1

States ofConsciousness

Chapter 7

Bell Ringer

• During halftime of the Super Bowl, a psychological concept we learned was displayed? What was it?

Hint 1: It had nothing to do with any of the performers.

Hint 2: It all depended on how you viewed it.

Hint 3: See next slide.

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Answer: Gestalt Principle – taking individual things and making them one.

My hope is you saw it and told whoever you were watching with about it. 1,000,000 points if you did.

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4

States of Consciousness

Consciousness and Information Processing

Sleep and Dreams Biological Rhythms

The Rhythm of Sleep

Sleep Disorders

Dreams

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States of ConsciousnessHypnosis Facts and Falsehoods Is Hypnosis an Altered State of

Consciousness?

Drugs and Consciousness Dependence and Addiction Psychoactive Drugs Influences on Drug Use

Near-Death Experiences

Fact or Fiction• T F 1. Consciousness has an unlimited capacity.• T F 2. Most university students are “evening” persons

whose performance improves• throughout the day.• T F 3. People who sleep seven to eight hours a night tend

to outlive those who are chronically• sleep-deprived.• T F 4. The most common dreams are those with sexual

imagery.• T F 5. The majority of the characters in men’s dreams are

female.• T F 6. Most psychologists believe that dreams provide a

key to understanding our inner• conflicts. 6

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Consciousness, modern psychologists believe, is an awareness of ourselves

and our environment.

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Consciousness & Information Processing

The unconscious mind processes information simultaneously on multiple

tracks, while the conscious mind processes information sequentially.

Conscious mind

Unconscious mind

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Biological Rhythms

1. Annual cycles: On an annual cycle, geese migrate, grizzly bears hibernate, and humans experience seasonal variations in appetite, sleep, and mood. Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) is a mood disorder people experience during dark winter months.

Biological rhythms are controlled byinternal “biological clocks.” There are

4 “clocks” we follow.

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Biological Rhythms2. 28-day cycles:

The female menstrual cycle averages 28 days. Research shows menstruation may not affect moods.

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Biological Rhythms3. 24-hour cycles: Humans experience

24-hour cycles of varying alertness (sleep), body temperature, and growth hormone secretion.

As the day progresses, our body goes on a “biological clock” roller coaster

Biological Rhythms

4. 90-minute cycles: We go through various stages of sleep in 90-minute cycles.

We will discuss tomorrow

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Homework

• Read pg 271-289

• Complete terms for the same pages

• Complete a 4 night sleep journal (handout)

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Bell Ringer Take 5 minutes to answer #1 on paper

1. What time(s) of day are you most productive? Least productive? Explain

2. Sleep journal - recap

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Review – What are the 4 biological clocks we discussed yesterday?

What are examples of each?1. Annual Cycle

2. 28 Day Cycle

3. 24 Hour Cycle (Circadian Rhythm)

4. 90 Minute Cycle (Sleep)

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Rhythm of SleepCircadian Rhythms occur on a 24-hour cycle and include sleep and wakefulness, which

are disrupted during transcontinental flights.

Light triggers the suprachiasmatic nucleus to decrease

melatonin (hormone that induces drowsiness) in the morning, from the

pineal gland,and increase it at night fall.

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03

Riddle

What is it that we don’t know we are doing it until we aren’t doing it anymore?

Answer - SLEEPING

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Sleep & DreamsSleep – the irresistible tempter

to whom we inevitably succumb.

Mysteries about sleep and dreams have just startedunraveling in sleep laboratories around the world.

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Measuring sleep: About every 90 minutes, we pass through a cycle of

five distinct sleep stages.

Sleep Stages

Hank Morgan/ Rainbow

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Awake & AlertDuring strong mental

engagement, the brain exhibits low amplitude and fast, irregular beta waves (15-30 cps). An awake person involved in a conversation

shows beta activity.CPS = Cycles Per Second – 1 Cycle is from peak to peak.

Beta Waves

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Awake but RelaxedWhen an individual closes his eyes but

remains awake, his brain activity slows down to a large amplitude and slow, regular alpha waves (9-14 cps). A meditating person exhibits an alpha

brain activity.

