45
Joseph Stig Iitz ColumbiaJ Ca rl Wa Is h Santa Cruz] [ft] 2009

1. Stiglitz Walsh Μακροοικονομική Πολιτική

  • Upload
    markos

  • View
    26

  • Download
    0

Embed Size (px)

DESCRIPTION

Μακροοικονομική

Citation preview

  • Joseph . Stig I itz [ ColumbiaJ Ca rl . Wa I s h [ , Santa Cruz]

    : - :

    [ft] 2009

  • 1

    - , . .

    . ,

    .

    . 1929, .

    . , ,

    35

  • 1

    , , , , . .

    , . 1929

    . Dow ( Dow Jones, ) 3 81 1929,

    41 1932. . 1933, . , , , . , 1930 - - [Great Depression].

    . The Wealth ofthe Natons [ ] Adam Smith 1776,

    The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money [ , ] John Maynard Keynes 1936. Keynes, .

    , ,

    , Keynes. Keynes, u ( ) .

    1930 -

    36 Joseph . Stiglitz I Carl . Walsh

  • ,

    .

    I - . , t 1946

    ... , , :

    .

    , .

    , , . 1 1920 , , .

    , ' , ,

    (. 1.1 ). , 1990

    , k . 2001 ,

    1 It s Wonderful Life [ ].

    James Stewart.

    3 7

  • 1.1

    , 1900-2003

    1

    ,_

    30

    25% ! . 1960,

    6%, 10% (1983) 3,5% (1969). 7,5% 1992, 1990 4% 2000. m 6% 2003. : Economic Report ofthe President (2004), -42.

    1990 . [ dot-com]. . , - 2001. , ,

    .

    2004. , . 1.2

    , .

    , 1920

    , .

    38 Joseph . Stiglitz Carl . Walsh

  • OIKONOMIKH

    . , 1936, ' , 1929. 193 7

    1930 .

    ' .

    . 1944, 1,2% .

    ' 1930. - -

    180

    -

    11 160

    :::: 140

    :::

    z

    "" >< ::: :2'

    120

    .

    1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938

    1.2

    .

    1930. 100 1929. : , World Producton and Prces , , 1936,

    , . 142 World Producton and Prces, , 1938, , . 44.

    3 9

  • 1

    , . , , . 1940

    , .

    , , .

    , , .

    .

    . . - - .

    . , 1946.

    , .2

    2 Stiglitz Clinton 1995 1996.

    40 Joseph . Stiglitz Carl . Walsh

  • MAKPOOIKONOM IKH OIKONOMIKH t

    , , .

    , . : , % , 160 . 1930 , , ( ) .

    .

    1960.

    1960, John F. Kennedy Richard Nixon

    2000 George W. Bush Al Gore. Nixon 1959. 1958-1963, 6% 2,8%.

    Kennedy John Maynard Keynes

    4%, . .

    .

    ( ( ( 41

  • 1

    .

    . 1964, . ,

    [War on Poerty] Lyndon Johnson. , 4%, 3,5% 1969. ,

    1% 1963, 1969 6,2%. ,

    ~ . [trade off]: , , , 1950

    1960.

    1970, . ' , 1970 j. , 5,4%,

    Kennedy- 1960, . 13

    1970. .

    42 Joseph . Stiglitz I Carl . Walsh

  • OIKONOM IKH

    . 1970, [] .

    . . , , , ,

    a . ~ .

    1970, 6%, 7% . [stagflation].

    . 1971 Nixon . 13. ,

    .

    1970, . 1979 .

    43

  • 1

    1979 Pau1 Volcker, [Federal Reserve System, Fed] -, - Jimmy Carter, . Volker,

    . 14

    : , . Volker

    . , . 1982 10%, . Ronald Reagan .

    1984. . 6 ,

    . ,

    7,2% . , Reagan .

    1980 . - 1980

    1990 . .

    Reagan

    . 1980

    44 Joseph . Stiglitz Carl . Walsh

  • 290 1992. ,

    , . 700 1980 3, 7 1997 - 3.700.000.000.000 13.500 , , . -

    George . W. Bush Bill Clinton

    1992.

    . . , , ,

    1990 , ,

    . .

    1980 1990 , ()

    (). . .

