrk gSA ;g fookn ckcj&dky ls vk/qfud Hkkjr rd pyrk jgkA blesa lM+dksa ij la?k"kZ ls ysdj U;k;ky; rd esa fujarj okn&çfrokn gksrk jgkA blh Øe esa laLÑfr] lH;rk] iaFkfujis{krk ds lkFk&lkFk jk"Vªokn foe'kZ dk fgLlk curk jgkA vkSj varr% bldk fu.kZ; ns'k ds lokZsPp U;k;ky; }kjk gqvkA yacs la?k"kZ esa dbZ çdkj dh dVqrkvksa ls Hkjh bl ;k=kk ds ckotwn lokZsPp U;k;ky; ds fu.kZ; ds çfr ns'k us ifjiDork ds lkFk lgefr trkbZA

nwljk dkj.k ;g gS fd ç/kuea=kh }kjk ?kksf"kr bl VªLV esa jktuhfr ls tqMs yksx ugha gSaA jk"Vªh; Lo;alsod la?k vkSj Hkkjrh; turk ikVhZ dk ;g Li"V er jgk gS fd jke eafnj dk eqík lkaLÑfrd] jk"Vªh; vkSj lH;rkbZ gSA gkykafd] çdkjkarj esa bl eqís dk jktuhfrdj.k t:j gqvk] tks vLokHkkfod Hkh ugha FkkA pwafd fookn eafnj&fuekZ.k ls vkxs c<+dj jk"Vªokn vkSj iaFkfujis{krk dh ifjHkk"kk ls Hkh tqM+ x;k Fkk] blhfy, jke tUeHkwfe vkanksyu dks Nn~e /eZfujis{krk cuke ldkjkRed iaFkfujis{krk ds :i esa Hkh ns•k x;kA bl lanHkZ esa bl ckr dk mYys• djuk vko';d gS fd tc lkseukFk eafnj ds th.kkZs¼kj ds fy, 1949&50 esa igy gqbZ Fkh] rc lkseukFk VªLV esa Hkkjr ljdkj ds rhu dsaæh; ea=kh 'kkfey Fks& ,u oh xkMfxy] dUgS;kyky ekf.kdyky eqa'kh vkSj ljnkj oYyHkHkkbZ iVsyA

Lo;a Hkkjr ds jk"Vªifr jktsaæ çlkn blls lfØ; :i ls tqM+s gq, FksA ysfdu jke eafnj ds VªLV esa fliQZ /kfeZd&vkè;kfRed vkSj lkekftd {ks=kksa ls tqMs+ O;fÙkQ;ksa dks LFkku nsdj ç/kuea=kh eksnh us mu lHkh /kj.kkvksa o vkjksiksa dks xyr lkfcr dj fn;k fd eafnj vkanksyu ds ihNs jktuhfrd egÙokdka{kk vkSj ,tsaMk jgk gSA

rhljk dkj.k oSpkfjd gSA bl lanHkZ esa lkseukFk eafnj ds th.kkZs¼kj dh çfØ;k ls bldh rqyuk LokHkkfod gSA tc lkseukFk eafnj ds fy, VªLV cuk;k tk jgk Fkk] rc ç/kuea=kh tokgjyky usg: us vius dsaæh; eaf=k;ksa vkSj jk"Vªifr jktsaæ çlkn dh Hkkxhnkjh dks bl vk/kj ij xyr crk;k Fkk fd blls iaFkfujis{krk ds fl¼kar •afMr gksaxsA iafMr usg: ds rdZ dk tokc jktsaæ çlkn us ;g dgdj fn;k fd vkØkarkvksa ds dqÑR;ksa dks ns'k ds lkekftd&/kfeZd thou ls tksM+uk iaFkfujis{krk dk fu"ks/ gksxkA ds ,e eqa'kh us usg: dks fy•k Fkk fd yksxksa dh lkewfgd psruk bl eafnj ds th.kkZs¼kj ds i{k esa gS vkSj blds iqufuZekZ.k ls ns'k us vius ml vfLrRo dks çkIr fd;k gS] ftls feVkus dk ç;kl ccZj vkozQka rkvksa us /eZ ds uke ij fd;k FkkA lkseukFk eafnj dk fuekZ.k mlh dyad dks feVkus tSlk gSA

jke tUeHkwfe vkanksyu vkSj lkseukFk ds chp esa bl lanHkZ esa cgqr vf/d lekurk gSA ftl çdkj egewn xtuoh us lkseukFk


eafnj dks u"V fd;k Fkk] mlh çdkj ehj ckdh us Hkxoku jke ds tUeLFkku dks u"V djds efLtn cukbZ FkhA ç/kuea=kh eksnh }kjk vius oÙkQO; esa lnu vkSj yksxksa ls ,dtqVrk ds lkFk eafnj cukus dh vihy djuk njvly mlh Hkko dh vfHkO;fÙkQ gS fd vkØkarkvksa dks jk"Vªh; thou ds lkFk tksM+uk vkSj fdlh /eZ ds çfrfuf/ ds :i esa ekuuk ;k ekuus dh xyrh djuk u fliQZ viuh fojklr] cfYd orZeku vkSj Hkfo";] nksuksa dks tksf•e esa Mkyuk gSA

bl VªLV ds fuekZ.k ds lkFk og vè;k; Hkh lekIr gqvk] ftlesa rF;] rdZ vkSj Hkkouk] rhuksa ds vk/kj ij LokfeRo dk nkok fd;k tkrk jgk gSA lu 1949 ls yxkrkj bl ckr dh xqgkj ekDlZoknh bfrgkldkjksa vkSj ckcjh efLtn ds leFkZdksa }kjk yxkbZ tkrh jgh fd tUeHkwfe vkanksyu ,d cgqeroknh vfHkO;fÙkQ gS] tks vYila[;d ds vf/dkjksa dks dqpyus dh dksf'k'k djrh gSA lekt'kkL=k vkSj bfrgkl ds {ks=k esa ekDlZoknh vkSj usg:oknh fo}kuksa ds opZLo ds dkj.k bl rjg ds fujk/kj rdZ dks foe'kZ dk dsaæfcanq cuk fn;k x;k FkkA ysfdu bfrgkl dYiuk ;k oSpkfjd egÙokdka{kk ls fufeZr ugha gksrkA rF;ghu bfrgkl lekt dks ges'kk Hkzfer djus dk dke djrk gSA