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During early, light sleep (stages 1-2) the brain enters a high-

amplitude, slow, regular wave form called theta waves (5-8 cps).

A person who is daydreaming shows theta activity.

Sleep Stages 1-2

Theta Waves

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During deepest sleep (stages 3-4), brain activity slows down. There are large-

amplitude, slow delta waves (1.5-4 cps).

Sleep Stages 3-4

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Stage 5: REM Sleep

After reaching the deepest sleep stage (4), the sleep cycle starts moving backward towards stage 1. Although still asleep, the brain engages in low- amplitude, fast and regular beta waves (15-40 cps) much like awake-aroused

state.

A person during this sleep exhibits Rapid Eye Movements (REM)and reports vivid dreams.

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90 Minutes

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90-Minute Cycles During SleepAs you analyze the graph, what can

you say occurs the longer you are asleep?

The amount of deep sleep (stage 3 and 4) decreases and the amount of REM sleep

increases

Assignment and Homework

• Read the articles and complete the document analysis sheets for each.

• Remember – read and complete terms from pg 271-289 for quiz on Friday

• Terms will be checked Thursday.

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Bell Ringer

• What stage of sleep is this person displaying?

• Hold one finger for stage 1, two fingers for stage 2, three fingers for stage 3, four fingers for stage 4, and five fingers for REM.

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ka8sdFf7oYs 28

What occurs during each stage of sleep?

Stages 1-4 are considered nREM (non-REM) – we spend about 75% of our sleep in these stages. About 50% in stage 2.

Stage 5 is REM stage – we spend about 25% in REM sleep = (100 minutes)

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Stage 1 and 2Stage 1

* Between being awake and falling asleep

• Light sleep

• Dream like hallucinations – floating - aliens

Stage 2

* Onset of sleep

* Becoming disengaged from surroundings

* Breathing and heart rate are regular

• Body temperature drops (so sleeping in a cool room is helpful)

• Sleep talking usually occurs during this stage30

Stages 3 and 4* Deepest and most restorative sleep

* Blood pressure drops

* Breathing becomes slower

* Muscles are relaxed

* Blood supply to muscles increases

* Tissue growth and repair occurs

* Energy is restored

• Hormones are released, such as: Growth hormone, essential for development

• Towards the end of stage 4 – bedwetting and sleep walking may occur 31

Stage 5 (RapidEyeMovement)* First occurs about 90 minutes after falling

asleep and recurs about every 90 minutes

* Provides energy to brain and body

* Supports daytime performance

* Brain is active and dreams occur

* Eyes dart back and forth

* Body becomes immobile and relaxed, as muscles are turned off

* Heart rate and breathing increase

* Dreaming occurs 32

Other things to know about REM stage• It wasn’t until 1952 that we started to

understand REM sleep – University of Chicago

• During scary dreams, genital arousal occurs in both men and women

• A typical 25 year old male will have an erection nearly half the night

• Men that suffer erectile dysfunction also experience arousal – shows their dysfunction might be psychological and not physical

• We average about 1500 dreams a year (4-5 a night) and 100,000 a lifetime

• Almost everyone dreams but not all are recalled33

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Why do we sleep?We spend one-third of our lives sleeping.

If an individual remains awake for several days, they

deteriorate in terms of immune function, concentration, and

accidents.

Jose Luis Pelaez, Inc./ C

orbis

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Sleep Deprivation1.Fatigue and

subsequent death.

2.Impaired concentration.

3.Emotional irritability.

4.Depressed immune system.

5.Greater vulnerability.

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Accidents

Frequency of accidents increase with loss of sleep

Homework

• Terms through pg 289 are due tomorrow

• Quiz Friday

• Know the 5 sleep disorders we covered for an activity Thursday.

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Bell RingerWith your neighbor,

come up with 3 reasons you think human beings sleep.

3 minutes38

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Sleep Theories – Why do we sleep?

1. Sleep Protects: Sleeping in the darkness when predators loomed about kept our ancestors out of harm’s way.

2. Sleep Recuperates: Sleep helps restore and repair brain tissue.

3. Sleep Helps Remembering: Sleep restores and rebuilds our fading memories.

4. Sleep and Growth: During sleep, the pituitary gland releases growth hormone. Older people release less of this hormone and sleep less.