    ,

    m>r.F.r r. r. .

    ; 45

  • 1

    ( )

    1992, Bill Clinton , ! ['t's the economy, stupid!"] . ,

    1990. 1990 1991. , .

    George . W. Bush. 1990, , Clinton 1996.

    , . 1970 .

    . . .

    , - a - . 1990

    . 1990 . 1998, 1969 2000

    46 Joseph . Stiglitz Carl . Walsh

  • MAKPOOIKONOMIKH OIKONOMIKH

    200 . yy .

    .

    . 1990 , .

    . , . ,

    ' . 2000, 1990 . yy . George W. Bush 2001, , 4,2% 2000, 2001 5,8% . 2001. Bush 2000, .

    .

    21 , a

    . 2001 ,

    . - -

    t 4 7

  • 1

    2003.

    . Bush,

    .

    2004 412 . . 1990,

    . 2003 a [deflation] -

    . a 1930

    . a 1990. , Alan Greenspan, 2001

    , 2003 .

    2004 , a . ,

    . 2005, , . -

    48 Joseph . Stiglitz Carl . Walsh

  • MAKPOOIKONOMIKH OIKONOMIKH

    Bush

    , .

    .

    21.

    a 21 .

    a 1930.

    . 2000 . a

    7.

    . 1946, ... , .

    1978 Humphrey-Hawkins , Hubert Humphrey ( )

    Augustus Hawkins ( ). Humphrey-Hawkins , , ,

    49

  • 1

    , , ,

    ,

    . - ,

    . v

    . , . t

    .

    .,... , ,

    .,. .,.

  • OIKONOMIKH

    1970 1990;

    ; 1980; ,

    : , , , .

    1. [trade-off]-

    , . 2. , ~ [ince-

    ntives]. 3 players Zen iPods, 3 player Zen .

    , .

    3. 3 [exchange] , .

    4. , [information].

    5. , - , , - [distribution]

    .

    .

    3 exchange [...].

    c; c; c; 51

  • 1

    .

    , , . ,

    .

    - , , . -

    , ,

    . , . .

    . ,

    . , . ,

    - .

    [ scarcity].

    , . , .

    . , . ,

    52 Joseph . Stiglitz Carl . Walsh

  • . , ,

    . - . , .

    .

    : ffree lunch]. , . , .

    KINHTPA

    , . ,

    . ; , ;

    , . ,

    . ,

    . ,

    , . .

    53

  • ( (

    KINHTPA TIMH AOL ,

    AOL, . , ,

    . 1997 AOL

    . .

    ; , -

    , . AOL , .

    , .

    . , AOL

    .

    ,

    . ,

    . , . ,

    . .

    . ,

    ( ) . , . ,

    54 Joseph . Stiglitz Carl . Walsh

  • . 3 player ,

    . , .

    , , .

    . ,

    . , . ,

    . J ,

    . , . , . , , .

    , .

    - , , - , , , . .

    55

  • 1

    , . , ,

    . , ' , .

    . . . , , ,

    , ,

    . . -

    , - .

    , . ,

    , , .

    , .

    , .

    , . , , . , ,

    56 Joseph . Stiglitz Carl . Walsh

  • . ,

    . , eBay (www.ebay. com), . -

    , Heritage Coins (www. heritagecoins.com) .

    .

    ,

    ( www. treas. gov I auctions/ customs ).

    . [market economy] .

    , , .

    . ,

    . , , .

    , , : ; ; ; ;

    . .

    . , .

    57

  • 1

    ,

    . , , .

    thtwotld'sontlntmrktti.Ht

    , , . ,

    , , . ,

    . , , [mxed economy] - , ,

    , , ,

    . , -

    C/LJt are ,)'DU /ockins tor?

    &> ~

    Don't Miss ... \G;-

    ~

    - , , - eBay.com. -

    [prvate sector] ( )

    [pblc sector] ( , ) - .

    . , . ,

    58 Joseph . Stiglitz Carl . Walsh

  • . 1

    . , ,

    , . , , . , ,

    . , , . _ ( ) ( ).

    , . - - .

    . ,

    . , ,

    . , , . , , - rJvatzaton].

    , , .

    59

  • 1

    3 players iMacs .

    .

