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AUTOM ATIC KILOWATT-HO R 1\1 ~TER READOUT
SlAW TING \ 'EN
"nivcrsiti Malaysia Sarawak
2003
TJ 151 5562 2003
Borang Penyera han Tesis Universiti JVlalaysia Sarawak
RU a
BORAN _, PENC ESAHAN STATU TESIS
Judu i: Au tomalic Kilowatt-Hour Meter Readout
S ESI P£NGAJ IAN : _ ___...;2,.,,0"'0-'-'31"'2"'0-'-'04"---____
Soya SlAW 'rING WEN (HI.'RUF BESAR)
meni!2k ll membenarkan tcs is '" ini disimp:lll di Pusar Khidll1af Makiumal Akadcmik, lIni versiti Ma laysia Saraw<l1.; dlo!ngan syarat-syarat kegu!l:lall seperli bl..' rik ut:
I. TeS 1S ada lah hakm ihk Un i\ l' rslt i MalaYS ia Sil l'Cl Wa k .
2. PUSd t Khidmat MaJ.:IuIllH t Akadcmik. Ulli VefSiLJ Ma la ys ia Su rawak dibt:llarkan men1iJu <ll snlinan 1I1l tuk tujllan pengajlU ll sahaja .
3. I'vle lllbuJl pelJ digi l<l n unt uk memban gullkan Pangkalun Data Kalldun gall Tenll :11:111 .
4. Pusa Khidnut Maklumal Akademik , Univcrsili Mu!aysia Sar~1w~lJ.. dibena rkan IHcmhuat sal ilHtIl tesis iui ~cb ;1 ga i bahan perlukaran an lar<l in ::;t ltus i pengaj ian (i ll~gi.
S. *8 Si b tandak~m ( ../ ) di kOlak y,lIlg bcrkenaan
D SULIT (Mengandungi olRk lurnat yang bCJ'daJ'j ,dl kc~cb 1ll ;ltan nlnu kepeolingan Mabysi~ scperti Y<lng lenl1ri kt ub di ua Lun AKTA RAHS IA RASM I 197 2)
o TERHA D (Mengandungl mak lumal TERH AD y:lIlg 1eb h di tl'n lukan okh organisasi/ badan d i ma n:'! penyclidikan dijal:lIlKall).
TIDAK TE ftH A D
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Tarikh : 17h b OKTOBI. R C"'O",O""--___ Tarikh: 17h OKTOBER 2003
CITATAN • T(:~i~ dlll1.IKc;;udk:Jn .... eb<lg.;,i h:S'.$ o:'lg! IjJlah Duklor FlI ls:Jfilh, 'I,UjLl!ht Llil1 SaIJ!l!Ll M ud:.! """ J ik., te'i is ini SU LI r afJlI TERll i\O, :,lia 1;11l1jllr j."an ~ lI r3t d:u i,';toJ 1,,110('" lx-rkmlsa..'ortJar1l.:.<tS I
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"
AUTOMATJC I(lLOWATT-HOUR METER READOUT
SIA W TING WEN
Tes is ini dikelllllkakan kepada Fakulti Kejllrllteraan , Uni ve rsiti Malaysia Saril wilk
sebilgil i memenllhi sebahagiall daripada syarat penga ugerahan Sarjana Muda dengan
Keplljian (Kejuruteraan Elektronik dan Kompllter)
2003
This project report attached here to entitled "KILOWATT-HOUR METER
READOUT", prepared and submitted by Siaw Ting Wen as a partial fulfillm ent of the
requirement ror the Degree of Bachelor of Engineering with Honours (Electronics and
CO l11puter) is hereby read and approved by:
Mr. Mohd . Sa ufee Muhaml11ad Date
( Supervisor)
11
DE D[CAT£OJ
For my most beloved parents.
your support and care will always be in my heart
III
Acknowledgemen t
First and foremost, the author would likc to tbank God whom be reserve the
hi gh est of all praise for all his blessings. Without His abundant love, mercy, guidance
and comfort, he will have a hard time for the various difficulties he encountered du ring
the preparation of this project.
Next, the author would like to thank his family, especially his parents, for the
love and support. Meanwhile, he also likes to express his sincere and deepest g ratitude
to bis supervisor Mr. Mohd. Saufee Muhammad. for all his time and guidance for tile
author's thesis. He awes much to his valuable guidance, encouragement and advice
through his project.