Sleep disorders

If you have trouble getting to sleep or sleeping through the night, if you wake up too early or have a hard time waking up at all, or if you are

overly tired during the day, you may have a sleep problem.

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What Are Sleep Disorders?

• Sleep disorders are conditions that affect how much and how well you sleep. The causes range from poor habits that keep you awake to medical problems that disrupt your sleep cycle. Insufficient sleep is a serious problem that poses a threat to your health and safety.

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The Dangers of Poor Sleep?

• Lack of sleep can take a toll on nearly every aspect of daily life. Research has linked sleep deprivation to car accidents, relationship troubles, poor job performance, job-related injuries, memory problems, and mood disorders. Recent studies also suggest sleep disorders may contribute to heart disease, obesity, and diabetes.

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Symptoms of Sleep Disorders• Symptoms vary depending on the

type of sleep disorder but may include:

• Excessive sleepiness during the day

• Trouble falling asleep or staying asleep

• Snoring or brief pauses in breathing during sleep

• Urge to move your legs at rest or an uncomfortable feeling in the legs at night

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How Much Sleep Is Enough?

• Sleep needs vary widely from person to person, but general guidelines are:

• 9 hours for teenagers.

• 7-8 hours for adults.

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• 16 hours for infants.

Types of Sleep Disorders, their symptoms, possible

causes/effects,and treatment

1. INSOMINIA

2. SLEEP APNEA

3. RESTLESS LEG SYNDROME

4. NARCOLEPSY

5. SLEEPWALKING (Somnambulism)6. NIGHTMARES and NIGHT TERRORS45

Insomnia

• Most people have trouble sleeping once in awhile, but when the problem lingers night after night you may have insomnia. People with insomnia may lie awake for hours before falling asleep. They may wake up too early and be unable to drift off again. Or they may wake up repeatedly throughout the night. Insomnia is the most common sleep disorder in the U.S.

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Possible causes of InsominaIn many cases, insomnia is

related to poor sleep hygiene. This refers to bad habits that interfere with sleep. Examples include drinking coffee in the afternoon or evening, smoking or eating heavy foods before bed, going to bed at a different time each night, or falling asleep with the television or lights on. 47

or… Insomina might be caused by:

Mental health problems can lead to insomnia. These include depression, anxiety, and posttraumatic stress disorder. Unfortunately, some of the medications used to treat these conditions may also cause sleep problems.

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Pre-existing conditions that might cause Insomnia

Insomnia is often related to medical problems, including:

Arthritis Heartburn

Chronic pain Asthma

COPD-Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Heart failure (due to breathing problems)

Thyroid problems

Neurological disorders, such as stroke, Alzheimer's or Parkinson's

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other causes of Insomnia:• Insomnia can occur during pregnancy,

especially in the first and 3rd trimesters. The problem may return during menopause, when hot flashes can interrupt a good night's sleep. Both men and women tend to have more sleep problems over age 65. And shift workers and frequent fliers can develop a circadian rhythm disorder. In this case, a sort of "internal body clock" that controls sleep, hormone production, and other body functions is disturbed. 50

Sleep Apnea• People with this sleep disorder have

episodes when they stop breathing many times while they sleep. The breathing pauses last several seconds and trigger a switch from deep sleep to light sleep. These interruptions can lead to daytime sleepiness. Many people with sleep apnea don't know they have it. Snoring is a common warning sign, and a spouse may notice breathing pauses followed by a snort or gasp. 51

Risk Factors for Sleep Apnea

• Sleep apnea is most common in people who are male, overweight, and over age 65. Hispanics, African-Americans, and Pacific Islanders also have a higher risk of developing the condition. While it is more common in adults, sleep apnea sometimes occurs in young children who have enlarged tonsils.

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Restless Leg Syndrome• People with restless legs

syndrome experience discomfort and the urge to move the legs at rest. The problem is usually at its worst during the evening and night. This can make it tough to fall asleep. Others experience twitching motions during sleep that may cause brief awakenings.

