1 SOLARGE - National market analysis for CSTS in 2005 Research design, research results and conclusions for SOLARGE 2006 Presentation by Christoph Urbschat,

1

SOLARGE - National market analysis for CSTS in 2005

Research design, research results and conclusions for SOLARGE 2006

Presentation by

Christoph Urbschat, eclareon GmbHAnja Schlieder, eclareon GmbHSusanne Berger, Berliner Energieagentur GmbH

The sole responsibility for the content of this presentation lies with the authors. It does not represent the opinion of the European Communities. The European Commission is not responsible for any use that may be made of theinformation contained therein.

2

1. Research Design

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WP 1 carries out a systematic overview of national structures, policies and market situations in the relevant building sectors and collective solar heating potentials of the partner countries.

The analysis focuses on the main market obstacles and barriers for the implementation of CSTS.

The market studies create the basis to define strategies and concrete actions to be worked out in the following work packages to achieve the intended market stimulation for CSTS technologies.

They will also generate recommendations to policy makers on how to overcome market barriers.

Aims and objectives

4

Market model for analysis

• National energy policy

• National administration

• National incentives for CSTS

National energy policy framework CSTS

implementation

• National building stock

• Used heating systems

• Refurbishment and new construction activities

• Actors involvement in solar

National housing and hotel sector

• Market history – has market and industry for CSTS developed?

• Micro: commercial products available?

National solar industry

• Energy prices

• Capital market terms for this kind of investments

• Legal conditions for refurbishment activities

• Building sector regulations

National legislative and economic

framework

obstacles

barriers

obstacles

barriers

5

Work programme 2005

1. Definition of research objectives and design of a draft Version 1.0

2. Circling around to WP partners

3. Evaluation by Work Package Partners

4. Finalisation of research objectives and design

5. Providing the research guidelines to project partners (questionnaire)

6. Data collection phase 1: Collection of public available macro analysis data

7. Definition of data needed to finalise the data collection

8. Data collection phase 2: Collection of macro analysis data by National WP partners

9. Programming of database relating to the Research Objects and Design Document

10. Definition of data still needed to finalise the data collection

11. Data collection phase 3: Primary research of still missing data

12. Comparative country analysis

13. Summary + conclusions for 2006

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Deliverables December 2005

SOLARGE Macro profiles

Data Collection / Structuring

Comparative Analysis

Assessment

Brochure Presentation

Country profiles

Available PDFs for public

dissemination

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2. Country research results - status 2005

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1. Spain (1)

National multi family housing sector

National building stock of about 14.1 million dwellings in 2000, thereof 65 % apartments

42 % of the dwellings built between 1980 and 2000 Share of privately owned dwellings: about 85 % 48 % of the building stock equipped with a heating system; heating in

most areas only used from December to February Individual heating overweighs centralised heating Main energy source for heating is gas (mainly in the north), amounting to

39 %, followed by electricity and liquid fuels; district heating is rare Many new building activities, whereas yearly refurbishing rate is

around 0,5 % 89 % condominium ownership

National hotel sector

In 2004, total number of hotels and hostels about 13,832 with almost 1,2 million beds in total and an occupation rate of around 54 %

Generally, space heating and hot water provided by central systems Energy sources are mainly gas or oil Refurbishing rate unknown, newly constructed hotels amount to 1.1 %, i.

e. >152 hotels per year 70 % of the hotel sector is privately owned (in 1999)

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1. Spain (2)

Penetration of individual (per dwelling) and centralized (per apartment building) heating equipment in different regionsSource: INE, 2001

Penetration of energy sources for space heating in different regionsSource: INE, 2001

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Spain (total)

Andalusia

Catalonia

Madrid

Bask region

Galicia

Induvidual

Central

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Spain (total)

Andalusia

Catalonia

Madrid

Bask region

Galicia

Gas

Electricity

Liquid

Wood

Carbon

Others

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1. Spain (3)

National CSTS market development

By 2004, around 420,370 m² installed glazed collectors in total However, installed surface per 1,000 inhabitants still below European average