Besides, the author also likes to thank Faculty of Engineering for providing the
place and equipment that he need for the project especially during the testing time.
Special thanks must be addressed to the lecturers especially Mr. Martin Anyi and Me
Wan Azlan Wan Zainal Abidin for providing some useful information, advicc and help.
Author also wish (0 (hank his friends and course mate Loh Chee Wyai, Chia
Yong Seng, Allan, Ting Sie King and Ting Tiew Ong who have been offering sincere
help, advice and guidance. Also many thanks are addressed (0 his friends who have
been showing much love and concern throughout the project,
Last but not least, author would like to take this opportunity to convey my
gratitude to everybody else l ilal has contributed directly or indirectly duri ng the thesis
preparation.
IV
Abstra ct
Kilowatt-hour meter is a very common device that exists in most of the building
in our society today. Through kilowatt-hour meter, the electrici ty suppl ier will be ab le
to measure the amount of power usage ill a particul ar period of ti me, by refening to the
meter readout in the respecti ve meter location. Th is task can be hass le sometimes when
the kil owatt-me ter is placed in the bui lding and access to the buildi ng is unavailable.
Th is project is to design a system to capture the kilowatt-meler readout
automa ti ca ll y and that the data can be stored in the computer. The data re trieva l can be
done through the compu ter or through the local Pub lic System Telephone Network
(PSTN).
This paper co vers the fu ndamentals and characteri sti c of the ava ilab le computer
ports, especia tl y the se ria l po rt s which is used in thi s project. The app li ed programm ing
techniq ue fo r this project, which includes Graphica l User [ nl~ rfa ce (GU\) , Mi crosoft
Comm Control 6.0 (MsCom m) and Te lephony Applica tion Programming Interface
(TAP]) also covered. It also includes the process that are involved in designing the
project which consists of interface circuit designing, programmi ng, test ing and
imp lementati on. Result gai ned are compiled together to all ow (h e beller understand ing
the rela ti onship between the kilowatt-hour meter, computer and the TAP !.
v
Abstra k
Meter kilowatt-jam adalah peralatan yang sangat biasa dan bolch didapari di
ke banyakkan bangunan di kalangan masyarakat hari ini. Melalui meter kilowatt-jam,
pembekal elektrik dapat rnengukur jurnlah kuasa clektrik yang telah digunakan dalam
suatu jall~kdmasa dengan merujuk kepada bacaan meter di lokasi rnasing-rnasing.
Kadang-kala kerja ini boleh menjadi agak sukar jika meter kilowatt-jam terletak di
dalam bangunan dan bangunan tersebut tidak boleh dimasukki.
Projek ini ialah untuk mereka suatu sistem untuk mengambil bacaan meter
kilowatt-jam secara automatik dan data tersebut boleh di simpan di da lam komp Li lcr.
Bacaan meter kilowdll -jam tersebut boleh di dapati melalui computer arau rnel alui
"Public System Telephone Network" (PSTN).
Kertas kerja ini merangkurni asas-asas dan ciri-ciri "computer ports"
terutamanya "serial ports" yang menghubungi komputer dengan meter kilowatt-jam.
Teknik pernporograman yang digunakan dalam projek ini juga rnerangk urni "Graphical
User Interface" (GUI), "Microsoft Comm Control 60" dan "Telephony Application
Programming Interface" (TAP!). Kertas kerja ini juga rnelibatkan pcrekaan litar
antaramuka, pemprograman, pengujian dan penggunaan. Keputusan yang diperolehi
dikumpul dan diatur supaya mcmberikan pernahaman yang lebih berkcsan mengcnai
hubungan di antara meter kilowatt-jam, kornputer dan TAP!.