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Narcolepsy• Narcolepsy causes extreme sleepiness

during the day. People may find it hard to function without naps, despite spending enough time in bed at night. Other warning signs include:

• Being unable to move when you first wake

• Losing muscle control with strong emotions

• Dreaming during naps

• Dream-like hallucinations as you fall asleep or wake up

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Narcolepsy continued:

• People with narcolepsy enter REM sleep almost immediately, without the NREM sleep stages that normally lead up to dream sleep.

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Sleepwalking• People with this sleep problem

can literally get up and walk while they are sleeping. The episodes occur during the deeper stages of NREM sleep, and the person may do a variety of activities without waking up. Sleepwalkers typically don't respond to questions and won't remember what they did once they wake up. Sleepwalking is most common in children but can last into adulthood. 56

Identifying Sleep DisordersSleep Diary

• Charting your habits for 1-2 weeks can provide valuable information. Include:

• When you go to bed, fall asleep, and wake

• How long and well you slept

• Time awake during the night

• Caffeine or alcohol consumed and when

• What/when you ate and drank

• Emotion or stress

• Drugs or medications57

Diagnosing Sleep

Disorders

• To diagnose a sleep disorder, your doctor will ask about your sleep habits and medical conditions. Next, you may be referred to a sleep clinic for testing. A polysomnogram, also called a sleep study, records brain activity, eye movements, and breathing while you sleep. These patterns can indicate a disorder like sleep apnea or a less common type. 58

Bell Ringer

Since we have covered the Sleep Unit all week, I think it only fitting

that today we…

SLEEP59

Imagine being in this big, warm, comfortable bed. Close your eyes and

drift away to Sleepytown.

WAKE UP SLEEPYHEAD

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Just Kidding – I am not going to let you sleep in class – You

know better than that.

Instead of you sleeping, here is a video of me sleeping.

ENJOY61

TREATMENT

There are several forms of treatment for sleep disorders

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• For sleep apnea, a CPAP device increases air pressure to keep airways open so you can rest more soundly without the breathing pauses that interrupt sleep.

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Treatment

Treatment

• Narcolepsy and restless legs syndrome can be treated with lifestyle changes and prescription medication. There are also effective medications for insomnia. However, many people can beat insomnia without medication by changing poor sleep habits and taking care of related conditions.

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Psychological TreatmentCognitive-Behavioral Therapy

• Several methods can ease sleep anxiety, which makes insomnia worse. Relaxation training and biofeedback help to calm your breathing, heart rate,  muscles, and mood. Talk therapy can help replace bedtime worries with positive thinking, so your mind can settle down at night. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) works as well as prescription drugs for many people with chronic insomnia. 65

Other ways to improve sleep habitsSleep Hygiene: Exercise

• Adopting habits that promote sleep is known as good sleep hygiene. Regular exercise should be part of the plan, but the timing is important. Exercise in the late afternoon can make it easier to fall and stay asleep – just don't let it get too late. Exercise within a couple hours of bedtime can make it harder to fall asleep.

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What else can be done to improve sleep habits?

Sleep Hygiene: Problem Foods

• Certain foods and drinks should be avoided in the 4-6 hours before bed:

• Caffeine, including coffee, tea, and soda

• Heavy or spicy foods

• Alcohol (While alcohol helps some people fall asleep, it leads to nighttime awakenings.)

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Turn it off…Sleep Hygiene: Technology

• Late-night technology may be part of your routine, but chances are it is not helping you sleep. Television engages the mind and can increase alertness, keeping you awake. Playing video games before bed or surfing the Internet may have the same effect. The National Sleep Foundation recommends removing televisions and computers from your bedroom altogether.68

Routine, what routine?Sleep Hygiene: Bedtime Rituals

• You can signal your mind and body that it's time for sleep by creating a bedtime ritual. This may include a warm bath, reading a chapter of a book, or practicing relaxation techniques, such as deep breathing. It's also important to stick to a firm bedtime and wake-up time, even on the weekends.