Market share CSTS: about 80 %; market growth in the last 2 years: 5-11 %

Large systems are the main market segment: 69 % of the installations with collector area of ≥30 m², representing 92 % of the total collector area in 2002

Systems with a collector surface of more than 100 m² are dominant

National legislative and economic framework

Energy prices are quite low Interest rate for real estate loans amounts to 3-4 %, equity minimum: 20

% Expected pay back time for refurbishments in the range of 5 to 10

years Solar Ordinance of 50 municipalities: SWH is obligatory in new buildings

and renovation projects (solar fraction: 60 %)

National energy policy

New building code (CTE) to come into force by 2005/2006, applicable for all new buildings and major renovation projects (minimum solar fraction: 30 %)

Update of Renewable Energy Plan 2005-2010 (PER 2005): Goal by 2010: 4.9 million m² solar thermal installations (10 % more than the original plan)

Special loans and a budget of 348 M€ for subsidies up to 2010; maximum finance: 80 % of the eligible costs (30 % subsidies + 50 % loans)

Tax deduction of 10 % of investment costs (enterprises) and intended implementation of a fiscal incentive on income tax for private persons

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2. Denmark (1)


Total of 2.6 million dwellings, most of them (38 %) multi family houses, followed by one-family houses and terraced houses

Most of the dwellings built between 1975 and 1979 and before 1900 Major part of the multi family houses (36 %) owned by non profit

(social) housing associations, followed by condominium ownership (20 %), municipalities and others (20 %)

Very high share of district heating; central oil and gas are rare DHW and space heating in nearly all cases with same energy source Estimated refurbishing rate: 0,2 %; new constructions exceeded 4 % in

2004


Number of rooms in 2005 registered to be 41,838 located in 527 hotels Amount of hotels plunged by 43 % from 1993-2003, whereas increasing

number of rooms Rate of occupancy: about 35 % in 2003 Mostly used heating systems: radiators; in some new hotels floor

heating common DHW segment dominated by central systems Majority of the hotels connected to district heating Nearly 72 % of the hotel sector owned by commercials (chains of

hotels)

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2. Denmark (2)

Ownership of all dwellingsSource: www.danmarksstatistik, 2004

Sources of heating in multi family housesSource: www.danmarksstatistik.dk, 2004

Private person

Cooperative housing ass.

Joint-stock companies etc.

Private multi-owner scheme(Houses)Authorities

Private multi-owner scheme(Flats)Other

Source of heating

District heating

Central, oil

Central, gas

Central, other fuel

Electricity

Other owens

n.a.

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2. Denmark (3)


Large systems still installed by the manufacturers Development of district heating systems is a special Danish feature 283,500 m² glazed collectors supposed to be installed in total by end of

2004, thereof 45-50,000 m² of CSTS Market growth expected to amount to 50 % in 2005 Compared to the periods before 2002, the market is still at a low level


Wide range of prices for district heating Combined heat and power common in large scale, thus lower

prices in big cities

Access to loans (housing and hotel sector) and low interest loans guaranteed by the government (cooperative housing sector and municipalities)

New building code to come into force January 2006


Particular goal: reduction of CO2-emissions, according to the Kyoto-treaty, at the lowest price possible

Solar energy considered to be one of the most expensive ways to reduce CO2-emissions (thus, low priority of the government)

National support schemes undertaken by the Energy Agency under the Ministry of Traffic and Energy

No subsidy schemes or other incentives for solar energy

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3. Italy (1)


21.5 million dwellings (i. e. 30 % of the total amount of dwellings) One family houses (6.9 million) outweigh multi family houses 3.95 million dwellings built between 1961-1981 About 75 % of the population own their apartment, i. e. 15 million flats Mostly multi ownerships, administrated by external companies/single

persons >90 % of the dwellings are privately owned houses and flats, including

condominium ownership DHW: autonomous heating systems very common (e. g. boilers); rarely

centralized DHW systems and district heating Space heating: centralized systems widely spread Trend towards autonomous heating plants, especially in social housing sector High refurbishment rate: after 1991, more than 430,000 buildings

refurbished Certain share of MFH with beneficial heating system


Almost 33,500 hotels, mostly located in the north and centre of the country 1.9 million beds; occupancy rate amounts to 44 % Centralized heating is most common for DHW and space heating The energy resource used in almost every hotel is gas In the south also autonomous heating systems; on the islands electric

