1. Tiberius Gracchus and the Question of Land.

Primary sources:

Appian, Civil Wars 1.1-20

Plutarch, Life of Tiberius

Diodorus 34-35.5-7 & 24-27, 28a, 29

ILLRP 467-475 [Translated in Stockton, D.L., From the Gracchi to Sulla: sources

for Roman History, 133-80 B.C. (1991)] 14 f 2/1

Agraria of 111, no.2 in Roman Statutes I (Crawford 1996), pp. 113-180. 14 b

27/18

Cicero de lege agraria II; ad Atticum 19.4.

Secondary Literature:

Badian, E (1962) ‘From the Gracchi to Sulla’ Historia 11, 195-245 [A useful

summary of the trends in scholarship over the previous 20 years]

Politics:

*Badian, E (1972) ‘Tiberius Gracchus and the Beginning of the Roman

Revolution’ in Aufstieg und Niedergang der Römischen Welt i.1, 668-731.

Briscoe, J (1974), ‘Supporter and Opponents of Tiberius Gracchus’ JRS 64, 125-

35.

Brunt, P.A. (1971), Italian Manpower 225 B.C. – A.D. 14, 15-25.

Lintott, A (1992) ‘Tiberius Gracchus’, CAH IX2 pp. 62-76.

*Millar, F., 1986, “Politics, persuasion, and the people before the Social War (150-90 BC)”, JRS, 76, 1-11.Rich, J.W. (1983) ‘The supposed Roman Manpower Shortage of the Later

Second Century B.C.’ Historia 32, 287-331.

Richardson, J.S. (1980) ‘The Ownership of Roman Land: Tiberius Gracchus and

the Italians’ JRS 70, 1-11.

Scullard, H.H. From the Gracchi to Nero: A History of Rome from 133 B.C. to

A.D. 68, 1-32 (on Tiberius Gracchus)

Schochat, Y. (1980) Recruitment and the Program of Tiberius Gracchus pp. 45-

98.

*Stockton, D.L. (1979) The Gracchi, 6-69, 206-216.

Taylor, L.R. (1962) ‘Forerunners of the Gracchi’ JRS 52, 19-27.

On Agrarian issues:

de Light, L (2006) ‘The Economy: Agrarian Change during the Second Century’,

in A Companion to the Roman Republic, edd. Rosenstein & Morstein-Marx, 590-

605

Linott, A (1992) Judicial Reform and Land Reform in the Roman Republic: A

New Edition, with Translation and Commentary, of the Laws from Ubrino, pp.3-

9, 34-58.

Crawford, M (1996) Roman Statutes vol.I, pp. 113-180 (pp.113-140 Latin text;

pp. 141-152 translation; 153-80, commentary).

On the Urban Plebs:

Yavetz, Z. (1958) ‘Living conditions of the plebs’ Latomus 500ff

Scobie, A. (1986) ‘Slums, sanitation and morality’ Klio 68, 399-443.

Brunt P. ‘The Roman Mob’ in M.I. Finley (ed) Studies in Ancient Society no. 4.

Millar, Fergus, (1998) The crowd in Rome in the late republic. 14 q 17/7

Boren (1969) ‘The Urban Side of the Gracchan Economic Crisis’ in Seager (ed.)

The Crisis of the Roman Republic.

Themes and Issues:

Take into consideration the growing need to administer an empire, strain on

manpower for the army, the role of the plebs...

What did Roman/Italian relationships look like in this period?

How did foreign developments, such as the bequeath of Attalus, affect Roman

politics?

Is it right to lump all agrarian legislation together?

Why were the issues not resolved by the time of Cicero?

Why was Tiberius killed?

Try to reach a plausible balance of significance among all the contributing

factors.

Question: What conditions led to the Gracchan agrarian

legislation and ensuing turmoil?