1 Social Capital and Community- based Water Management: A Case Study in Bukidnon MM Paunlagui, AC Rola and MR Nguyen

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Social Capital and Community-based Water

Management: A Case Study in Bukidnon

MM Paunlagui, AC Rola

and MR Nguyen

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Outline of presentation

• Introduction

• Framework of analysis

• Methodology

• Results of the study

• Conclusions

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Introduction

• Development processes affect environment

• Degradation occurs when Institutions cannot cope with development processes

• Establishment of community organizations can restore harmony to environment-society relations

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Objective

To answer the question:

Can building social capital through policy and other incentives affect the state of the environment?

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Framework of Analysis• Social capital

– connections among individuals, i.e., social networks and the norms of reciprocity and trustworthiness that arise from them (Putnam

2000). – interaction that enables people to build

communities, to commit themselves to each other (Kilvington and Horn 2001)

– Forms of social capital: norms, obligations, information potential, and associations

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Framework …2

• Social capital– Membership in association

– density of organizations and household participation, rules, regulations, activities, and effective participation by members in activities and at meetings

– Level of trust

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Framework …3

• Co-management of natural resources

Decentralized governance

Bounded rationality

Co-management (NGOs, Pos, Private Sector)

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Framework …4

• Co-management of natural resources– to build on partnerships and collaboration

from stakeholders, and consider these as learning processes

– Ideally, ensures that the views of minorities are taken into account and that the voices of the most vulnerable in society are heard in decision-making (UNESCAP nd)

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Framework …5

Conceptual Framework

Social capital trust membership in

organizations reciprocity collective action

Sustainable water

Management

Co-managementof

Natural resources

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Methodology• Social Capital = Σ(level of trust, membership

in organizations, reciprocity, and collective/community participation– Level of trust - levels of trust or conflict that

exists between a pair of institutional groups in the matrix.

– Membership - the number of organizations that members of household is affiliated with;

– Collective/community participation - participation in group activities like cleaning and planting trees in the area surrounding the barangay plaza and repair of water system.

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Methodology…2

– Reciprocity - exchange of goods, services and other forms of assistance in agricultural, social, religious and economic activities.

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Methodology…3

Question/source of information

Measurement

Level of trust Relational matrix showing the alliances which exist between a pair of organizations

Low = 1

Moderate = 2

High = 3

Associations/ organizations

Membership in association Low = 1

Moderate = 2

High = 3

Reciprocity Freely exchange of goods and services, participation in exchange labor

Never = 1

Sometimes = 2

Always = 3

Collective action Number of times participated in community projects/activities

Never = 1

Sometimes = 2

Always = 3

Measurement of Social capital

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Methodology…4

• Venn Diagram– graphical presentation showing the degree

of importance and relationship among the institutions present in the community

– allows to view the relationship and contribution of different organizations that are significant to community development (Pesimo-Gata 2001)

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Methodology…5

• Sub-watershed degradation (Deutsch et al 2001)

– Alanib may be considered as the most degraded. Alanib sub-water shed contains the highest level of TSS (total suspended solids) and the highest level of e Coli. (coliform concentration).

– Maagnao has a moderate rate of degradation– Tugasan sub watershed has a low rate of

degradation.

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Methodology…6

• Sources of data– Rola et al. 2002 survey data

– Eight Focus Group Discussions

– Secondary Data• Development plans (Municipal,

Provincial)• Deutsch, et al 2001

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Results of the study

Sub-watershed/rate of degradation

Population Area Proportion of Talaandig to total population

High –Alanib

Alanib 3864 4812 15

Balila 2306 536 5

Baclayon 1439 727 60

Moderate - Maagnao

Cawayan 1686 1452 60

Victory 1367 1123 80

Songco 2921 4304 70

Low - Tugasan

Basac 2257 3705 95

Kibanggay 6006 5090 25

Study site

Source: Barangay and Municipal Development Plans

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Social capital index and rate of degradation

1.8

1.9

2

2.1

2.2

2.3

High Moderate Low

Results …2

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Results …3

Sub-watershed/rate of degradation Social capital index

High –Alanib 2.23

Alanib 2.06

Balila 2.22

Baclayon 2.42

Moderate - Maagnao 1.80

Cawayan 1.72

Victory 1.73

Songco 1.96

Low - Tugasan 2.03

Basac 2.06

Kibanggay 2.00

Social capital index

Social Capital Index: 1 – Low 2 – Moderate 3- HighSource of basic data: Rola et al. 2003.