DHW 72 % of the hotels (in Venice and Mestre) refurbished between 1995 and 2001 45 % part of consortiums, 25 % in ownership and in franchising respectively

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3. Italy (2)

Share of different types of fuels in DHW-preparation of Italian apartmentsSource: ISTAT, 2001

Share of different types of fuels in space heating plants of Italian apartmentsSource: ENEA, 2004

0%

10%

20%30%

40%

50%

60%

70%80%

90%

100%

heating and DHW in one plant heating and DHW separated

gas, lpg and gasoline

12.100.000

solid fuel 1.400.000

electricity 260.000

electric DHW

4.650.000

non electric DHW

3.870.000

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

[%]

lpg

gasoline

natural gas

6,5

18,5

75

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3. Italy (3)


4,000 to 8,000 m² CSTS installed so far, which corresponds to an estimated market share of only 1-2 %

Market growth of about 25 % during the past 2 - 3 years In the centre and the south thermosiphon systems mostly used


Interest rates for real estate investment amount to 3.5-4 % Bank finance: 75-80 % of acquirement investment and 100 % for

refurbishment Refurbishment payback times: 8 years for plants, 20-25 years for

buildings Law (Legge 10/91) on maximum primary energy demand of buildings and

obligation for administrations to install solar systems; however: obsolete Regional laws, to be included in the local building codes, exist in some

cases Building directive 2002/91/ICE will come into force by the end of 2006,

defining maximum values for heat consumption


In 2001, allocation of 6 million € for support of CSTS by environment ministry

VAT reduction of 10 % for solar thermal systems Subsidy program of 15.5 million €, managed by the regions, started in

2002 Accorded subsidies: 30 % of the investment; each region decides on

how to finance solar thermal plants Promotion program (9 million €) for central and southern regions with

subsidies of up to 50 % of the investment costs

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4. Slovenia (1)


National building stock of >777,000 dwellings, of which 242,000 (31 %) are multifamily houses and 65 % are equipped with central heating systems

59 % of the houses built before 1975 and 31 % between 1975 and 1990 More than 92 % of the dwellings are privately owned, due to sales of state

owned building stock under very favourable conditions in the 1990s 27,000 non-occupied dwellings High energy consumption for water heating, arousing potential for solar

thermal Oil is dominant for space heating (almost 45 %), followed by biomass (29

%) and district heating (12 %) For water heating, electricity is also common (29 %) Rate of new constructions in 2002 less than 0,1 %


190 hotels, mainly built after 1965, situated in 30 important tourist centres Capacity of 27,500 to 30,000 beds in total; 400 to 500 beds on average Yearly occupancy rate of about 47.9 % 65 % of the hotels are privately owned, with only a few hotel chains Also interesting for solar thermal: 13 existing larger campsites Renovation realised by important hotel chains in recent years; 2,000 boilers

are to be replaced by 2010 On average, around 90 buildings newly constructed per year Refurbishment activities due to developing tourist sector

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4. Slovenia (2)

Share of energy sources in final energy consumption for heating and hot water heating in households Source: Statistical Yearbook Republic of Slovenia; 2002

Type of heating systems for heating and hot water heating in householdsSource: Statistical Yearbook Republic of Slovenia; 2002

Share of space heating systems according to the type of heating systems (2002)

Central heating

system, 66%

District heating; 14%

Local boiler; 4%

Share of water heating systems according to the type of heating systems (2002)

Central heating

system, 66%

District heating, 14%

Local boiler 4%

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4. Slovenia (3)