jke tUeHkwfe fookn ij nqfu;k Hkj ds bfrgkldkjksa vkSj iqjkrRofonksa dh :fp jgh gS] blhfy, vktknh ls igys vkSj vktknh ds ckn feykdj pkj iqjkrRofonksa us •qnkbZ dk dke fd;kA •qnkbZ ls varr% tks çek.k fudyk] mlus ;g lkfcr dj fn;k fd ;gh Hkxoku jke dk tUeLFkku gSA blhfy, pkj lkS lky ls Hkh

vf/d iqjkus dVqrkiw.kZ fookn ij U;k;ky; dk fu.kZ; lgt vkSj ljy rjhds ls vk ik;kA blus ;g Hkh lkfcr fd;k fd Hkkjr esa vkSifuosf'kd dky ls /eZfujis{krk dh tks ifjHkk"kk x<+h xbZ] mldk ,d y{; Hkkjr dh nl gtkj lky iqjkuh lH;rk dks /eZ dh igpku ds vk/kj ij ns•uk vkSj mlesa larqyu cuk, j•us ds fy, jktuhfrd Je djuk jgk] ftlus Hkkjr dh fojklr vkSj laLÑfr ds çfr lkaçnkf;d n`f"Vdks.k Fkksius dk dke fd;kA

jke eafnj vkanksyu ds nkSjku oSpkfjd foe'kZ vkSj la?k"kZ us iaFkfujis{krk dks iquiZfjHkkf"kr djus dk dke fd;k gSA gkykafd] ;g dke lkseukFk eafnj ds nkSjku gh gks tkuk pkfg, Fkk] ysfdu lkseukFk vkSj jke eafnj ds la?k"kZ vkSj foe'kZ esa ,d cqfu;knh varj fn•kbZ nsrk gSA lkseukFk eafnj ds fuekZ.k ds nkSjku foe'kZ jktuhfr vkSj ckSf¼d thou ds 'kh"kZ Lrj ds dqyhuksa rd lhfer jgk] tcfd jke eafnj ds la?k"kZ ds nkSjku foe'kZ dqyhuksa ds oSpkfjd ?ksjs ls ckgj fudydj lkekU; yksxksa rd igqapk] blhfy, bl ,sfrgkfld ?kVuk dks Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; thou esa ldkjkRed cuk nsus dk dke yksxksa dh lkewfgd psruk o vkdka{kk vkSj mu ,sfrgkfld rF;ksa us dj fn;k] ftls if'pe vkjksfir iaFkfujis{krk ds çoÙkQkvksa us nck j•k FkkA vr% bl VªLV dk fuekZ.k rq"Vhdj.k ds ;qx dk var vkSj Hkkjrh; ijaijk dh ubZ ldkjkRed fofo/rkoknh iaFkfujis{krk ds ;qx dh 'kq#vkr ekuh tk,xhA


y v;ksè;k esa HkO; jke eafnj fuekZ.k ds fy, lHkh vkSipkfjdrk,a iwjh gks xbZ gSaA 'kh"kZ vnkyr ds fu.kZ; ds vuq:i jke eafnj fuekZ.k dk nkf;Ro iwjk djus ds fy, ç/kuea=kh ujsaæ eksnh us ^Jhjke tUeHkwfe rhFkZ {ks=k* uke ls VªLV ds xBu dk ,yku dj fn;k vkSj x`gea=kh us bl VªLV ds dqN lnL;ksa ds uke Hkh ?kksf"kr dj fn,A

y è;ku jgs fd v;ksè;k esa fookfnr LFky dh tehu fganqvksa dks lkSaius ds lkFk gh vnkyr us dsaæ ljdkj dks ;g funZs'k Hkh fn;k Fkk fd og bl fu.kZ; ds rhu eghuksa ds Hkhrj eafnj fuekZ.k ds fy, VªLV dk xBu djsA mlus ljdkj ls ;g Hkh dgk Fkk fd og VªLV ;k mlds tSlh dksbZ O;oLFkk djs tks eafnj fuekZ.k vkSj mlds çca/u ds lkFk gh VªfLV;ksa dh 'kfÙkQ;ksa ,oa vf/dkjksa ls tqM+s çko/ku cuk,A

y bl ?kks"k.kk dk ,sfrgkfld egÙo rhu dkj.kksa ls gS& igyk] ;g Hkkjr dh iaFkfujis{krk dh ml ijaijk dk ifjpk;d gS] ftlesa fookn foHkktu esa ugha] lkeatL; esa ifj.kr gksrk gSA ;g fookn ckcj&dky ls vk/qfud Hkkjr rd pyrk jgkA blesa lM+dksa ij la?k"kZ ls ysdj U;k;ky; rd esa fujarj okn&çfrokn gksrk jgkA

y bl VªLV ds fuekZ.k ds lkFk og vè;k; Hkh lekIr gqvk] ftlesa rF;] rdZ vkSj Hkkouk] rhuksa ds vk/kj ij LokfeRo dk nkok fd;k tkrk jgk gSA lu 1949 ls yxkrkj bl ckr dh xqgkj ekDlZoknh bfrgkldkjksa vkSj ckcjh efLtn ds leFkZdksa }kjk yxkbZ tkrh jgh fd tUeHkwfe vkanksyu ,d cgqeroknh vfHkO;fÙkQ gS] tks vYila[;d ds vf/dkjksa dks dqpyus dh dksf'k'k djrh gSA