VI
Table of Contents
Dedicariol1 III
A ckllolViedgemellf IV
AbSlracl v
Absfrak VI
Table of COil tell ts VI]
Ust ofFigu res XI
Lisl of Tables XIII
List of Listings X IV
Lisl ifAbbreviarioll s xv
CHAPTER J INTROD UCTION
I . I Project Background
1.2 Objectives 2
1.3 Thesis Outline 4
CHAPT ER 2 LIT ERATU RE REVIEW 5
2.1 Introduction 5
2.2 Types of Ki lowatt-hour Mete rs 5
2.2.1 ME lzr Kilowa tt-hour Meter 5 2.2.1.1 Features 6
2.2 .2 Carrel Precision Kilowatt-hour Meter 7 2.2 .2. 1 Basic Specifica ti ons 7
2.23 Sin gle Phase Electromechanica l Kilowatt-hour Meter (DD28) 8 2,2.4 Conclusion 10
VII
II2.3 Basic Stamp (BS) MicrocontrolJer
2.3. 1 Basic Stamp Microcontroller Background II 2.3.2 Architectu re ofa Basic Sta mp II
2.3.3 Basic Stamp Hardware Overview 12 2.3.4 Comparison Conclusion 13 2.3.5 Basic Stamp 2 Serial Port Programming 13
142.4 Serial Communica ti on
2.4.1 Serial Communication Concept 15 2.4. 1.1 Synchronous 15
2.4.1 .2 Asynchronous 16
2.4.1.3 Bit Rate 17
2.4.2 Types of Serial Communication Interface 17 2.4.2.1 RS232 17
2.4.2.2 . ~RS422 ' 0
2.4.2.3 Universa l Serial Bus (USB) 20
2.5 Parallel Communication 21
2.5.1 In troduc ti on 21 2.5.2 Hardware Properties 21 2.5.3 Parallel Port Modes 22 2.5.4 Types ofCol1ll1lunicat ion Chosen In Tbis Project 23
2. 6 Rev iew Types of So ftware Being Used 23
2.6. 1 Microsoft Visual Basic 6.0 24 2.6. 1.1 Microsoft Comm Con trol (MsComm) 24
2.6. 1 2 OnC0I11111 Communication 25
2.6.2 Microsoft T API 28 2.6 .2.1 Device Classes 30
2.6. 2.2 Add ress Assignments 31
2.6.2.3 Media Access 31
2.6.3 Modems and T API 32 2.6.3.1 Basic Data Modems 32
332.6 .3 .2 Data Modems wi th Voice
332.6.3 .3 Telephony Cards
2.6.4 Microsoft Visual Basic 6,0 TAPI Application 34 2,6.4.1 Making a Ca ll 34
372.6.4 .2 Answering a Ca ll
VIII
2.7 Sensors
2.7.1 Light Dependent Res istor (LDR) 2.7.2 Phototransistors 2.7.3 Photodiode
CIIAPTER 3 I'ROJECT DESIGN AND ANALY. IS
3. 1 In troduction
3.2 Hardware Design
3.2. 1 Sensor 3.2.1.1 Sensor Transmitter Circuit
3.2 . 1.2 Sensor Input Ampl ifier
3.2 .2 Power Supply 3.2.3 Seri al Communica tion
3J So ftware Design
3.3. 1 PBASrC Source Code 3.3.2 Visual Bas ic Source Code
3.3.2 . 1
3.3.2.2
3.3.2.3
3.3.24
MainOutput FOIm
About Fo rm
History Form
TAPI
CHAPTER 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
4. 1 Result s
4.2 Hardware Testing and Troubleshooting - Interface A
4 .2 .1 The 5V Rcgul ator Circuit 4.2.2 Sensor Receiver Circuit 4.2.3 Serial Output to the PC
4.3 Software Debugging and Troubleshooting
4.3. I MsCornrn 4. 3.2 Seven Digit Display 4.3.3 TAP I (Interface B) 4.3 4 Database Storage
38
38 38 39
40
40
42
42 42
42
43 -14
45
45 47 S I
53
53
S5
S8
58
S8
58 59 60
60
61 61 62 64
IX
CHAPTER 5 ONCLllSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 68
5. I Co nclu sions 68
5.2 Recommendations 69
5.2. 1 Customi ze the Database Storage 69 5.2.2 Moni to!" More Than One Kilowatt-hour Me ter 70 5.2.3 Monitor Power Consumpti on for Singl e Device 70
APPE;\fDI X A I\ IS VB 6.0 SOURCE CODE 71
APPENDIX B BS2 SO URCE CODE 85
REFERENC ES 86
x
List of Figures
Figure 1.1.1 Electricity Distributions 2
Figure 2.2.1 ME I zr kilowatt-hour meter 6
Figure 2.2.2 Cancl Prccision kilowatt-hour meter 7
Figure 2.2.3 D28 kilowatt-hour J11cter 8
Figure 2.2.4 FraJ11e and brake magnet 9
Figure 2.2.5 Register 10
Figure 2.3.I(a) BS I I I
Figure 2.3. 1 (b) BS2 Jl
Figure 2.3.2(a) BS I Archi tec ture 12
Figure 2.3.2(b) BS2 Architec ture !2
Figure 2.3.3 Co nnecti on BS2 pins to serial port !4
Figure 2.4. 1 Synchronous Data Format 15
Figure 2.4.2 Asynchronous Serial Data Frame 16