Large number of solar systems installed between 1980 and 1990 Around 9,000 m² of glazed solar collectors installed from 2000-2004 Approx. 1,800 m² newly installed glazed collectors in 2004, thereof 250

m² CSTS Only very few CSTS installed per year, due to bad experiences

concerning durability in the past


Payback times vary, depending on the dimension and technology of refurbishment measures (from 3-4 up to 25 years)

Mechanisms to shift investment costs from the investor/owner to the users/tenants are fixed in individual agreements

Regulation on thermal protection and efficient energy use in buildings: solar systems can be included in the calculation of the final energy consumption in buildings with up to 4 apartments (individual buildings only)

No obligations for CSTS and no solar ordinance regulations so far


Objective: share of heat production out of RES of 25 % by 2010 (today: 22 %)

National environment protection program envisions 10,000 m² of solar collectors newly installed by 2010

No direct support scheme or promotion program for CSTS In the past, support for self-construction for small systems Subsidies in 2004 for MFH and hotels: up to 40 % of eligible costs

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5. Germany (1)


National building stock of about 38 million apartments, thereof 54 % (three million) multifamily buildings and 18 % two-family houses, i. e. 17 million dwellings

Most multifamily houses with central heating systems for several buildings Differences in the building stock between old and new federal states Most common energy source for heating: natural gas In the new federal states, district heating and coal fired systems also common,

whereas in the old federal states oil is used to a great extend In 2003, 92 billion € invested in refurbishment, while 52 billion € invested in

new constructions; certain share of MFH with beneficial heating system 60 % of the building stock is privately owned in the old federal states,

whereas the majority in the new federal states is conducted by cooperatives, communities or municipal housing companies (almost 70 %)


Capacity of more than 2.5 million beds in 53,771 accommodation facilities in 2003

Most overnight stays in summer, which is advantageous for the adoption of solar thermal energy

In 2004, 549 newly constructed and 1,156 refurbished hotels Concerning the ownership structure, there is a trend towards expansion of

hotel chains (38 % in 2000) Short payback times and image reasons for CSTS

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5. Germany (2)

Heating systems of German residential buildingsSource: destatis 2005

GermanyWestern States Eastern States

Natural gas 43,3% 44,7% 37,1%

Oil 34,0% 38,5% 14,4%

District heating 13,1% 8,8% 31,8%

Electricity 4,6% 5,2% 2,0%

Coal, Lignite 3,1% 1,4% 14,1%

Renewable energy 1,1% 1,2% 0,6%

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5. Germany (3)


750,000 m² of glazed collector surface installed in 2004, thereof about 5 % CSTS

In total, an estimated collector area of 60,000 to 75,000 m² is installed in the multifamily building sector


Interest rates for real estate investment around 3.5 %; reduced interest rates granted by the Reconstruction Loan Cooperation (KfW)

Shorter pay back times for refurbishment in the hotel sector (< 5 years) than in the housing sector

Tendency towards lower equity and/or liquidity in the housing sector Heating costs are paid by the tenants; investments in energy refurbishment can

be refinanced by a rent increase Energy Saving Ordinance (EnEV, 2002) limits the energy supply of buildings Regulations of the Energy Performance Building Directive (EPBD) will be

integrated into EnEV by the end of 2005


Goal: doubling the cumulative installed collector area to 10 million m² by 2010

Promotion initiative “Solar Thermal Energy for Multifamily Buildings” since 2002

Subsidy programs Solarthermie 2000+ and market incentive program (Marktanreizprogramm)

Numerous initiatives and subsidy programs on national, regional and local level Soft loans by the Reconstruction Loan Cooperation (KfW) of up to the

total of investment costs for building reconstruction

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6. Netherlands (1)


National building stock of 6.8 million houses, thereof two million (30 %) multifamily dwellings in about 70,000 buildings