y jke tUeHkwfe fookn ij nqfu;k Hkj ds bfrgkldkjksa vkSj iqjkrRofonksa dh #fp jgh gSA blhfy, vktknh ls igys vkSj vktknh ds ckn feykdj pkj iqjkrRofonksa us •qnkbZ dk dke fd;kA •qnkbZ ls varr% tks çek.k fudyk] mlus ;g lkfcr dj fn;k fd ;gh Hkxoku jke dk tUeLFkku gSA blhfy, pkj lkS lky ls Hkh vf/d iqjkus dVqrkiw.kZ fookn ij U;k;ky; dk fu.kZ; lgt vkSj ljy rjhds ls vk ik;kA

jke&tUeHkwfefookn

y 1528% ckcj us ;gka ,d efLtn dk fuekZ.k djk;k ftls ckcjh efLtn dgrs gSaA fganw ekU;rk ds vuqlkj blh txg ij Hkxoku jke dk tUe gqvk FkkA

y 1859% fczfV'k ljdkj us rkjksa dh ,d ckM+ •M+h djds fookfnr Hkwfe ds vkarfjd vkSj ckgjh ifjlj esa eqfLyeksa vkSj fgnqvksa dks vyx&vyx çkFkZukvksa dh btktr ns nhA


y 1885% ekeyk igyh ckj vnkyr esa igqapkA egar j?kqcj nkl us iQStkckn vnkyr esa ckcjh efLtn ls yxs ,d jke eafnj ds fuekZ.k dh btktr ds fy, vihy nk;j dhA

y 23 fnlacj 1949% djhc 50 fganqvksa us efLtn ds dsaæh; LFky ij dfFkr rkSj ij Hkxoku jke dh ewfrZ j• nhA blds ckn ml LFkku ij fganw fu;fer :i ls iwtk djus yxsA eqlyekuksa us uekt i<+uk can dj fn;kA

y twu 1989% Hkkjrh; turk ikVhZ (chtsih) us oh,pih dks vkSipkfjd leFkZu nsuk 'kq: djds eafnj vkanksyu dks u;k thou ns fn;kA

y 25 flracj 1990% chtsih vè;{k yky Ñ".k vkMok.kh us xqtjkr ds lkseukFk ls mÙkj çns'k ds v;ksè;k rd jFk ;k=kk fudkyh] ftlds ckn lkEçnkf;d naxs gq,A

y vDVwcj 1991% mÙkj çns'k esa dY;k.k flag ljdkj us ckcjh efLtn ds vkl&ikl dh 2-77 ,dM+ Hkwfe dks vius vf/dkj esa ys fy;kA

y 6 fnlacj 1992% gtkjksa dh la[;k esa dkj lsodksa us v;ksè;k igqapdj ckcjh efLtn <kg fn;kA blds ckn lkaçnkf;d naxs gq,A tYnckth esa ,d vLFkk;h jke eafnj cuk;k x;kA

y 16 fnlacj 1992% efLtn dh rksM+&iQksM+ dh ftEesnkj fLFkfr;ksa dh tkap ds fy, fyczgku vk;ksx dk xBu gqvkA

y 30 flracj 2010% bykgkckn mPp U;k;ky; dh y•uÅ ihB us ,sfrgkfld iQSlyk lquk;kA bykgkckn gkbZ dksVZ us fookfnr tehu dks rhu fgLlksa esa ckaVk ftlesa ,d fgLlk jke eafnj] nwljk lqUuh oDiQ cksMZ vkSj fuekZsgh v•kM+s esa tehu caVhA


1- fuEufyf[kr dFkuksa ij fopkj dhft,&1- jke eafnj (v;ksè;k) ds fy, cuus dkys VªLV dk uke

^Jh jketUeHkwfe rhFkZ {ks=k* gksxkA 2- ^jke tUeHkwfe fookn* igyh ckj o"kZ 1885 eas vnkyr

igq¡pk FkkA

mi;qZDr esa ls dkSu&lk@ls dFku lR; gS@gSa\(a) dsoy 1 (b) dsoy 2(c) 1 vkSj 2 nksukas (d) buesa ls dksbZ ugha

(mÙkj&c)

2- ¶v;ksè;k elys dks lkaçnkf;d p'es ls ns•us vkSj mls fganw&eqfLye dk loky cukus okyksa ds dkj.k gh bl fookn ds lek/ku esa t:jr ls T;knk nsj gks jgh FkhA¸ fVIi.kh djsaA


1- fuEufyf[kr ;qXekas ij fopkj dhft,%

izfl¼LFkku {ks=k

1- cks/x;k % c?ksy[k.M

2- [ktqjkgks % cqansy[k.M

3- f'kjMh % fonHkZ

4- ukfld % ekyok

5- fr#ifr % jk;ylhek

mi;qZDr ;qXeksa esa ls dkSu&lk@ls lR; gS@gSa\(a) 1] 2 vkSj 4 (b) 2] 3] 4 vkSj 5(c) 2 vkSj 5 (d) 1] 3] 4 vkSj 5


2- /eZfujis{krk ij Hkkjrh; okn&fookn] if'pe esa okn&fooknksa ls fdl izdkj fHkUUk gSa\ (150 'kCn)

(IAS eq[; ijh{kk] o"kZ&2014)3- Lora=k Hkkjr eas /kkfeZdrk fdl izdkj lkaiznkf;drk eas :ikarfjr

gks xbZ] bldk ,d mnkgj.k izLrqr djrs gq, /kfeZdrk ,oa lkaiznkf;drk ds eè; foHksnu dhft,A (250 'kCn)