Personal commentary from Mr. Guarnieri –

That routine shouldn’t include eating, exercising, watching TV, being on the phone/computer, or doing

anything else that might excite you. 69

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1. Nightmares: Frightening dreams that wake a sleeper from REM.

2. Night terrors: Sudden arousal from sleep with intense fear accompanied by physiological reactions (e.g., rapid heart rate, perspiration) that occur during SWS.

Two other sleep sisorders

Nightmares vs Night TerrorsNightmare

• Frightening dream; child may awaken afraid and crying.

• Frequently first occurs in toddlers and older.

• Often in the second part of the night during intense dreaming.

• May have trouble going back to sleep due to anxiety.

• May remember the dream and talk about it.

• Awaken and comfort your child; talk to him to ease any stress that may be bothering him; avoid watching TV before bedtime.

• Talk to pediatrician if child complains of nightly nightmares.

 

Night Terror• Screaming, crying, thrashing

during sleep; may appear partially aroused, anxious and agitated.

• May begin at age four or five (or at times later).

• Mostly during nondreaming sleep; episodes start within two hours of going to sleep and last five to fifteen minutes; occur most often when child has a fever or sleep schedules are disrupted.

• Goes back to sleep quickly.• No memory of the episode.• Treatment with medications not

effective; try putting child to bed a little earlier to avoid tiredness.

• Most children outgrow having night terrors

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Answer the questions that go with each video

• http://abcnews.go.com/GMA/video/sleepwalking-common-believed-study-16349574

• http://abcnews.go.com/GMA/Sleep/video/sleep-disorder-puts-husband-jail-10445458

• http://abcnews.go.com/Health/video/wake-up-narcolepsy-16070272

• http://abcnews.go.com/Health/video/nightmares-night-terrors-9680341

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Homework

• Review for quiz – Pg 271-289 in text - Monday

• Monday – Begin Dream unit.

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Quiz Review Guide – You have 15 minutes to review

• Terms for sleep unit

• “Biological clocks”

• Stages of sleep

• Reasons for Sleep

• Sleep disorders

• What occurs during sleep stages

• I am collecting terms and sleep journals 74

Bell Ringer – Sleep review T/F1. During sleep, your brain rest.

2. You cannot learn to function normally with one or two fewer hours of sleep than you need.

3. Bordom makes you sleepy, even if you had enough sleep.

4. Resting in bed with your eyes closed cannot satisfy your body’s need for sleep.

5. Snoring is not harmful as long as it doesn’t disturb others or wake you up.

6. Everyone dreams nightly.

Ans

1. F

2. T

3. F

4. T

5. F

6. T

7. The older you get, the fewer hours of sleep you will need.

8. Most people don’t know when they are sleepy.

9. Raising the volume of your radio will help you stay awake while driving.

10. Sleep disorders are mainky due to worry or psychological problems.

11. The human body never adjusts to night shift work (3rd shift).

12. Most sleep disorders go away, even without treatment.

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7. F

8. T

9. F

10. F

11.T

12. F

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Dreams

The link between REM sleep and dreaming has

opened up a new era of dream

research.

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What do we Dream?1. Negative Emotional Content: 8 out of 10

dreams have negative emotional content.2. Failure Dreams: People commonly dream

about failure, being attacked, pursued, rejected, or struck with misfortune.

3. Sexual Dreams: Contrary to our thinking, sexual dreams are sparse. Sexual dreams in men are 1 in 10; and in women 1 in 30.

4. Dreams of Gender: Women dream of men and women equally; men dream more about men than women.

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Why do we dream?

1. Wish Fulfillment: Sigmund Freud suggested that dreams provide a psychic safety valve to discharge unacceptable feelings. The dream’s manifest (apparent) content may also have symbolic meanings (latent content) that signify our unacceptable feelings.

2. Information Processing: Dreams may help sift, sort, and fix a day’s experiences in our memories.

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Why do we dream?3. Physiological

Function: Dreams provide the sleeping brain with periodic stimulation to develop and preserve neural pathways. Neural networks of newborns are quickly developing; therefore, they need more sleep.

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Why do we dream?4. Activation-Synthesis Theory: Suggests

that the brain engages in a lot of random neural activity. Dreams make sense of this activity.