3.4 million houses built after 1970 63 % of the multifamily dwellings owned by housing associations, 27 %

privately owned and 10 % privately rented Non profit housing associations own 35 % of all dwellings 10 % of the social and privately rented houses with collective heating

installations; hot water is also provided individually in most cases (84 %) For space heating, gas is used in 97 % of the houses For water heating, natural gas is mostly used (79 %); also electricity (11 %)

and collective systems (10 %) Yearly refurbishing rate amounts to 6.7 %, whereas new construction rate is

only about 0.8 %


In 2003, about 90,850 accommodations in 2,900 hotels existing Occupancy rate amounts to 63.2 % Central gas-fired boilers are common for heating and hot water supply Refurbishing rate of hot water systems in 2004 amounts to 6.7 % Privately owned: 80 % of the hotels small enterprises, 20 % large hotel

chains Payback times for investments in energy savings are short (3-5 years) which is

unfavourable CSTS opportunities more on image than on economic aspects

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6. Netherlands (2)

Energy sources for water heatingSource: De Kwaliteit van de Nederlandse woning en woonomgeving rond de millenniumwisseling – Basisrapportage Kwalitatieve Woonregistratie 2000 (VROM)

Natural Gas79%

Electricity11%

District Heat10% Hot water demand per

occupied bed (litres/day at 60º C)

Room with washbasin 6 ± 1

Room with washbasin and shower

21 ± 3

Room with washbasin, shower and bath

54 ± 8

Laundry 18 ± 9

Hot water demand for hotel facilitiesSsource: ISSO Publicatie 59 Grote zonneboilers – ontwerp, uitvoering en beheer, 2000

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6. Netherlands (3)


Stabilised market volume (stagnating) due to the abolition of the national subsidy scheme in 2003; only tax reduction for companies + local subsidy schemes remaining

Objective of 400,000 solar water heaters by 2010 unlikely to be reached

36,000 m² CSTS installed by 2002; >5,000 m² CSTS newly installed in 2004

CSTS market growth is 13 % in 2004 Due to the small size of the market no continuing market development


Low interest rates granted for non-profit housing associations, investing in real estate, with payback times of 10-15 years

For commercial investors, payback times amount to 3-5 years Heating costs sometimes included in service costs, but generally paid by

tenants No mechanism to shift the investment costs to the tenants without

their written permission; however, exception for new rent contracts


National goal of 400,000 solar water heaters by 2010 doubtful due to abandoned national subsidy program (see above)

Still existing: Fiscal stimuli, e. g. Energy Investment Allowance (EIA) and Green Investment tax deduction

Since 2005, subsidy program for dissemination activities and feasibility studies

Several responsibilities shifted from national to local governments

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7. Cyprus (1)


National building stock of about 300,000 dwellings (2003) mainly consists of single houses and apartment blocks

MFH with 6 to 8 apartments are currently very much increasing Space heating usually done with large diesel fired boiler units; hot water

supply is managed by thermosiphon solar water heaters; each dwelling has its own system

Yearly refurbishing rate between 7 and 9 % 80 % condominium ownership of the total housing stock; the rest of 20 %

consists of Government low-cost housing schemes and self-help housing schemes


Around 100,000 beds capacity located in around 1,000 hotels, hotel apartments, apartment blocks and tourist villages; falling rate of occupancy from 75 % in 2001 to 55 % in 2004

50 % of hotels are utilising large solar water heating systems with diesel fire boilers for support during winter

Forced circulation systems are used with large array of flat plate collectors (300m²) and central hot water storage tank

Central heating systems like HVAC most commonly used for space heating Refurbishing rate about 1,000 to 1,500 hotels per year Until 1990, 100 % were family businesses, nowadays chain of hotels run by

large companies are taking over the business more and more (40 % of capacity until today)

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7. Cyprus (2)

Energy Balance for Households

Electricity, 13%

Diesel, 42%

Kerosine, 4%

LPG, 12%

Solar, 29%

Electricity Diesel Kerosine LPG Solar

Energy sources used in households in 2003Source: Cyprus Solar Thermal Market 2003, Cyprus Institute of Energy

Energy Balance for Hotels

Electricity, 38%

Diesel, 45%

,

LPG, 12%

Solar, 5%

Electricity Diesel LPG Solar

Energy sources used in hotels in 2003Source: Cyprus Institute of Energy, 2003

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7. Cyprus (3)