PT/Mains - iz'u


dksjksukok;jldhpqukSfr;k¡

phuesadksjksukok;jldhotglsnqfu;kHkjesa,dcM+hfpark•M+hgksxbZgSfdvxjbldkfoLrkjugha#dkrkscM+kladV•M+kgksldrkgSAekuktkjgkgSfdblok;jldslaØe.kdh'kq#vkrphudsoqgku'kgjlsgqbZgSAdksjksukok;jldstsusfVddksMdsfo'ys"k.kesa;ghlkeusvk;kgSfd;geuq";ksadkslaØferdjusdh{kerkj•us

okysvU;dksjksukok;jldhrqyukesalklZdsT;knkutnhdgSA

;g vkys[k lkekU; vè;;u iz'u i=k&3 (foKku ,oa çkS|ksfxdh) ls lacafèkr gSA

nksgjklcdfl•krkdksjksukok;jl]igykfo'ovFkZO;oLFkklstqM+ko]nwljki;kZoj.klsNsM+NkM+

(tkxj.k)

phu ds egkuxj oqgku ls iQSys dksjksuk ok;jl ds dkj.k phuh vFkZO;oLFkk Hkh ncko esa vk xbZ gSA bl 'kgj esa gokbZ tgkt cukus okyh daiuh ,;jcl vkSj ,iy vkbiQksu cukus okyh iQkWDldkWu tSlh reke daifu;ksa dh fofuekZ.k bdkb;ka gSaA fiQygky mUgksaus vius mRiknu dks jksd fn;k gSA phu ds 'ks;j cktkj yq<+d jgs gSaA phu ls ckgj tkus okys vkSj nwljs ns'kksa ls phu dks tkus okys i;ZVdksa dh la[;k 'kwU;çk; gks xbZ gSA

dksjksukok;jldkHkkjresaHkhçHkkoiM+jgkgSHkkjr esa Hkh bldk çHkko iM+ jgk gSA gekjk 14 çfr'kr vk;kr

vkSj ikap çfr'kr fu;kZr phu ds lkFk gSA •klrkSj ls ge ghjksa] elkyksa] jcj vkSj eNyh dk fu;kZr djrs gSaA bu fu;kZrdksa dks ijs'kkuh gksxhA blds vykok dbZ m|ksxksa }kjk dPps eky tSls dkj ds fy, dyiqtks± dk gekjs fuekZrk phu ls vk;kr djrs gSaA bu iqtks± dk vk;kr u gks ikus ls gekjs ns'k esa dkj mRiknu eqf'dy esa iM+sxkA dksjksuk ok;jl dk çHkko mu {ks=kksa ij T;knk iM+k gS ftudk fo'o O;kikj ls dgha vf/d tqM+ko gSA

;fngeLo;aiqtZscukrsrksdkjmRiknuijladVdscknyughaeaMjkrs

;fn ge Lo;a dkj ds iqtZs cuk jgs gksrs rks vius ns'k esa dkj mRiknu ij ladV ds ckny ugha eaMjkrsA ,sls esa gesa fo'o O;kikj ls tqM+ko dh mi;ksfxrk ij fiQj ls fopkj djuk gksxkA bl fo"k; dks ,d fdlku ds mnkgj.k ls le>k tk ldrk gSA fdlku dks r; djuk gksrk gS fd og viuh vFkZO;oLFkk dk 'kgj ls fdruk tqM+ko djsxkA ;fn fdlku 'kgj ls fdjk;s ij VªSDVj eaxk,] cht •jhns vkSj VÔwcosy dh ejEer ds fy, eSdsfud yk, rks mldh mRiknu ykxr de iM+ ldrh gSA pwafd 'kgj esa ;s lqfo/k,a lLrs esa miyC/ gksrh gSa] ysfdu ;fn 'kgj esa ck<+ vk tk, ;k dksbZ egkekjh iQSy tk, rks mls ;s lqfo/k,a feyuk can gks tk,axh vkSj mldh •srh ladV esa iM+ tk,xhA

fdlkuds'kgjlstqM+kodsnksijLijfojks/hçHkkobl çdkj fdlku ds 'kgj ls tqM+ko ds nks ijLij fojks/h

çHkko gksrs gSaA tqM+ko c<+us ls mRiknu ykxr de gksrh gSA lkFk gh lkFk tksf•e Hkh c<+ tkrk gSA ,d ?kVuk ls gh mldh •srh çHkkfor gks ldrh gSA bu nksuksa ijLij fojks/h çHkkoksa ds chp ,d mfpr Lrj gksrk gSA bl mfpr Lrj ls vf/d tqM+ko fdlku ds fy, uqdlkunsg gSA

fo'ovFkZO;oLFkklsvf/dtqM+kotksf•ec<+krkgSblh çdkj çR;sd ns'k dh vFkZO;oLFkk ds fy, Hkh fo'o

vFkZO;oLFkk ls tqM+ko dk ,d mfpr Lrj gksrk gSA çkjaHk esa fo'o vFkZO;oLFkk ls tqM+us ls gesa ykHk vf/d gksrk gS vkSj tksf•e de c<+rk gSA tSls gesa iQkLiQsV iQfVZykbtj miyC/ gks tkrs gSa vFkok ubZ rduhd fey tkrh gS] ysfdu ,d Lrj ds ckn vR;f/d tqM+ko ls gekjh vFkZO;oLFkk ds fy, oSls •rjs vkSj c<+ tkrs gSa tSls vHkh fn• jgs gSaA ns'k esa dyiqtZs cukuk eqf'dy ugha gS] ysfdu lLrs phuh vk;kr ds pyrs geus ,slk ugha fd;k vkSj vkiQrksa dks vkea=k.k fn;kA fdlh ns'k dh vFkZO;oLFkk ds fo'o vFkZO;oLFkk ls tqM+ko dk ,d Lrj gksrk gS vkSj mlls vf/d tqM+ko tksf•e gh c<+krk gSA

