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What are Invasive Species?• Invasive alien species are organisms that are
introduced to a given area outside their original range and cause harm in their new home. Because they have no natural enemies to limit their reproduction, they usually spread rampantly. Invasive alien species are recognized as one of the leading threats to biodiversity and impose enormous costs to agriculture, forestry, fisheries, and other human enterprises, as well as to human health.
Invasive Species
• Invasive species typically have a competitive advantage over native plants– No natural predator or grazer in new habitat– Noxious or produce allelopathic chemicals
that natives have not evolved a defense against
– High reproductive rate, good in almost any environment
5 Major Threats to Biodiversity
• H-Habitat Destruction/Degradation
• I-Invasive Species
• P-Pollution
• P-Population (Human) Growth
• O-Overharvesting/Overfishing
What are the results of habitat fragmentation?
• Less habitat for species– Species area curve
• Restricted migration of species– Restricted gene flow, inbreeding within
patches– Increased diseases or accidental
death
• More edge habitat– Microclimate differs at the edge
What’s It Like Living on the Edge?EDGE Interior
UP/Down? Up/Down?
Sunlight
Canopy
Wind
Soil Temp.
Air Temperature
Human Disturbance
Management Issue
Example: A school would like to put a path through a wooded area, which design would have the least impact on wildlife that use the woods?
Top 14 KY Invasive Species1. Bush honeysuckle (Lonicera maackii)2. Japanese honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica)3. Wintercreeper (Euonymus fortunei)4. Tree-of-heaven (Ailanthus altissima)5. Multiflora rose (Rosa multiflora)6. Kudzu (Peuraria lobata)7. Musk-thistle (Carduus nutans)8. Poison hemlock (Conium maculatum)9. Sudden oak death (Phytophthora ramorum)10. Hemlock wooly adelgid (Adelges tsugae)11. Johnsongrass (Sorghum halepnse)12. Gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar L.)13. Fire ant (Solenopsis invicta)14. Emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis)
Bush Honeysuckle
• This is very abundant in the urban/suburban environment.
• Woody, hollow stems, have an overall fountain appearance.
• Opposite leaves, fragrant flowers, red berries.
• May be mistaken for the Spice Bush or Burning Bush
Japanese Honeysuckle
• Vine with a cord-like stem
• Opposite leaves• Fragrant flowers in
Spring• May be confused with
Vinca or Winter creeper (next slide)
Wintercreeper, Euonymous
• Ground Cover• Dark green, almost
waxy-like opposite leaves
• Can climb• Green through winter
Tree-of-Heaven, Ailanthus
• Compound leaf• Opposite leaflets• Male leaves smell like
old peanut butter• Have glands along
leaf margin • Very similar to • Walnut trees
Multiflora Rose• Usually a white rose• Thorns on a round stem• Shrub, blooms early
summer• Similar to blackberries
(stem with edges, and smaller thorns)
Poison Hemlock• White umbel flower• Smooth stem with
purple blotches• Carrot-like, frilly leaf• May be confused with
Wild Carrot, Wild Parsnip
Garlic Mustard• Small white flowers• Young plants (with
cotyledons only) look different from the adult plants
• Spring flowers in late April through May
• Toothed leaves with purplish stems in summer
• Seed pods in early summer
Musk-Thistle
• Purple flowers in early summer, fuzzy seeds in late summer
• Hairy, toothed leaves with needle-like points
Johnson Grass
• Panic grass• Reddish, purple
inflorescence• Blooms in late
June/July• Distinctive stripe/ridge
on blade• Looks similar to corn
Kudzu
• Vine with a heart/mitten-shaped leaf
• Dieback can be evident through winter in a large patch
• Very noticeable in summer
Small Hop Clover
• VERY common, not the good clover grass used for square and round hay bales.
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