With 450,000 m² glazed collectors word leader in respect to installed solar collectors per capita

45,000 m² CSTS already installed (by 2005); yearly market growth from 10-15 %

National production capacities of about 30,000 m²/year


High energy prices Interest rates from 4.25 % for short term up to 4.75 % for long term

loans; expected pay back time for refurbishments is 10 years Heating costs are paid by tenants; no mechanisms used to shift the

investment costs from the investor/owner to the users/tenants


Action plan towards sustainable energy for Cyprus is also focussing on utilisation of solar thermal energy for further application like space heating and space cooling

A grant scheme covers investments in Solar thermal based on mature technologies up to 40 % of the investment maximum not exceeding 83,000 euros

The Cyprus Institute of Energy runs the programme; beneficiaries are schools, municipalities and communities

29

7. France (1)


Total housing stock of 29.4 million units in 2002 10.6 million dwellings, i. e. 43.3 %, are multifamily houses 13.7 million houses (56 %) are privately owned, thereof 2.6 million MFH 17.3 % are tenants in the social sector and 20.7 % in the private sector Most dwellings (35 %) built between 1949 and 1974 and before 1948 (31.2

%) Decentralized heating systems are common Energy source in most cases: gas and electricity; trend towards individual

gas heating systems In 2004, more than 133,000 MFH houses newly constructed 45 % social housing ownership


National building stock of 27,629 hotels in 2005 In most cases (50 %) privately/family owned (independent hotels),

18 % commercial ownership (voluntary/integrated chains) Mostly decentralized heating systems In economic class hotels mostly electric heating systems, in upper class

hotels different energy sources are used

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8. France (2)

Fraction of heating systems in MFHSource: -

Heating systems in MFH > 19 Apartments

District heating

20,0%

Gas central heating

21,0%

Electric Centraleheating

1,3%

No

Central heating

34,9%

Coal

/ Wood heating0,1%

Fuel central heating

22,7%

Heating types in MFH referring to year of construction

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

Vor 1915 1915 -

1948

1949 -

1967

1968 -

1974

1975 -

1981

1982 -

1989

ab 1990

District heating Gas Fuel Electric and cabbage and wood No Central heating

Fraction of heating types in MFH, referring to year of constructionSource: -

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8. France (3)


In the past, some public owners very active in CSTS, especially in social housing

In 2004, about 7,768 m² of CSTS installed, i. e. market share of 7.8 % For 2005, estimation of 15,000 m² of CSTS installed, i. e. 20 % of the

market share Objective by the end of 2006: 15,000 m² of CSTS installed yearly


Reallocation of the investment costs from the owner to the tenants is impossible

SRU Law with reference to decent housing (bonus on the utilisation of renewable energies)

Girardin Law for overseas departments, containing tax credits dispositions for investments in renewable energy

New thermal regulation 2005 to come into force by 2006, with stricter requirements on energetic performance in new buildings (for hot water production)


Objective: one million m² installed per year by 2010, i. e. at least 200,000 m² yearly for CSTS

Plan Soleil, continuing until the end of 2006, has been revised in 2004 Promotion measures by ADEME as well as financial supports, i. e.

subsidies renegotiated each year Support only granted when successive steps are followed (feasibility

studies, certificated collectors, realisation)

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3. Summary and overview – Comparison between countries

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Summary – Assessment criteria

Assessment criteria = assess the effects of the present market conditions

and framework on the implementation of CSTS in each national housing and

hotel sector

+++ = optimal conditions for CSTS implementation

++ = advantageous conditions

+ = rather advantageous

0 = without influence

- = rather disadvantageous

-- = disadvantageous

--- = implementation almost impossible

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Summary – Comparison between SOLARGE countries (1)

CSTS in the MFH sector CSTS in the hotel sector

DENMARK 0 --

NETHERLANDS + 0

GERMANY + +

FRANCE ++ ++

SPAIN + ++

ITALY + +

SLOVENIA 0 +

CYPRUS + ++

Legend:

