1. The important Characteristics of Carbon Forms 4 covalent
bonds Forms double and triple bonds Forms long chains and rings Can
bind with many other elements Even electron distribution (nonpolar
molecules)
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Isomers molecules that have the same formula but different
structures.
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2. Macromolecules, Monomers and Polymers (Hint: think of the
meaning of the prefixes)
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What do these words mean?
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Polygons Polygamy Polyester
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2. Macromolecules, Monomers and Polymers Polymer Smaller
organic molecules join into long chains. Monomer the individual
unit that builds up polymers Macromolecules Very large
molecules
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3. Dehydration synthesis and Hydrolysis These two terms refer
to the processes that forms monomers and polymers. Dehydration
synthesis A reaction that removes molecules of water to form
polymers from monomers
(http://nhscience.lonestar.edu/biol/dehydrat/dehydrat.html or
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UyDnnD3fMaU
)http://nhscience.lonestar.edu/biol/dehydrat/dehydrat.html
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UyDnnD3fMaU Hydrolysis The reaction
that adds water to polymers to separate them to their individual
monomers.
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4. What are the big four?
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Three out of the 4 types of biochemical macromolecules can be
found on food nutrition labels
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Look at the label to the left. 3 of the 4 macromolecules can be
found in foods. 1____________________ 2____________________
3____________________ (0 grams in this product) (13 grams in this
product) (9 grams in this product)
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4. What are the big four? Fats (we call them lipids)
Carbohydrates Proteins Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)
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When studying these biochemical molecules, we are interested in
finding out.. what they do for living things. what they generally
look like. what their monomers are. and how they may help the body
gain energy to sustain life. SO, LETS GET STARTED!
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5. Carbohydrates Molecules that form from atoms in 1C:2H:1O
ratio Monomers: Monosaccharides (simple sugars) Monosaccharides are
usually sweet, white powdery substances (such as fructose, glucose)
that form rings of carbon atoms.
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Monosaccharides in general serve as direct, quick sources of
energy for living organisms during cellular respiration, they are
building blocks of many polymers Important monosaccharides: Glucose
Fructose
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Disaccharides two monosaccharide molecules combine by
dehydration synthesis to form disaccharides
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Important disaccharides: Lactose found in milk sugar Succrose
table sugar
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Polysaccharides many (tens to hundreds) units of
monosaccharides combine by dehydration synthesis Polysaccharides
also separate to monosaccharides by hydrolysis while taking in
water.
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Important polysaccharides: Starch made up of many glucose
units, it is an important storage polysaccharide that is found in
plant roots and other tissues. It stores monosaccharides that can
be broken down later to release useful energy during cellular
respiration ONLY IN PLANTS Glycogen also made up of many glucose
units, it is an important storage polysaccharide in the liver and
animal muscles. It can also be broken down to monomers to release
energy during cellular respiration. ONLY IN ANIMALS Cellulose also
made up of many glucose units. However, in this case the molecule
is not easily broken down to its monomers. It is important for
providing a rigid structure in plant cell walls.
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Chitin made up of some nitrogen containing monosaccharides. It
is an important polysaccharide that provide the solid structure of
arthropods and fungi.
http://biomodel.uah.es/en/model3/index.htm
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6. Lipids a diverse group of molecules that are nonpolar and
generally do not dissolve in water They mostly contain carbon,
hydrogen, very few oxygen atoms, but some also have phosphorous.
There are three distinct groups of lipids: Simple lipids
Phospholipids Sterols
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6A. Simple Lipids Very large molecules that form from 2
different kinds of monomers by dehydration synthesis: 3 Fatty acids
are long chains of carbon with oxygen at the end (can be saturated
and unsaturated) 1 Glycerol smaller 3-carbon compound.
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Simple lipids are important as storage materials in all living
things. They can store twice as many calories as polysaccharides
can. Oils (mostly from plants) contain more unsaturated fatty
acids, while fats (animals) contain more saturated fatty acids.
Simple lipids also dissolve vitamins
http://biomodel.uah.es/en/model3/index.htm
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6B. Phospholipids Phospholipids phosphate containing lipids.
Their monomers: 1 glycerol + 2 fatty acids (saturated or
unsaturated) + phosphate. These monomers combine by dehydration
synthesis Phospholipids have both polar and nonpolar sections. As a
result, they are able to dissolve in both type of solvents as well.
They are important for living things because they form the borders
of all cells (cell membranes) and also participate in forming many
cell organelles.