5. Cognitive Development: Some researchers argue that we dream as a part of brain maturation and cognitive development.All dream researchers believe we need REM

sleep. Whendeprived of REM sleep and then allowed to

sleep,we show increased REM sleep called REM

Rebound.

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Dream Theories Summary

Common Dream Symbols• Animals – represents connection to nature and

survival – being chased represents repressed emotions like fear and aggression

• Babies – symbolize a literal desire to produce or own vulnerability or need to feel loved – new start

• Being chased – feel threatened by what is chasing you (representation)

• Clothes – how we want/feel others view us

• Exams – self-evaluation

• Death – of friend or loved on represents change (it is not a paranormal prediction) – coming to terms with the loss 83

• Falling – common dream that relates ot our anxieties about letting go, losing control, or failing

• Food – symbolize knowledge – “food for thought”

• Demons – repressed emotions – secretly feel the need to change your behaviors

• Hair – significant ties with sexuality, according to Freud – abundant hair = virility; losing hair = loss of drive; can also symbolize fear of becoming unattractive

• Killing – desire to kill part of your personality you aren’t happy with – hostility towards someone – want them to suffer

• Mountains – obstacles – climbing represents achievement – view from represents your life

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• Nudity – most common dream symbols – revealing true self to others – vulnerability – urges

• Roads – direction in life – question your life path

• Sex – intimacy or desire for sex

• Teachers – represent authority figures with power of enlightenment

• Teeth – common – losing teeth shows a fear of getting old or unattractive – Good teeth=good health; bad teeth=bad health

• Trapped – inability to escape or make right choices

• Vehicles – represents control over life (in control or someone else driving)

• Water – represent subconscious mind – calm or rough

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Bell Ringer – Discuss with your neighbor

What do you think of when you hear the

word “hypnotize”?

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Hypnosis

Hypnos: Greek god of sleep

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A social interaction in which one person

(the hypnotist) suggests to another

(the subject) that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously

occur.

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Aspects of Hypnosis

• Posthypnotic Suggestion: Suggestion carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zms_JklT4I0

• Posthypnotic Amnesia: Supposed inability to recall what one experienced during hypnosis.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dSS8-Pn_1Wo

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Facts and Falsehood Those who practice hypnosis agree that

its power resides in the subject’s openness to suggestion.

Can anyone experience hypnosis? Yes, to some extent.

Can hypnosis enhance recall of forgotten events?

No.

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Facts and Falsehood

Can hypnosis be therapeutic?Yes. Self-suggestion

can heal too.

Can hypnosis alleviate pain?Yes. Lamaze can

do that too.

Can hypnosis force people to act against their will?

No.

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Is Hypnosis an Altered State of Consciousness?

1.Social Influence Theory: Hypnotic subjects may simply be imaginative actors playing a social role.

2.Divided Consciousness Theory: Hypnosis is a special state of dissociated (divided) consciousness (Hilgard, 1986, 1992).

(Hilgard, 1992)

Courtesy of N

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Drugs…

• What are the first three things you think of when you hear the word “DRUGS”?

• Are there “good” drugs and “bad” drugs?

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Drugs and Consciousness

Psychoactive Drug: A chemical substance that

alters perceptions and mood (effects consciousness).

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Dependence & Addiction

Continued use of a psychoactive drug produces tolerance. With repeated

exposure to a drug, the drug’s effect lessens. Thus it takes greater

quantities to get the desired effect.

Graph that displays tolerance

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Withdrawal & Dependence1. Withdrawal: Upon stopping use of a

drug (after addiction), users may experience the undesirable effects of withdrawal.

2. Dependence: Absence of a drug may lead to a feeling of physical pain, intense cravings (physical dependence), and negative emotions (psychological dependence).

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Misconceptions about Addiction

1. Addictive drugs quickly corrupt.

2. Addiction cannot be overcome voluntarily.

3. Addiction is no different than repetitive pleasure-seeking behaviors.

Addiction is a craving for a chemical substance, despite its adverse

consequences (physical & psychological).

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Bell Ringer – What are the three types of Psychoactive

Drugs?