Figure 2.4.3 RS232 Connectors 18
Figure 2.4.4 RS232 Pin Configura tion 19
Figure 2.4.5 USB Symbol 20
Figure 2.4.6 USB Con nectors 2 1
Figure 2.5. 1 Printer Interface to PC Interface 21
Figure 2.6. 1 MsComl11 co ntrol used for seri al progra mming 25
Figure 2.6.2 Co nnect ion of Windows TAP] 29
Figure 2.6.3 The TAP! architecture , shows that multiple service providers ca n
interact with the sa me application 30
Figure 2.64 Voic e-da to modem support for TAPl services 33
Figu re 2.6.5 Telephony cards ca n support all levels ofTAPI servi ces 34
X l
38
Figure 2.7.2 Phototransislor application
figu re 2.7. 1 LOR
39
Fi gure 2.7.3 Dimension of photod iode 39
Figure 3.1.1 Project Block Diagram 40
Figure 3.1.2 The components in HPMO 41
Figure 3.2. 1 Sensor Transmitter Circuit 42
Figure 3.2 .3 Block diagram of the sensor input amplifier 43
Figure 3.24 A 5Y regulator circuit 44
Figure 3.2.5 Programm ing the BS2 Microcontroller 44
Figure 3.2.6 Serial pOlt connect ion for da ta acquisi ti on 45
Figure 3.3 .1 BS programm ing terminal 46
Figure 3.3.2 Sensor Circuit is connected to BS2 I/O Pi n 9 46
Figure 3.3.3 Flow chart for mi crocontroller program 47
Figure 3.3 4 FiowchaI1 ofHPMD program (Part I) 49
Figure 3.3.5 Flowchart of HPM D program (Part2 - TAP!) 50
Figure 3.3.6 List of fOlm s applied in the project 51
Figure 3.3 .7 Main Form 52
Figure 3.3 .8 About form 53
Figure 3.3.9 History Form 54
Figure 4.2.1 LOR input and BS2 I/O pin in put signal. 60
Figure 4 .2.2 The BS2 Output Data to PC 60
Figure 4.3 .1 Accumulated data from BS2 microcont ro ller output 6 1
Figure 4.3.2 TAPI interface 63
Figure 4.3 .3 Database storage 65
X LI
Li t of Tables
Table 2.2. 1 MElzr features 6
Table 2.2.1 0028 Kilowatt-hour meter technical specification 10
Table 2.3.1 Compari so n of BS I and BS2 13
Tab le 2.3.2 Co nn ection of BS pin and seria l pOli 13
Tab le 2.4. 1 Parity Types 17
Table 2.4.2 RS422 Technical Data 19
Table 2.4.3 US B Technical Da ta 20
Table 2.5. 1 Para ll el Pin Defi ni tion 22
Table 2.6. 1 Handshaking events and desc ripti ons 27
Tab le 3.3. 1 Wave fil e pla ying me thod 56
Tab le 4.2. 1 In put vo ltage and outp ut vo ltage for Regul ator 78M05 59
Tab le 4.3. I Some examp les of tested crit ical va lues 62
Table 4.3 .2 TAP l troubl eshooting 64
Table 4.33 Databa se storage in Ms Access fo nnat 67
X III
Li t of Listi ngs
Listing 2.6.1 Declarat ions required accessing an external TAPl.dl1 funct ion 35
Lis tin g 2.6.2 Code to ca ll a number prov id ed on tbe co mmand lin e 35
Listing 3.3. 1 Increment and storing the captured data 55
Listing 3.3.2 Co nvert the data va ri ab le into string and store in da tabase 55
Li sti ng 3.3.3 Playing th e la st wave file and drop the call 57
Li st ing 4.3.1 Back String Adjustment 66
Li sting 4.3.2 Front Stri ng Adjustment 66
X IV
List of Abbreviations
API
BIOS
BS
CTI
0028
DSR
ICP
EEPROM
EPP
GU I
HPMD
ISDN
Kbps
kWh
LED
LOR
LSB
MCI
Ms
MsComm
MWh
PC
PSTN
RAD
App lication Programmer Interface
Basic Input Output System
Basic Stamp
Computer Telephony Integra tion
Single Phase Elec tromechanical Ki lowatt-hour meter
Data Signal Ready
Extended Capabi li ty Port
Elec trica l Erasab le Programmable Read Onl y Memory
En hanced Paral le l Port
Graphi c User Interface
House Power Monitoring Devi ce
Integrated Serv ice Digital Ne twork
ki lobytc per second
kilowatt-hour
Li ght Emittin g Diode
Light Dependent Resistor
Least Signiticant Bit
Med ia Co ntrol Interface
Mic rosoft
Microsoft Comm Contro l
mega wa tt -hour
Personal computer
Pub lic System Telephone Network
Rapid Appli cation Development
xv
RTS
SESCo
SPP
TAP!