cgqjk"Vªh;daifu;ksadsfy,iQk;nseangksrkgSfdçR;sdns'kvf/dreLrjijtqM+s

blds myV Hkhedk; cgqjk"Vªh; daifu;ksa ds fy, ;g iQk;nsean gksrk gS fd çR;sd ns'k vf/dre Lrj ij tqM+sA mUgsa bu ns'kksa ds tksf•e dh dksbZ ijokg ugha gksrhA tSls phu ds bl ladV ls vkbiQksu cukus okyh iQkWDldkWu dks dksbZ uqdlku ugha gksxkA og phuh bdkb;ksa esa Bi iM+s dke dh HkjikbZ eysf'k;k] psd x.kjkT;] nf{k.k dksfj;k] flaxkiqj ;k fiQyhihal ds vius dkj•kuksa esa mRiknu c<+kdj dj ysxhA ;fn eysf'k;k esa dksbZ ladV iSnk gqvk rks ;g daiuh fdlh vkSj ns'k esa bldk lek/ku •kst ysxhA blds myV ;fn Hkkjr dh iQSDVªh esa ,slk ladV vk iM+k rks gekjs m|eh eysf'k;k esa mRiknu ugha dj ldsaxs] D;ksafd mudk bdykSrk dkj•kuk Hkkjr esa gSA

ljdkjdkspkfg,fdogtksf•edklexzewY;kadudjtqM+kodkfu.kZ;djs

blls Li"V gS fd fo'o vFkZO;oLFkk ds lkFk tqM+ko dks ysdj fdlh ns'k dh vFkZO;oLFkk vkSj cgqjk"Vªh; daifu;ksa ds chp }a}


tSlh fLFkfr gksrh gSA ;s daifu;ka pkgrh gSa fd vf/dre tqM+ko ls mUgsa vf/dre ykHk fey ldsA ogha ns'k ds fy, mfpr ;gh gksrk gS fd og U;wure tksf•e ds lkFk vius vf/dre ykHk dh laHkkouk,a ryk'ksA ;kuh mls ns'k dks vuko';d tksf•e esa ugha >ksaduk pkfg,A blhfy, ljdkj dks pkfg, fd og tksf•e dk lexz ewY;kadu dj tqM+ko dk fu.kZ; djsA

dksjksuktSlsok;jlD;ksamRiUugksrsgSa\fo"k; dk nwljk igyw gS fd dksjksuk tSls ok;jl D;ksa mRiUu

gksrs gSa\ ,sls ok;jl dk vfLrRo rks çÑfr esa igys ls gh gksrk gS rc ;s dSls i'kqvksa vkfn ls fudydj euq"; ds 'kjhj esa ços'k dj vius dks rsth ls eYVhIykbZ djus yxrs gSaA ,pvkboh&,M~l dk gh mnkgj.k ysa rks 19oha lnh ds var esa vÚhdk esa ;wjksih; 'kfÙkQ;ksa us mifuos'k cuk, vkSj vkfnoklh turk dks muds çkÑfrd LFkkuksa ls fudkydj rsth ls 'kgjksa esa clk fn;k rkfd jsyos vkSj canjxkg vkfn cuk ldsaA bl çfØ;k esa euq"; dk ruko c<+kA ruko c<+us ls mldh jksx&çfrjks/d {kerk ;kuh bE;wu flLVe dk ßkl gqvkA

euq";dhçfrjks/d{kerkdetksjgksuslsok;jl'kjhjesaços'kdjx;k

og ok;jl] tks lkekU;r% çÑfr esa ekStwn jgrk gS vkSj euq"; esa ços'k ugha djrk] og euq"; dh çfrjks/d {kerk detksj gksus dh otg ls fdlh euq"; fo'ks"k ds 'kjhj esa ços'k dj x;kA blds ckn og laØked ,oa vkØked gksdj ckj&ckj vkØe.k djrk gSA ;g æqr xfr ls iQSyus yxrk gSA xqtjs n'kd ds vkjaHk esa lklZ uke dk ok;jl phu ds XokaxMksax jkT; esa iSnk gqvkA

phudsvkfFkZdfodkldkdsaæXokaxMksaxesadksjksukok;jldkdksgjke

XokaxMksax phu ds rhoz vkfFkZd fodkl dk dsaæ gSA ogka Hkh phu ds nwjnjkt ds ukxfjdksa dks tcju iyk;u djkdj clk;k x;kA fiQygky ftl dksjksuk ok;jl us dksgjke epk;k gqvk gS mldk çdksi Hkh ml bykds esa gh T;knk gS tgka yacs vlZs ls cM+s iSekus ij vkS|ksfxd&vkfFkZd xfrfof/;ka py jgh gSaA ,M~l ds ckjs esa rks ;g Li"V gS fd euq"; ds 'kjhj dh çfrjks/d {kerk esa ßkl gksus ds dkj.k og ok;jl Hk;kog gks x;kA ,slk çrhr gksrk gS fd XokaxMksax vkSj oqgku esa Hkh mlh çdkj dh ifjfLFkfr;ka jgh gSa tks vÚhdk esa 19oha 'krkCnh esa FkhaA

dksjksukok;jlrhozvkfFkZdfodkldhgksM+dkurhtkrksughagS

gesa bl ij fopkj djuk pkfg, fd ;s ok;jl rhoz vkfFkZd fodkl dh gksM+ dk urhtk rks ugha gSa\ ;fn ,slk gS rks gesa viuh pky dks FkksM+k /hek djuk pkfg, ftlls ge Hkfo"; esa bl çdkj ds ladVksa ls eqÙkQ jgsaA dksjksuk ok;jl ds laØe.k ls gesa nks lh• feyrh gSaA igyh ;g fd fo'o O;kikj ls tqM+ko dh ,d mfpr lhek gS vkSj nwljh ;g fd euq"; dks i;kZoj.k ls T;knk NsM+NkM+ ugha djuh pkfg,A

dksjksukok;jl%'kh,dvkReeqX/rkuk'kkggSavkSjbldhdherphuhukxfjdksadkspqdkuhiM+jghgS

(tkxj.k)