    , .

    . ,

    , ! y , .

    . . . [ Consumer Reports],

    . , . , , . , . ,

    . , , ,

    . , ( ).

    ,

    . , ,

    60 Joseph . Stiglitz Carl . Walsh

  • MAKPOOIKONOMIKH

    , . , .

    . , . , .

    [Securities and Exchange Commission, SEC] ,

    , . , .

    . , , , Enron, 2001. Enron

    . Enron , .

    . , [Food and Drug Administration, FDA] , .

    2005 Merck Vioxx

    . . ,

    61

  • 1

    .

    , .

    . . , eBay

    .

    .

    . . , . . , ,

    . , .

    .

    , .

    . ,

    62 Joseph . Stiglitz Carl . Walsh

  • OIKONOMIKH

    .4

    , . , , . - -

    . , .

    . _ ,

    . 2 3 ,

    . , 2 3 , . ,

    .

    , . , , . , (

    [ eqtty concerns]) . , .

    4 Alan Greenspan, Jackson-Hole Federal Resee Bank , 25 2000.

    c; c; vc; 63

  • 1

    .,.. v

    1. : , '

  • ...

    ...

    1.3

    ... ... , . - -

    ... ~ ~ , -

    .

    . , - ,

    . 1.3, . ,

    . , . , , .

    , .

    . , ,

    c; c; 65

  • 1

    . . ,

    ,

    . , . , , , .

    . - , ,

    ( , l )- .

    , , Wall Street . , ,

    (, ,

    ), .

    - . ,

    [capital goods]. , ,

    .

    66 Joseph . Stiglitz Carl . Walsh

  • MAKPOO IKONOM IKH

    .,.. v

    1. :

  • 1

    , , .

    , .

    , ; ; ;

    , , .

    . ,

    .

    .,..

    :

  • . .

    . : , .

    Ellen , Ellen . .

    , , .

    : , .

    , . ,

    . . , . ,

    . , .

    , - -

    . ( , ), ( 10%, 12%) (

    ).

    ( ( ( 69

  • 1

    EPMHNEIA

    [ arable]. , ,

    . .

    , : ; [ correlations].

    , . , .

    , ; ; ~ , , ,

    . . . 100

    80 20 , . , .

    . , . ;

    .

    AliOTHTA

    .

    .

    70 Joseph . Stiglitz Carl . Walsh

  • MAKPOOIKONOMIKH OIKONOMIKH

    [ causation] . , , - .

    1970,

    . . , ,

    ; , .

    , - 1973 , , .

    i ;

    . ; ; ; ,

    . : , , ,

    . ,

    [positive economics]. , [normative economics].

    )(( c; 71

  • 1

    .

    : , ,

    .

    - .

    , , : ; . , ,

    - , , . .

    .

    : , .

    , , .

    , . .

    . , , .

    72 Joseph . Stiglitz I Carl . Walsh

  • , . , : (1) (2) (3) .

    .

    . ; ; ;

    ,

    . . .

    - , , . .

    7 3

  • 1

    1. ,

    . 2. , m

    . , , ,

    , . 3. ,

    ? .

    . 4. .

    . 5. b.

    .

    6. .

    .

    7. - . ,

    . .

    8. . , -

    7 4 Joseph . Stiglitz I Carl . Walsh

  • , .

    9. .

    , . .

    10. , . , -

    . 11. .

    .

    12. . .

    OPOI

    a

    7 5

  • 1

    1. Kennedy; 1964;

    2. ; ; 3.

    ; 4. ; 5. ;

    ; 6. ,

    ; 7. , ;

    ; 8.

    ; 9.

    . 10.

    .

    ;

    1. . ;

    2. ; ; (

    , [Bu'reau ofLabor Statistics] www.bls.gov).

    76 Joseph . Stiglitz I Carl . Walsh

  • 3. 1980 1990; 1990; ;

    4. : ) ) ) )

    5. , : ) )

    ) ) ) .

    6. , : ) ) )

    ) ) ) .

    7. i :

    . ;

    ~ ; 8. 80

    60. ; ,

    ( ( ( 77

  • 1

    ; ;

    9. 2004,

    . ,

    .

    ; .

    78 Joseph . Stiglitz Carl . Walsh