UART
USB
VB 6.0
WOSA
Request to send
Sarawak Electricity Supply Cooperati on
Standard Parallel Port
Telephony Appli ca ti on Programming Interface
Uni ve rsa l Asynchronous Receiver and Transmitter
Uni versa l Seria l Bus
Visual Basic 6.0
Window Open Service Architecture
XV I
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Projec t Ilackground
Electrica l power that is generated from steam turbine or water dam is being
step up to hi gher power by transfollner for transmiss ion. Upon reaching the
consumer areas, the power is brough t down from the hi gh vol tage transmission
towers to substation transformers. Substation transformers lower down the vo ltage
for local di stribution via power poles . The power pole line can come all the way to
consumer's ho use or be converted to an underground di stribution system for the fin al
distribu tion to the con su mer's house.
An other trans former steps the voltage down to the two 240V c;'·cLlits, plus a
neutral wire, to consumer 's house. Figure 1.1 .1 shows the vo ltage supplies to
co nsum er
The power meter or kilowatt-hour meter is much like the wa ter meter in .Iine
with the water supply to th e consumer' s house. The power me ter is in li ne with the
power feed hom the neares t transformer and is read by the power meler read er. The
meter meas ures the total current pass ing through the meter and converts to power (in
kilowatt) in the duration of 1 hour. One kil owatt-hour (1 kWh) is equivalent to the use
or 1000 wa tts of e lectricity (ten 100-wat t bulbs) that operates fo r one hour. One
kil owatt-hour is call ed "one lill it ".
The normal practice is that the electri city power supplier (in Sarawak ca lled
Sarawak Electric ity Supp ly Coopera tion, SESCo) empl oyee will come once a month
to read each kilowat t-hour meter in order to es timate total power consumed by each
house. This task is very troublesome and is prone to error as the worker might miss
out some houses, exposed to the attack of danger of residence guard dog for
example, or en'or in reading the meter.
Substation Tlanst~~n"(ler
~.
I Distnoution Lilli, ~1
,
~ ,.(l , r--- / ~
~ llkV:~-
! / /,// ./~
> I~ I
TliLILSfolI(cef I'
.I" .j .- './ -"," 1 .[/- I I/ ( './ //Ivletef
.I I ' , J 11 //
'I
/ / /
2401,1
TI,,-ILSfOl1tcef
24011
FIgure I 1.1 Electricity Distributions
1.2 Objectives
The main objective of this project is to design a mechanism that will be able
to automatically capture kilowatt-hour meter readout via a personal computer (PC)
through the phone line from the central office at any particular instant of time. The
reading of the meter are then stored in a PC and the different between two successive
2
meter readout for an interval time can be computed for manipul ati on. Retrieving of
the meter reading data can also be done through the Pc. With thi s idea , meter reading
task wi ll much more simpler and efficient , where total power used by one parti cul ar
rcsidence can be known accurately at any instant of time.
The first stage is to develop the student's know ledge and understanding of the
characteri s tic of a kilowatt-hour meter, PC interfac ing, Basic Stamp 2 (BS2)
microcont roller 's properti es function s and PC programmi ng. The properties of the
se ri al communica ti on will be revised too.