1. Depressants 2. Stimulants3. Hallucinogens

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DepressantsDepressants are drugs that

reduce neural activity and slow body functions. They include:

1. Alcohol 2. Barbiturate

s3. Opiates

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Alcohol1. Alcohol affects motor skills,

judgment, and memory…and increases aggressiveness while reducing self awareness.

Drinking and Driving

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Barbiturates

2. Barbiturates: Drugs that depress the activity of the central nervous system, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgment. Get their name because they are derived from barbituric acid. AKA – Tranquilizers.

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Depressants

3. Opiates: Opium and its derivatives (morphine and heroin) depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety. They are highly addictive.

http://opioids.com/tim

eline

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StimulantsStimulants are drugs that excite

neural activity and speed up body functions.

1. Caffeine2. Nicotine3. Cocaine4. Ecstasy5. Amphetamines6. Methamphetamine

s

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Caffeine & NicotineCaffeine and nicotine increase heart

and breathing rates and other autonomic functions to provide

energy.

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AmphetaminesAmphetamines stimulate neural activity, causing accelerated body functions and

associated energy and mood changes, with devastating effects.

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EcstasyEcstasy or

Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)

is a stimulant and mild hallucinogen. It produces a euphoric high and can damage serotonin-producing

neurons, which results in a permanent deflation of mood and

impairment of memory.

Greg S

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CocaineCocaine induces immediate euphoria followed by a crash. Crack, a form of cocaine, can be smoked. Other forms of cocaine can be sniffed or injected.

http://ww

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HallucinogensHallucinogens are psychedelic (mind-manifesting) drugs

that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the

absence of sensory input.

Ronald K

. Siegel

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Hallucinogens1. LSD: (lysergic acid diethylamide)

powerful hallucinogenic drug (ergot fungus) that is also known as acid.

2. THC (delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol): is the major active ingredient in marijuana (hemp plant) that triggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations.

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DrugsSummary

Classwork• Create a BioPsychoSocial chart that

describes drug use.

• Drug

use

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BiologicalPsychological

Social/Cultural

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Influences on Drug UseThe use of drugs is based on biological,

psychological, and social-cultural influences.

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Influences on Drug UseThe graph below shows the percentage of US high- school seniors reporting their use of alcohol, marijuana, and cocaine from the

70s to the late 90s.

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Marijuana Use – If risk is perceived…

Cause and Effect of perceived risk – What do you think happens to the usage of marijuana

when there is perceived risk?The use of marijuana in teenagers is directly related to the “perceived risk” involved with

the drug.

Trends in drug use…• Marijuana use in high school has seen a steady increase over

the last 20 years.• 11.4 percent of 12th graders—one in nine reported using

synthetic marijuana.• Inhalant use by younger teens dropped from 8.3 percent of 8th

graders and 6.6 percent of 10th graders to 6.2 percent and 4.1 percent, respectively.

• Cocaine by 12th graders dropped from 5.2 percent to 2.7 percent from 2007 to 2012.

• Ecstasy by 12th graders decreased from 5.3 percent in 2011 to 3.8 percent in 2012. Use also dropped in 10th and 8th graders

• Other drugs, such as heroin, methamphetamine, and hallucinogens, are holding fairly steady.

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Trends continued…• In 2012, 3.6 percent of 8th graders, 14.5 percent of

10th graders, and 28.1 percent of 12th graders reported getting drunk in the past month.

• In 2012, 23.7 percent of high-school seniors reported binge drinking (defined as 5 or more drinks in a row in the past 2 weeks).

• Cigarette smoking by high-school students peaked in 1996–1997 and has declined since. 17.1 percent of 12th graders were current (past-month) cigarette smokers—22.9 percent were current marijuana smokers.

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Bell Ringer• On the provided paper, write three words that

describe how you feel right this very moment.

• After eating the piece of chocolate, write three words that describe how you feel immediately after eating the chocolate.

• 3 Minutes after eating the chocolate, use three words to describe how you feel now.

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Health effects of drug use1. Cannabis (Marijuana)

Short Term: Heightened sensory perception; euphoria, followed by drowsiness/relaxation; impaired short-term memory, attention, judgment, coordination and balance; increased heart rate; increased appetite.