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Results …4

Sub-watershed/rate of degradation Index of trust

High –Alanib 2.46

Alanib 2.20

Balila 2.67

Baclayon 2.50


Cawayan 0.98

Victory 2.78

Songco 2.42

Low - Tugasan 2.12

Basac 2.01

Kibanggay 2.20

Index of trust


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Results …5

Type of Organization

Rate of degradation

High Moderate Low

Economic 30.00 42.86 43.75

Social 40.00 35.71 31.25

Environmental 10.00 21.43 18.75

Others 20.00 0.00 6.25

Total 100 100 100

n 20 28 16

Social Capital Index: 1 – Low 2 – Moderate 3- High

Percent distribution of organization

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Results …6

Sub-watershed/rate of degradation Index

High –Alanib 2.23

Alanib 2.06

Balila 2.22

Baclayon 2.42


Cawayan 1.72

Victory 1.73

Songco 1.96

Low - Tugasan 2.03

Basac 2.06

Kibanggay 2.00

Index of membership


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Results …7


High –Alanib 1.92

Alanib 1.96

Balila 1.62

Baclayon 2.36


Cawayan 2.09

Victory 1.29

Songco 1.29

Low - Tugasan 1.87

Basac 2.00

Kibanggay 1.74

Index of reciprocity


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Results …8


High –Alanib 2.24

Alanib 2.00

Balila 2.22

Baclayon 2.50


Cawayan 1.55

Victory 1.00

Songco 1.86

Low - Tugasan 1.80

Basac 1.78

Kibanggay 1.81

Index of collective participation


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Results …9

• Co-management of natural resources

Does social capital facilitate better co-management of

natural resources?

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Results …10

• Co-management of natural resources– Actors present in the sub-watershed

• National and local government agencies, e.g.,– DA, DENR, DSWD, DECS– Barangay Development Council,

Municipal/provincial government

• Civil society organizations – POs, private companies, other non-governmental organizations

• Internationally funded programs– Sanrem, Icraf, Heifer, Kin

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Results …11Importance and Relationship of

Institutions/agencies/organizations

Barangay Development

CouncilDepartment of Education/

PTA

MKAVI

Land Care-ICRAF

ProvincialGovernment

LGU-Lantapan

CatholicGroup

Barangay AlanibOctober 15, 2002

BIDANI

Dayong

BantayWahig

La Ropa

DOLE

Congresman

Ancheta

Barangay Development

CouncilDepartment of Education/

PTA

MKAVI

Land Care-ICRAF


LGU-Lantapan

CatholicGroup

Barangay AlanibOctober 15, 2002

BIDANI

Dayong

BantayWahig

La Ropa

DOLE

Congresman

Ancheta

BarangayDevelop-

mentCouncil

ReligiousOrganizations


RuralImprovement

Club

LandownerAssociation

Baclayon Multi-purpose Cooperative

LGULantapan

Barangay BaclayonOctober 16, 2002

BIDANI

CongressmanAncheta

MKAVI

SeniorCitizen’s

Org.

BarangayDevelop-

mentCouncil



RuralImprovement

Club

LandownerAssociation

Baclayon Multi-purpose Cooperative

LGULantapan

Barangay BaclayonOctober 16, 2002

BIDANI

CongressmanAncheta

MKAVI

SeniorCitizen’s

Org.

Municipal Government

LandCare

Department of Education

Provincial Government

BarangayDeveopment

Council

National Govenmentt

Church

HeiferPhils.Inc.

Barangay BalilaOctober 16, 2002

Ka Pamilya


LandCare

Department of Education


BarangayDeveopment

Council

National Govenmentt

Church

HeiferPhils.Inc.

Barangay BalilaOctober 16, 2002

Ka Pamilya

HighRateofdegradation

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ModeraterateofDegradation- Maagnao

Municipal Govt.


