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The First Global AgeThe First Global Ageof Explorationof Exploration

Chs. 15, 16, and 17 Chs. 15, 16, and 17

2

““The Great Global Convergence”The Great Global Convergence”

Welcome to

Unit 4!

Time Period 1400 to 1800

CE.

97Era 6Era 3 Era 5Era 4 8

Today

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What was global convergence?What was global convergence?

Converge means to

come together.

Change accelerated when people,

resources, and ideas from the whole world

came together. That made the world more like we know it today—more modern!

Accelerate means to speed up.

4

Maps Maps reflected reflected discovery discovery

and and colonization.colonization.

……and helped and helped exchanges of exchanges of knowledge knowledge

among people among people in the world.in the world.

Ideas & Ideas & InventionsInventions

5

Technologies from Afroeurasia led to new Technologies from Afroeurasia led to new European ship designs in the 15European ship designs in the 15thth century. century.

Chinese Chinese sternpost sternpost

rudderrudder

Arab Arab lateen saillateen sailChinese Chinese

compasscompass

Muslim charts and Muslim charts and mapsmaps

Ideas & Ideas & InventionsInventions

Cannons and

ammunition improved.

6

Asian commercial and political Asian commercial and political voyages on the seas voyages on the seas

continued.continued.

Ottoman naval vessels patrolled Ottoman naval vessels patrolled the Mediterranean, the Black the Mediterranean, the Black Sea, and the Indian Ocean.Sea, and the Indian Ocean.

Zheng He, Admiral Zheng He, Admiral of the Ming fleet, of the Ming fleet, made seven made seven voyages around the voyages around the Indian Ocean.Indian Ocean.

Indian Ocean trade Indian Ocean trade routes attracted routes attracted merchants as they had merchants as they had for centuries.for centuries.

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Maritime Maritime technologies technologies

continued to improve continued to improve after 1500.after 1500.

•Mapping world wind Mapping world wind patterns and oceanic patterns and oceanic currents.currents.

•Ships were fully rigged Ships were fully rigged with sails for speed and with sails for speed and handling. handling.

•Ships grew larger & Ships grew larger & stronger (500 tons in stronger (500 tons in 1450 to 2000 tons by 1450 to 2000 tons by 1590).1590).

•The sextant greatly The sextant greatly improved navigation at improved navigation at sea.sea.

•Cannons and ammunition Cannons and ammunition improved.improved.

Ideas & Ideas & InventionsInventions

8

Columbus 1492

Vasco da Gama 1498

Magellan 1519

After 1415, European mariners made voyages across the seas toward east and west. By 1519, Spanish ships had circumnavigated the globe.

Others set out in search of wealth and adventure.

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Aztec Empire

Mayan States

Inca Empire

Spanish conquistadors ended Aztec and Spanish conquistadors ended Aztec and Inca rule and claimed their lands in Inca rule and claimed their lands in

Mesoamerica and Andean South America.Mesoamerica and Andean South America.

In 1492, two major empires in

the Americas, the Aztecs and the Inca, ruled many people.

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The Columbian ExchangeThe Columbian Exchange

Plants, animals, and micro-organisms of Afroeurasia were Plants, animals, and micro-organisms of Afroeurasia were exchanged with those of the Americas across the oceans.exchanged with those of the Americas across the oceans.

Population & Population & EnvironmentEnvironment

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The Columbian ExchangeThe Columbian Exchange

New crops like New crops like potatoes and beans potatoes and beans spread and spread and improved nutrition improved nutrition worldwide.worldwide.

Luxury products like Luxury products like coffee, chocolate, coffee, chocolate, tea, tobacco, and tea, tobacco, and spices meant new spices meant new cultural habits for cultural habits for those with money those with money to spendto spend..

Population & Population & EnvironmentEnvironment

12

The Great The Great DyingDying

The Great Dying was caused by smallpox and other disease germs carried by the conquerors. Native Americans had no immunity to these diseases.

By some accounts, the population of the Americas fell from 22 million in 1500 to less than 1 million in 1640.

Population & Population & EnvironmentEnvironment

13

Europeans brought African Europeans brought African slaves across the South slaves across the South Atlantic to labor in the Atlantic to labor in the colonies. The Atlantic colonies. The Atlantic slave trade grew from slave trade grew from

about 1,000 per year in about 1,000 per year in the early 1500s to nearly the early 1500s to nearly

80,000 per year at the end 80,000 per year at the end of the 1700s.of the 1700s.

Population & Population & EnvironmentEnvironment

14

15

Global cash crops Global cash crops were grown on were grown on large plantations large plantations with slave labor.with slave labor.

Caribbean sugar plantation 1600s

Environmental changes resulted Environmental changes resulted from introducing new speciesfrom introducing new species

Livestock Livestock introduced to the introduced to the Americas changed Americas changed indigenous groups’ indigenous groups’ ways of life.ways of life.

Plains woman hunting buffalo 1800s

Population & Population & EnvironmentEnvironment

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miningboiling sugar

Deforestation intensified with growth in Deforestation intensified with growth in mining, shipbuilding, and plantation mining, shipbuilding, and plantation

agriculture.agriculture.Population & Population & EnvironmentEnvironment

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World population grew a lot World population grew a lot during Big Era Sixduring Big Era Six

Population change in millions, 1400-1800 CE

0

100

200

300

400

1400 CE 1600 CE 1800 CE

China

India

Europe

Sub-Saharan Africa

Latin America

The number of people in the world increased about 2 ½ times between 1400

and 1800 CE

Growth differed among world

regions.

Population & Population & EnvironmentEnvironment

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Trade encircled the globe.Trade encircled the globe.Trade & Trade &

ManufacturingManufacturing

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• Accountants learned double-Accountants learned double-entry bookkeeping with “Arabic” entry bookkeeping with “Arabic” numerals.numerals.

• Commercial law protected private Commercial law protected private property and investments.property and investments.

• More efficient bureaucracies and More efficient bureaucracies and taxation increased the power of taxation increased the power of the government’s purse.the government’s purse.

• European monarchs issued European monarchs issued charters to colonize overseas. charters to colonize overseas.

• Jurists experimented with civil Jurists experimented with civil and constitutional law. and constitutional law.

Banking and law served Banking and law served new demands.new demands.Trade & Trade &

ManufacturingManufacturing

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Persian, Indian, Turkish, Persian, Indian, Turkish, Chinese, Japanese, and Chinese, Japanese, and European artisans European artisans experimented with steel experimented with steel production for weapons.production for weapons.

Land and maritime Land and maritime empires battled over empires battled over control of trade, control of trade, resources, and resources, and territory.territory.

Gunpowder empires in Gunpowder empires in Asia, Africa, and Asia, Africa, and

Europe honed skills in Europe honed skills in production of artillery production of artillery

and handguns.and handguns.States & States & EmpiresEmpires

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Historians argue whether the world Historians argue whether the world became “modern” in Big Era Six.became “modern” in Big Era Six.

Do you think human society

was “there yet” in Big Era Six?

Wait until you see Big Era Seven!

“Modernity” means advanced, continuous human development

in science, technology, standards of living, and social

organization.