+++ = optimal conditions, ++ = advantageous, + = rather advantageous, 0 = without influence, - = rather disadvantageous, -- = very disadvantageous, --- = almost impossible

35

Summary – Comparison between SOLARGE countries (2)

National energy policy for CSTS

National economic

framework for CSTS

National legislative

framework for CSTS

DENMARK --- 0 +

NETHERLANDS 0 0 +

GERMANY + + +

FRANCE ++ + ++

SPAIN ++ - +

ITALY + ++ +

SLOVENIA + 0 -

CYPRUS + ++ 0

Legend:

+++ = optimal framework, ++ = advantageous, + = rather advantageous, 0 = without influence, - = rather disadvantageous, -- = very disadvantageous, --- = almost impossible

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4. Conclusions for SOLARGE activities in 2006

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1. SOLARGE Spain

Conclusion housing sector

Interesting market segment for SOLARGE: new housing sector of multi family houses

Most important market segment for SOLARGE is the condominium ownership of apartments

Conclusion hotel sector

Due to significant energy costs: hot water production as promising market segment for SOLARGE

Low production rate of new hotels calls for focusing on existing hotels

Conclusion CSTS market

Market is slowly becoming mature and professional Need/potential for large systems remains, due to high market share

of apartment buildings Necessity to find adequate solutions for decentralized systems Technological development must be improved, including minimum

requirements, optimal (building) integration etc.

Conclusion legislative and economic framework

Low energy prices are not a main aspect for the market development New building code (CTE) will have a major effect on the market,

especially in the new building sector Main challenge/success factor will be to facilitate the implementation of

the CTE

Conclusion energy policy

The combination of CTE, PER 2005 as well as subsidies and credit lines will create a sound basis for the market development

Key actors on the implementation of the CTE are public bodies on national, regional and local level

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2. SOLARGE Denmark


More CSTS to be installed at the district heating plant District heating, though, will not be possible for new buildings For the few buildings with oil and gas solar will be an issue Wide-spread use of central hot water is essential for CSTS at building

level


Only a small share of the building stock interesting for CSTS due to common district heating

Long pay back period of investments causes reluctance; adequate incentives needed

Solar is attractive due to central heating systems and hot water production

Important focus: Horesta, the Danish association for hotels and restaurants


Sector of large scale plants for district heating of interest for SOLARGE

Also in focus: new construction sector, based on buildings energy performance regulations

Knowledge/capacity of the manufacturers available for a larger market


Relatively high energy prices due to heavy taxation motivate to invest in CSTS


No incentives at hand in order to promote CSTS, although high fuel prices result in a growing market

Promotion by SOLARGE: demonstration of CSTS advantages in comparison to other energy sources

39

3. SOLARGE Italy


Large share of dwellings situated in MFH with high refurbishment rate However, mostly autonomous heating systems and privately owned flats Installation of CSTS hindered by technical and decisional problems Target group: housing associations and building companies


Hotels in the south more and more interested in solar thermal plants High technical potential for solar thermal However, moderate development due to subsidized energy prices by

hotel owners, assuming short payback times for investments


Supply side not very sufficiently established to satisfy a broader demand

Bottleneck: missing knowledge of installers Crucial aspect for SOLARGE: cooperation with all actors of supply side


High energy prices as important precondition for cost-effective CSTS Despite new economic and legislative schemes underway, investors not

convinced yet Necessity to establish complete service packages and collateral

measures, while collaborating with investors (e. g. building enterprises)


Despite incentive systems, the goal of 3 million m² installed collector area will not be reached by 2010

Long term R&D program for CSTS would be crucial to develop appropriate technology and to build up confidence

40

4. SOLARGE Germany


Intended CSTS integration is based on about three million multifamily houses, thereof 80 % with a technical beneficial system, and a high potential for energetic optimization

Ownership associations are a relevant target group for SOLARGE activities

Solar activities should be a part of marketing strategy, especially for demand dominated market relations