chrs dqN le; esa phu us tks miyfC/;ka gkfly dh gSa mlls phuh usrkvksa dk dn cgqr Åapk fn•kbZ iM+rk gSA Hkkjh&Hkjde jktuhfrd ,oa vkfFkZd 'kfÙkQ ij lokj gksdj mUgksaus ,d vn~Hkqr lalkj jpk gSA phu esa lkIrkfgd nj ls ,d u;k fo'ofo|ky; rS;kj gks jgk gSA chrs rhu o"kks± esa og bruk lhesaV bLrseky dj pqdk gS ftrus lhesaV dh •ir vesfjdk esa iwjh chloha 'krkCnh ds nkSjku ugha gks ikbZA vesfjdh jk"Vªifr MksukYM Vªai phu ds jk"Vªifr 'kh fpufiQax dks ^mEnk usrk* crk pqds gSaA ekbdy CywecxZ Hkh dg pqds gSa fd ^'kh dksbZ rkuk'kkg ugha gSa*] ysfdu gesa 'kh ds rkuk'kkgh Hkjs joS;s dk phu vkSj 'ks"k fo'o ds fy, •rjk Li"V :i ls fn• jgk gSA blesa rktk mnkgj.k gS dksjksuk ok;jl dkA bl ok;jl dh igyh nLrd phuh 'kgj oqgku esa ,d fnlacj dks gh ntZ gks xbZ FkhA

dksjksukok;jllsfuiVusdsfy,oqgkuesafu.kkZ;ddkjZokbZdhigyughagqbZ

fnlacj •Re gksrs&gksrs oqgku ds LokLF; xfy;kjksa esa bl chekjh dks ysdj •rjs dh ?kaVh ctus yxh FkhA ;g og nkSj Fkk tc lacaf/r foHkkx blls fuiVus ds fy, fu.kkZ;d dkjZokbZ dh igy djrkA mlus ,slh fu.kkZ;d dkjZokbZ vo'; dh] ysfdu bl ok;jl ds f•ykiQ ugha] cfYd mu yksxksa ds f•ykiQ tks bl pqukSrh ds f•ykiQ tutkx:drk dk fcxqy ctk jgs FksA phu esa bLrseky gksus okys okWV~l,i ljh•s ,i ôh pkSV* ij bl chekjh dks ysdj tkudkjh ns jgs ,d MkWDVj ij dE;qfuLV ikVhZ us dkjZokbZ dhA mUgsa etcwj fd;k x;k fd bl ^xyrh* ds fy, og ekiQh ekaxsaA bl egkekjh dks ysdj ^viQokg iQSykus* okys muds tSls vkB MkWDVjksa dks iqfyl us t:jh ^f'k{kk* nsdj ^lh/k* fd;kA csgrj gksrk fd 'kh us ,sls MkWDVjksa dks çrkfM+r djus ds ctk; mudh ckrksa dks è;ku ls lquk gksrkA

phuusdksjksukok;jllsukxfjdksadksva/sjsesaj•kphu us fo'o LokLF; laxBu dks dksjksuk ok;jl dh tkudkjh

rks 31 fnlacj dks gh ns nh] ijarq vius ukxfjdksa dks va/sjs esa j•kA nwljs ns'k laØe.k dks ysdj f'kdk;r djrs jgs] ysfdu phu dgrk jgk fd bldk çdksi dsoy oqgku rd lhfer gSA 'kq#vkr esa oqgku ds es;j bl ij cksyus ls dUuh dkVrs jgsA yksxksa us Hkh dksbZ ,gfr;kr ugha cjrhA

tcgkykrdkcwlsckgjgksx,rctkdjljdkjgjdresavkbZ

tc gkykr dkcw ls ckgj gks x, rc tkdj ljdkj gjdr esa vkbZ vkSj mlus 23 tuojh dks oqgku dks iwjh rjg can djus dk iQSlyk fd;kA blls yksx 'kgj esa ,d rjg ls ca/d cu x,A es;j ds vuqlkj ipkl yk• yksx blls igys gh 'kgj NksM+dj tk pqds FksA igys&igy phuh ç'kklu bl egkekjh ij inkZ Mkys gq, Fkk rks vLirky Hkh i;kZIr :i ls rS;kj ugha FksA


phuesaekLd]ijh{k.kfdVdhfdYyrvc rks ogka ekLd] ijh{k.k fdV rd dh fdYyr gks xbZ gSA

dqN MkWDVjksa dk dke rks IykfLVd iQksYMj ls p'eas cukus rd lhfer gks x;k gSA 'kq#vkrh Lrj ij bls fNikus esa blfy, Hkh liQyrk fey ldh fd 'kh ds 'kklu ds nkSjku phu esa i=kdkfjrk] lks'ky ehfM;k] xSj&ljdkjh laLFkkvksa vkSj fof/d ekeyksa tSlh mu laLFkkvksa dk ijkHko gh gqvk tks ,d fdLe dh tokcnsgh r; djus dk dke djrh gSaA gkykafd phu esa bu laLFkkvksa dh lsgr dHkh Hkh vPNh ugha jgh] ysfdu 'kh ds vkxeu ls igys fLFkfr bruh •jkc ugha FkhA

vktknhdkxyknckrsgq,'khusphudksvkSjvaf/;kjsnkSjesa/dsyfn;k

bl ekeys esa esjk •qn dk vuqHko jgk gSA ,d ç;ksx ds flyflys esa eSa 2003 rd phuh CykWXl dh Fkkg ysrk jgk] ysfdu mlds ckn eq>s dqN ugha fey ldkA ukxfjd lekt vkSj fdlh Hkh çdkj dh vktknh dk xyk nckrs gq, 'kh us phu dks vkSj xgjs vaf/;kjs nkSj esa /dsy fn;k gSA

'khdhc<+rhrkuk'kkghdspyrsghphudksjksukok;jldksysdjekr•kx;k

'kh dh c<+rh rkuk'kkgh ds pyrs gh phu dksjksuk ok;jl dks ysdj ekr •k x;kA blls igys 2018 esa Hkh og Lokbu Ýyw ls <ax ls ugha fuiV ik;kA blus phu ds lqvj ekal m|ksx dks rgl&ugl dj fn;k ftlds dkj.k nqfu;k ds ,d pkSFkkbZ lqvj ekjus iM+sA rkuk'kkg vDlj •jkc fu.kZ; djrs gSaA ,slk blfy, gksrk gS] D;ksafd mu rd lgh lwpuk,a ugha igqap ikrhaA tc vki Lora=k vkoktksa dks nck nsrs gSa rc vkids ikl vius bnZfxnZ tek pkSdM+h ls •q'kken vkSj pkiywlh ds vykok dqN vkSj ugha feyrkA