BarangayDeveopment

Council

Barangay CawayanOctober 11, 2002

SniorCitizen’s

Org.

ICRAF –Land Care

Ifugao Org.

DOLE

MILO

AsiaPro

Purok

ReligiousOrg.

Municipal Govt.


BarangayDeveopment

Council

Barangay CawayanOctober 11, 2002

SniorCitizen’s

Org.

ICRAF –Land Care

Ifugao Org.

DOLE

MILO

AsiaPro

Purok

ReligiousOrg.

Heifer Philippines,

Inc.


KitangladIntegrated Network

BarangayDevelopment

Council

KitangladVolunteer Guards


Department of Social Welfare

and Development

Land Care

Vege-table

Growers

Barangay VictoryOctober 11, 2002

Heifer Philippines,

Inc.


KitangladIntegrated Network

BarangayDevelopment

Council

KitangladVolunteer Guards


Department of Social Welfare

and Development

Land Care

Vege-table

Growers

Barangay VictoryOctober 11, 2002

DAYONG

Municipal Gov.

MSEC

BarangayDeveopment

Council

DepartmentOf Agriculture

ReligiousOrganiza-

tion

Barangay SongcoOctober 15, 2002

Kitanglad Volunteer

Guard

ATSAL

MapawaTribal Group

Sofamco

TribalMAISFA

NGO (ICRAF, KIN, SANREM –Tigbantay

Wahig, PPAEF)

BUTRICO

PBA

SongcoWomen’s

Assoc.

TribalWomen

Women’sAssoc.

DAYONG

Municipal Gov.

MSEC

BarangayDeveopment

Council

DepartmentOf Agriculture

ReligiousOrganiza-

tion

Barangay SongcoOctober 15, 2002

Kitanglad Volunteer

Guard

ATSAL

MapawaTribal Group

Sofamco

TribalMAISFA

NGO (ICRAF, KIN, SANREM –Tigbantay

Wahig, PPAEF)

BUTRICO

PBA

SongcoWomen’s

Assoc.

TribalWomen

Women’sAssoc.

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LowrateofDegradation- Tugasan

BUFAI

LGU-Lantapan

BarangayDeveopment

Council


Barangay BasacOctober 14, 2002

PTA

BUFAI-Women

DA

Council of Elders

Tribal

BantayWahig

BIDANI

KGV

ReligiousOrganizat-

ions

DENR/RIMCU/CIFOR

BUFAI

LGU-Lantapan

BarangayDeveopment

Council


Barangay BasacOctober 14, 2002

PTA

BUFAI-Women

DA

Council of Elders

Tribal

BantayWahig

BIDANI

KGV

ReligiousOrganizat-

ions

DENR/RIMCU/CIFOR

DA/HPI/DOH/DECS/DSWD/PNP


BarangayDevelopment

Council

SeniorCitizen

LGU

Women’sOrganizations

GermanDoctors

Barangay KibanggayOctober 14, 2002

Senior Citizen

Organization

Guardian

DA/HPI/DOH/DECS/DSWD/PNP


BarangayDevelopment

Council

SeniorCitizen

LGU

Women’sOrganizations

GermanDoctors

Barangay KibanggayOctober 14, 2002

Senior Citizen

Organization

Guardian

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Results …14

• Willingness to pay– Except for Alanib, participants to the

FGDs expressed their willingness to pay for the protection/conservation of water resources

– Alanib participants, however, are willing to work collectively to protect/conserve their water resources

– Payment rate will also depend on the transparency of the government units in the utilization of such fund.

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Conclusions

• social capital and environmental degradation is found to be non-linear in nature.

• If there were good relations between the community and the village governance, people have high propensity to collectively participate in the management of natural resources

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Conclusions…2• Incentives to do sustainable resource (i.e. soil)

management practices vary• Social capital should be seen as giving

policymakers useful insights into the importance of community, the social fabric and social relations at the individual, community and societal levels in natural resource management. Thus,one can elicit a range of new policy levers though this is not a single magic bullet for solving all environmental problems (Aldridge et al 2001).

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Thank you

Documents

1 Social Capital and Community- based Water Management: A Case Study in Bukidnon MM Paunlagui, AC Rola and MR Nguyen