Hotel chains are a relevant target group for SOLARGE, although the financial scope for additional (e. g. solar) activities is relatively low

Integration of solar solutions into the marketing strategy (e.g. Wellness-Hotels, Eco-Tourism) could be realised


Market sector for CSTS still little developed, although actors show an increasing interest for its improvement


Due to high energy prices and price increases the framework is advantageous for CSTS

Integration of solar activities also to be simplified by the obligation of an energy efficiency label for residential buildings


Different subsidies for CSTS investments are available Subsidies might arouse positive effects for CSTS

41

5. SOLARGE Netherlands


Most important stakeholders for SOLARGE are housing associations Promotion to be embedded in refurbishment approaches (e. g. comfort,

health) Attention for energy savings will grow, due to fast growing energy prices


Few hotel chains, owning 20 % of all hotels, allow focused dissemination efforts

Payback times, though, usually amount to 3-5 years Interest in solar thermal may grow due to environmental image reasons Potential also for campsites (34 % of the hotel sector)


Ups and downs in the market can be explained by few large installations and by changing government policies

Currently, no specific active support programs for CSTS Solar thermal tap water heating is a predominant technology


Favourable capital market terms for social housing From 2006 on, strengthened building regulations to stimulate new

construction, and EPBD to stimulate the market for solar refurbishment Important stimulus could be the full incorporation of energy quality in

rent prices


Solar thermal not favoured very well, in contrast to wind and biomass energy

Institutional focus to be targeted to the ministries of housing (VROM) and of economic affairs (EZ)

42

6. SOLARGE Slovenia


Less than half of the building stock are multifamily houses Relatively old houses, in most cases privately owned (thus, lack of

expertise) Potential of solar thermal due to high energy consumption and

individual heating systems (66 %) Initiatives to combining biomass and solar water heating Increasing renovation activities during the last decade Target group for SOLARGE are designers and building managers Solar energy not ambitiously included in the national energy supply plan


Predicted investment of almost 100 million € in refurbishment and 150 million € in new construction by 2010: advantageous indicator for CSTS

Target group for SOLARGE: mainly hotel chains


Relatively unorganised domestic industry as starting point for SOLARGE

Subsidy schemes with larger effects on individual investors Environmental reputation and good practise examples as important

aspects


Future situation for CSTS will improve, due to rising energy prices SOLARGE is to enhance demand in multifamily buildings, hotels etc.


Favourable current national subsidy scheme Goal should be a long term subsidy scheme, with annual decrease of

support Target groups for SOLARGE are the national institutions

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7. SOLARGE Cyprus


Ministry departments are target group for SOLARGE WP 3 activities

Focus should be on utilizing solar energy also for space heating and on further system development (forced circulation, open or closed loop solar systems)


The Ministry of Commerce, Industry and Tourism is under consultation with the other associations in order to introduce new measures / policies for improving the quality of tourist services => potential for SOLARGE?


Local industry existing; potential for international co-operation introducing other applications


Due to high energy prices it is the right time to introduce more CSTS

Currently no legal dependence between the rent and the energy efficiency of a flat


Due to the implementation of the action plan many hotels will be renovated in the next few years for the quality improvement of the hotel sector services; this will give the opportunity to replace the old solar thermal systems by new efficient systems

Current grant scheme gives the opportunity to introduce new CSTS applications to schools and municipalities

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8. SOLARGE France


Potential for CSTS especially in social housing sector

Conclusion hotel sector (Integrated) hotel chains could be an interesting target group

(multipliers)


Development still strongly linked to public authorities’ actions Still relatively low degree of organization and lobbying regarding

manufacturers and other actors


Evolutions of regulations are designed in connection with the new law of 2005 and the objectives for the market share of solar thermal


Continuous actions, framework and support scheme with increasing communication measures

Relevant target groups are local authorities (regional councils)

Documents

1 SOLARGE - National market analysis for CSTS in 2005 Research design, research results and conclusions for SOLARGE 2006 Presentation by Christoph Urbschat,