'khusflyflysokjdhdbZxyfr;kadbZ ofj"B phuh vf/dkfj;ksa us eq>s crk;k fd LFkkuh;

vf/dkfj;ksa ls esy&eqykdkr dks ysdj og dSls vDlj >wB cksyrs gSaA blls tehuh gdhdr dk lgh vanktk ugha fey ikrkA 'kh us flyflysokj dbZ xyfr;ka dh gSaA og gkaxdkax esa mRiUu jktuhfrd ladV dks lgh <ax ls ugha laHkky ik,A rkboku dh jk"Vªifr tSlh viuh eq•j fojks/h dh vutkus esa gh lgh nksckjk rktiks'kh dh jkg vklku cuk nhA lkFk gh] muds nkSj esa vesfjdk lfgr reke ns'kksa ds lkFk phu ds laca/ Hkh yxkrkj rY• gksrs x,A

dksjksukok;jlnlyk•mbxjeqlyekuksadksHkhviuspisVesaysldrkgS

dksjksuk ok;jl igys gh phu ds lqnwj if'peh çkar f'kuf>;kax rd igqap x;k gSA blls ;g tksf•e Hkh c<+ x;k gS fd ;g mu rdjhcu nl yk• mbxj eqlyekuksa dks Hkh vius pisV esa ys ldrk gS ftUgsa ,sls çrkM+uk dsaæksa esa j•k x;k gS tgka lkiQ&liQkbZ vkSj LokLF; lsok,a csgn lhfer gSaA blesa dksbZ lansg ugha fd ok;jl fdlh Hkh ns'k ds fy, cM+h pqukSrh gksrs gSa vkSj bl ekeys esa phu dks 'kkcklh nsuh Hkh curh gS fd mlus •ljk tSlh chekfj;ksa dh jksdFkke ds ekeys esa vesfjdk ls csgrj dke fd;k gSA

thouçR;k'kkdsekeysesaphudsra=kdksJs;fn;ktkukpkfg,

phu ds ra=k dks bldk Js; fn;k tkuk pkfg, fd vkt chftax esa tUes cPps dh thou çR;k'kk okf'kaxVu esa tUes f'k'kq ls vf/d gksrh gSA thou çR;k'kk ds ekeys esa vesfjdk dh fLFkfr dacksfM;k vkSj ckaXykns'k ls Hkh ypj gSA ,sls esa vesfjdk fdlh Hkh eqYd dks LokLF; ij Hkk"k.k nsus dh fLFkfr esa ugha gSA blds ckotwn ;fn dksbZ vesfjdh fouezrk ds vkxzg ls gh lgh 'kh ds vf/uk;doknh 'kklu dh ç'kalk djs rks mls Hkh roTtks ugha nh tkuh pkfg,A

phudhlqLrvFkZO;oLFkkdksjksukdsdksilsvkSjfldqM+ldrhgS

phu dk lkekftd ea=k ;gh gS fd ogka ljdkj pquus dk vf/dkj ugha] vycÙkk /hjs&/hjs gh lgh thou xq.koÙkk lq/jrh gSA gkykafd] phuh vFkZO;oLFkk Hkh lqLrh dh f'kdkj gksdj rhu n'kd dh lcls rst fxjkoV okys eksM+ ij gS vkSj dksjksuk ds dksi ls og vkSj fldqM+ ldrh gSA

'kh,dvkReeqX/rkuk'kkggSavkSjbldhdherukxfjdksadkspqdkuhiM+jghgS

'kh vius oknksa ij Hkh •js ugha mrj ik jgs ftlls phuh muls dqfir gksus yxs gSaA bldh iqf"V mu phuh lks'ky ehfM;k eapksa ls gksrh gS ftUgsa lsalj djus dh Hkjld dksf'k'kksa ds ckn Hkh ogka ls dqN ckrsa lkeus vk gh tkrh gSaA eq>s ugha irk fd vius dq'kklu ds pyrs 'kh fdlh jktuhfr ladV esa gSa ;k ugha] ysfdu mUgsa bldh rfi'k t:j >syuh pkfg,A og ,d vkReeqX/ rkuk'kkg gSa vkSj bldh dher ukxfjdksa dks pqdkuh iM+ jgh gSA


y phu ds egkuxj oqgku ls iQSys dksjksuk ok;jl ds dkj.k phuh vFkZO;oLFkk Hkh ncko esa vk xbZ gSA bl 'kgj esa gokbZ tgkt cukus okyh daiuh ,;jcl vkSj ,iy vkbiQksu cukus okyh iQkWDldkWu tSlh reke daifu;ksa dh fofuekZ.k bdkb;ka gSaA fiQygky mUgksaus vius mRiknu dks jksd fn;k gSA phu ds 'ks;j cktkj yq<+d jgs gSaA

y Hkkjr esa Hkh bldk çHkko iM+ jgk gSA gekjk 14 çfr'kr vk;kr vkSj ikap çfr'kr fu;kZr phu ds lkFk gSA •klrkSj ls ge ghjksa] elkyksa] jcj vkSj eNyh dk fu;kZr djrs gSaA bu fu;kZrdksa dks ijs'kkuh gksxhA blds vykok dbZ m|ksxksa }kjk dPps eky tSls dkj ds fy, dyiqtks± dk gekjs fuekZrk phu ls vk;kr djrs gSaA

y dksjksuk tSls ok;jl D;ksa mRiUu gksrs gSa\ ,sls ok;jl dk vfLrRo rks çÑfr esa igys ls gh gksrk gS rc ;s dSls i'kqvksa