Long Term: Addiction: About 9 percent of users; about 1 in 6 of those who started using in their teens; 25 to 50 % of daily users. Mental disorders: is associated with depression and anxiety. Smoking related: chronic cough; bronchitis.

Withdrawal Symptoms: irritability, difficulty sleeping, anxiety 121

CocaineShort Term: Dilated pupils; increased body

temperature, heart rate, and blood pressure – decreased appetite and sleep. Erratic and violent behavior – panic attacks

Long Term: Addiction, restlessness, irritability, paranoia, mood disturbances, insomnia, nasal and throat damage, intestinal issues

Withdrawal Symptoms: depression, fatigue, increased appetite, insomnia or hypersomnia, vivid unpleasant dreams, cognitive delay

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AlcoholShort Term: Personal injury, accidents, aggression,

relationship problems, illness, limit brain function, coordination, sensory perception, and gateway to use other narcotics

Long Term: Alcohol affects every organ in the drinker's body and can damage a developing fetus.; heavy use can increase risk of certain cancers, stroke, and liver disease.

Withdrawal: Often called hangover, the body craves alcohol and creates headaches, diarrhea, stomach issues, excessive tiredness, and irritability

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Prescription stimulantsShort Term: increased alertness, attention,

energy, irregular heartbeat, dangerously high temperature, heart failure or seizures

Long Term: anxiety, hostility, paranoia, psychosis; addiction and over dosage

Withdrawal Symptoms: Depression, fatigue, apetite, insomnia or hypersomnia, vivid dreams, coginitve delay

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MethamphetamineShort Term: Mood, increase heart rate, blood

pressure, body temperature, increased energy, decreased appetite, dry mouth, jaw-clenching

Long Term: Addiction, memory loss, weight loss, impaired cognition, insomnia, anxiety, confusion, paranoia, aggression, hallucinations, violence, organ damage, dental problems, heart problems.

Withdrawal Symptoms: depression, anxiety fatigue, drug craving

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InhalantsShort Terms: Confusion, nausea, slurred speech,

lack of concentration, dizziness, drowsiness, lightheadedness, hallucinations/delusions, suffocation, seizures, heart failure, coma

Long Term: Myelin damage leading to muscle spasms, tremors, motor impairment, organ damage. Addiction

Withdrawal Sympoms: irritability, restlessness, insomnia, headaches, poor concentration

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Hallucinogens - LSD, PCP, Psilocybin, Salvia, Ketamine,

MDMA (Ecstasy)Short Term: Depression, arousal, paranoia,

impulsive behavior, shift in emotions, distortions in perception, increased body temp, heart rate, blood pressure, nausea, loss of appetite, sweating, dry mouth, jaw-clenching, numbness, sleeplessness, dizziness, weakness, tremors

Long Term: Flashbacks, hallucinogen persisting perception disorder, death

Withdrawal Symptoms: not listed 127

Heroin and Opium

Short Term: Warm skin feeling, dry mouth, periods of wakeful and drowsy states, itching, nausea

Long Term: Addiction, dependence, collapsed veins, abscesses, infection of heart, arthritis

Withdrawal: restlessness, muscle and bone pain, insomnia, diarrhea, vomiting, cold flashes, leg movements

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After a close brush with death, many people report an

experience of moving through a dark

tunnel with a light at the end. Under the

influence of hallucinogens, others report bright lights at

the center of their field of vision.

Near-Death Experiences(From

“Hallucinations” by R

.K. Siegel. C

opyright ©

1977 Scientific Am

erican, Inc. All rights reserved.)

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Mind-Body Problem

1. Dualism: Dualists believe that mind (non-physical) and body (physical) are two distinct entities that interact.

2. Monism: Monists believe that mind and body are different aspects of the same thing.

Near-death experiences raise the mind-body issue. Can the mind survive

the dying body?

Quiz – Ch 7 pt 2 - Wednesday

• You will have a quiz from Hypnosis to Near Death

Experience. This includes Psychoactive Drugs.

• 25 MC + 1 Essay131