The second stage of the project IS to build student skill in des ign ing,
developing, constructing and implementing the hard ware - that is to capture the
meter reading output and store the reading in the PC automatica ll y, and retrieve the
data from the PC itself or through a phone call (advance stage) so that the captured
data can be co mpute for billing or monitoring purposes.
Technica lly, objectives of this project in order of prefe rence as di scussed and
agreed wi th the supervisor, are:
I. To study the function ofkil owatl-hour meter and detelmine how its work.
2. To study the different types of PC seri al communi ca tion.
3. To study the va rious kind of programming so ft ware that ca n be used to
capture the meter readout through the most suitab le PC serial
communica tion method .
4. To man ipulate the captured data, compute the units and costs usage.
3
1.3 Thesis O utline
Th is document is organ ized systematically to portray the develop ment stages
that conc luded the whole project. The repor1 can be divided into two stages. Fi rst
s tage includes the Chapter 1 and 2 and th e second stage covers Chapter 3, 4 and 5.
Chapter 1 includes introduction to the project an d the obj ective . In Chapte r 2 ,
the focus is more on s tudies and research that has been ca rried out on th e basic
fundamental and characteri stic of PC serial interfacing and programming software.
Chapte r 2 also cove rs types of kilowatt-hour mete r being used in the market as we ll
as the properties of Basic Stamp (BS) micro con troller.
In Chapter 3, the discussion focuses on th e idea of how the hardware and
software can be designed. Eve!)' block of the projec t design is ex plained th oroughly
in the respective sub chapters.
Chapter 4 concentrate 011 the rea li zation of the entire project design (hardware
and software) where the tes ting and troubleshoo ting is carried out to detec t any
potenti a l fault s in th e design. Discuss ions on mod ificat ions and improvement of the
des ign are a lso included. Procedures involved in the implementation of th e hardware
and software is explained comprehens ive ly.
Finally, Chapter 5 concludes the achievement of tbe project as a whole. In
addit ion , some recommendations on improvemen ts that can be made to the project in
partic ular are a lso inc luded.
4
CHAPTER 2
LITERA TURE REVIEW
2. 1 Introduction
General ly, thi s contains the definition, the concept and some of the technical
data of each componen t and tools for capturing and processing the data (in kilowatt
per hour). It includes types of kilowatt-hour meters, the data communication
protocols and database app lications.
2.2 Types .,r Ki lowatt-hour Meters
There are 3 types of kilowatt-hour meIer being studied in this project ME lzr
kilowatt-bour meter, Carrel Precision kilowatt-hour meter and single phase
elec tromechanical ki lowatt-hour meter (0028) . ME I zr and Call'el Precision is
digi tal kilowatt-hour meter 0028 is analog kilowatt-hour meter.
2.2.1 MElzr Kilowatt-hour Meter
MElzr kilowatt-hour meter, class 2, wilh digital display, is de;l ..cned for sub
di stri bution metering. ME lzr measures acti ve electrical power consu n ·~t;on , on one
pbase (single-phase ME). Figure 2.2 .1 shows the ME l zr. ME I zr is equi pped with a
total meter, a yellow metering indicator ligbt (flashing) and with additional functions
a ll owing:
j. Remote transfer to an impulse counter or a programmable logic con troll er
2 Cabling enor indica tion .
5
- i -; r s6sf
J
Figure 2.2.1 ME I zr kilowatt-hour mete r
ME 1 zr aJlow monitoring of the consumption of electrical install ati on.
J. A range of 8 products for all network types: single-phase, three-phase, three-
phase + neutral.
2. Complies with standard fEC 1036 (with sealable enclosure).
3. Compact dimensions:
I. 4 modu les of9 mm: lP+N (MEl),
II. 8 modules of 9 mm : 3P and 3P+N (ME3IME4).
2.2.1.1 Features
Table 2.2.1 shows MEl zr features
Frequency 50/60 Hz
Consumption 2.5YA
Capacity 999,99MWh
Display In kWh or megawa tt-hour (MWh) with 5
significant digits
insulation voltage 4 kY, 50 Hz
Metering indicator light 1000 flashes per kWh
Table 2.2.1 MElzr features
6