1- ^dksjksuk ok;jl* ds lanHkZ eas fuEufyf[kr dFkukas ij fopkj dhft,%1- ;g dbZ ok;jl izdkjkas dk ,d lewg gSA 2- ;g vkj-,u-,- ok;jl gksrk gSA3- ekuokas eas ;g 'okl ra=k laØe.k ds dkj.k gksrk gSAmi;qZDr eas ls dkSu&lk@ls dFku lR; gSa\(a) 1 vkSj 2 (b) 1 vkSj 3(c) 2 vkSj 3 (d) mi;qZDr lHkh

(mÙkj&d)

2- ¶dksjksuk ok;jl ds laØe.k ls gesa nks lh• feyrh gSA igyh ;g fd fo'o O;kikj ls tqM+ko dh ,d mfpr lhek gS vkSj nwljh ;g fd euq"; dks i;kZoj.k ls T;knk NsM+NkM+ ugha djuh pkfg,A¸ fVIi.kh djsaA


3- fuEufyf[kr dFkukas ij fopkj dhft,%1- m".kdfVca/h; izns'kkas eas thdk ok;jl jksx mlh ePNj }

kjk lapfjr gksrk gS ftlls Msaxw lapfjr gksrk gSA 2- thdk ok;jl jksx dk ySafxd lapj.k gksuk laHko gSAuhps fn, x, dwV dk iz;ksx dj lgh mÙkj pqfu,%(a) dsoy 1 (b) dsoy 2(c) 1 vkSj 2 nksukas (d) u rks 1] u gh 2


4- fuEufyf[kr ij fopkj dhft,%1- i{kh 2- mM+rh /wy3- o"kkZ 4- cgrh gokmi;qZDr eas ls dkSu&ls ikni jksx iQSykrs gSa\(a) 1 vkSj 3 (b) 3 vkSj 4(c) 1] 2 vkSj 4 (d) 1] 2] 3 vkSj 4


PT/Mains - iz'u

vkfn ls fudydj euq"; ds 'kjhj esa ços'k dj vius dks rsth ls eYVhIykbZ djus yxrs gSaA gesa bl ij fopkj djuk

pkfg, fd ;s ok;jl rhoz vkfFkZd fodkl dh gksM+ dk

urhtk rks ugha gSa\ ;fn ,slk gS rks gesa viuh pky dks

FkksM+k /hek djuk pkfg, ftlls ge Hkfo"; esa bl çdkj

ds ladVksa ls eqÙkQ jgsaA dksjksuk ok;jl ds laØe.k ls gesa nks

lh• feyrh gSaA

y XokaxMksax phu ds rhoz vkfFkZd fodkl dk dsaæ gSA ogka

Hkh phu ds nwjnjkt ds ukxfjdksa dks tcju iyk;u djkdj

clk;k x;kA fiQygky ftl dksjksuk ok;jl us dksgjke epk;k

gqvk gS mldk çdksi Hkh ml bykds esa gh T;knk gS tgka

yacs vlZs ls cM+s iSekus ij vkS|ksfxd&vkfFkZd xfrfof/;ka

py jgh gSaA

y phu us fo'o LokLF; laxBu dks dksjksuk ok;jl dh tkudkjh

rks 31 fnlacj dks gh ns nh] ijarq vius ukxfjdksa dks va/sjs esa

j•kA nwljs ns'k laØe.k dks ysdj f'kdk;r djrs jgs] ysfdu

phu dgrk jgk fd bldk çdksi dsoy oqgku rd lhfer

gSA 'kq#vkr esa oqgku ds es;j bl ij cksyus ls dUuh dkVrs

jgsA yksxksa us Hkh dksbZ ,gfr;kr ugha cjrhA

dksjksukok;jl

y dksjksuk ok;jl (lhvksoh) dk laca/ ok;jl ds ,sls ifjokj

ls gS] ftlds laØe.k ls tqdke ls ysdj lkal ysus esa

rdyhiQ tSlh leL;k gks ldrh gSA blds laØe.k ds

iQyLo:i cq•kj] tqdke] lkal ysus esa rdyhiQ] ukd cguk

vkSj xys esa •jk'k tSlh leL;k mRiUu gksrh gSaA ;g ok;jl

,d O;fÙkQ ls nwljs O;fÙkQ esa iQSyrk gSA

y xkSjryc gS fd dksjksuk ok;jl fo"kk.kqvksa dk ,d cM+k lewg

gS ysfdu buesa ls dsoy Ng fo"kk.kq gh yksxksa dks laØfer

djrs gSaA blds lkekU; çHkkoksa ds pyrs lnhZ&tqdke gksrk

gS ysfdu floh;j ,D;wV jsfLijsVjh flaMªkse (lklZ) ,slk

dksjksukok;jl gS ftlds çdksi ls 2002&03 esa phu vkSj

gkaxdkax esa djhc 650 yksxksa dh ekSr gks xbZ FkhA

y dksjksukok;jl (Coronavirus) dbZ ok;jl (fo"kk.kq)

çdkjksa dk ,d lewg gS tks Lru/kfj;ksa vkSj if{k;ksa esa jksx

ds dkjd gksrs gSaA ;g vkj,u, ok;jl gksrs gSaA ekuoksa esa ;g

'okl ra=k laØe.k ds dkj.k gksrs gSa] tks vf/dka'k :i ls

eè;e xgurk ds ysfdu dHkh&dHkh tkuysok gksrs gSaA xk;

vkSj lwvj esa ;g vfrlkj vkSj eqfxZ;ksa esa ;g Åijh 'okl

ra=k ds jksx ds dkj.k curs gSaA

Documents

1- vkfFkZd larqyu vkSj lkykuk ctV--------------------------2 · 15/02/2020 · 629, Ground Floor, Main Road, Dr. Mukherjee Nagar, Delhi - 110009 Ph. : 011- 27658013, 7042772062 2