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6C. STEROLS Sterols are a highly nonpolar (hydrophobic) group
of molecules. They are formed from four rings of carbon atoms. One
ring is made up of five carbons, the other three rings are made up
of 6 carbons.
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What are steroids used for? But some steroids are necessary in
certain concentrations.
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Cholesterol important component of the cell membrane, but can
be harmful if overdosed in diet. Too much cholesterol can lead to
atherosclerosis and other circulatory problems. Sex hormones
responsible for normal development, sexual function, muscle and
body hair formation Vitamin D important vitamin for normal bone
formation, immune functions Help to digest fats.
http://biomodel.uah.es/en/model3/index.htm
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7.Proteins
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Monomers: Amino acids they are small molecules but complex
themselves. Components of amino acids: Carboxyl group COOH Amino
group NH 2 Side chain (labelled R)
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The R group can be 20 different kinds of side chains. Because
of these side chains we have 20 different types of amino acids in
our body. The R group determines the characteristics of the amino
acid Some amino acids are essential (our body cannot make these, so
we need to take these in with our food) while others are
nonessential (we can make these)
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7B. Combining Amino Acids Two amino acids can combine at their
amino and carboxyl ends by dehydration synthesis. They form a
peptide bond together. The product of this reaction is a dipeptide
(2 amino acids), polypeptide (many amino acids)
http://www.johnkyrk.com/aminoacid.html
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7C. Protein Structure Once the proper number of amino acids
combine by peptide bond, we get a polypeptide chain this is the
primary structure of a protein (the number and types of amino acids
combined to form a protein)
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Secondary structure The long polypeptide chain folds up by
using H-bonds. Alpha helix If the H-bonds form within the
polypeptide chain, a spiral staircase shape is formed. Beta pleaded
sheet If the H-bonds form between longer stretches of polypeptide
chains a long fan shape is formed.
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Tertiary structure all kinds of chemical bonds (covalent,
ionic, disulfide bridge, H-bond, van der Waals attraction,
dipole-dipole interactions) are used to form the 3 dimensional
structure of the polypeptide chain. If the protein is made up of
only one polypeptide chain, than this is the final structural level
of the protein
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Quaternary structure If a protein is made up of more than one
polypeptide chains, they are connected by various bonds during the
quaternary structure of the protein.
http://www.johnkyrk.com/aminoacid.html
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lijQ3a8yUYQ
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7D. Protein Function Enzymes catalyze reactions in the body
Structural proteins support various structures (cocoon, hair, horns
feathers, spider silk) Storage proteins proteins in milk, eggs,
seeds Transport proteins like hemoglobin, carry molecules Hormones
regulate growth, development, metabolism Receptors detect signals
from the environment Motor proteins like muscle, move organisms or
substances inside Defensive proteins antibodies that fight against
bacteria and viruses
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yz4lFeqJPdU&feature=related
Prions:
http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/begin/dna/prions/http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/begin/dna/prions/
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8A. Nucleic Acids Their Monomers Macromolecules with complex
monomers called nucleotides Nucleotides are formed from three
smaller components: Monosaccharide with 5 carbon atoms ribose or
deoxyribose Phosphate ion (PO 4 3- N-containing bases (Adenine (A),
guanine (G), cytosine (C) and thymine (T)
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The function of nucleotides is to build up nucleic acids, but
they can also act as energy and hydrogen carrying molecules in
different biological processes.
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8B. DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) One polymer of nucleotides is
DNA that is formed by dehydration synthesis. DNA has two
polynucleotide chains combined with H- bonds at the base section of
the nucleotide. The nucleotides that form the H-bond follow the
base pairing rule: Adenine binds with thymine (A = T) and guanine
binds with cytosine (G = C) The rest of the nucleotides form the
sugar-phosphate backbone The sugar is always deoxyribose in
DNA
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http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/begin/dna/
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DNA is used by all living cells as a storage molecule of their
genetic information. DNA is able to copy itself and pass on the
genetic material when a cell reproduces.
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8D. Ribonucleic Acid One polynucleotide chain, formed by
dehydration synthesis from nucleotides. The bases include adenine,
guanine, cytosine and uracil The sugar is ribose RNA forms only a
single chain of many nucleotides Its function is to carry small
segments of genetic information in the cell
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The nucleic acids in food are not considered a substance that
the body uses to gain energy.
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So, you wont find nucleic acids listed on a nutrition
label!
