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Segmental anchoring or segmental anchorage?Tonal alignment and scaling of the French late rise and implications for models of intonational structure
Pauline [email protected]
Coláiste na Tríonóide, Baile Átha CliathIrlanda
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Research carried out at:Institut de la Communication Parlée (CNRS)(Département Parole et Cognition de GIPSA-lab (CNRS))Grenoble, France
Joint work with Hélène Lœvenbruck
Welby, Pauline and Hélène Lœvenbruck. (2006). Anchored down in Anchorage: Syllable structure and segmental anchoring in French. Rivista di Linguistica/ Italian Journal of Linguistics 18: 74–124. Current Issues in Tonal Alignment. Mariapaola D'Imperio (ed.).
Welby, Pauline and Hélène Lœvenbruck. (2005) Interspeech.
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IntroductionSegmentalAnchoringFrench prosody
Production exptMethodsResults
Conclusions
Introduction• Aims
• Examine language universal claims of the “segmental anchoring” hypothesis (Ladd et al., 1999)
• Examine influence of syllabic structure on tonal alignment in French
• Learn about French intonation and intonation structure more generally
• Approach• Record two read speech corpora
• Examine tonal alignment and tonal scaling
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Segmental anchoring
• Hypothesis about the nature of tonal alignment and tonal scaling, cross-linguistically (Arvaniti et al., 1998, Ladd et al., 1999)
• Languages examined for hypothesis include: CatalanDutchEnglishGerman GreekRussianSpanish
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IntroductionSegmentalAnchoringFrench prosody
Production exptMethodsResults
Conclusions
Segmental anchoring and tonal alignment
Tonal alignment:timing of peaks and valleys in the fundamental frequency (F0) curve with segmental landmarks
Segmental anchoring claim: “… when we look more closely at the differences
of detail that have been documented between one syllable structure and another or between one language and another, we find that both the beginning and the end of the f0 movement can and must be precisely specified [with respect to segmental landmarks]” (Ladd et al. 2000, emphasis added).
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Segmental anchoring and tonal scaling
Tonal scaling: relative position of peaks and valleys in the “tonal space”
Segmental anchoring claim:“Strictly speaking, the segmental anchoring hypothesis makes no predictions about the size of the F0 excursion, yet the idea of independent L and H targets leads to the expectation that rate will have little effect on excursion size.” (Ladd et al. 1999)
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A prediction
Steeper slope as rate increases
normalnormal fastfast
rise timerise time
F0
F0
excu
rsio
n si
ze e
xcur
sion
siz
e
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Research question 1
• Do French patterns support the claims of segmental anchoring?
• anchors for start and end of F0 rise?
• little variation in position of start and end?(within and across rates)
• fairly constant tonal scaling across rates?• steeper slopes in fast rate utterances?
IntroductionSegmentalAnchoringFrench prosody
Production exptMethodsResults
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IntroductionSegmentalAnchoringFrench prosody
Production exptMethodsResults
Conclusions
Basics of French prosody
[Les vitamines]AP qu’ils recèlent naturellement…
‘The vitamins that they naturally contain….’
late rise
(AP = accentual phrase)(AP = accentual phrase)
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Basics of French prosody
[Les vitamines]AP qu’ils recèlent naturellement…
[Les vitamines]AP qu’ils recèlent naturellement…
late riseearly rise
late rise
(AP = accentual phrase)(AP = accentual phrase)
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Basics of French prosody
[Les vitamines]AP qu’ils recèlent naturellement…
[Les vitamines]AP qu’ils recèlent naturellement…
late riseearly rise
LL LLHH
LLLLHH
HH
late rise
(AP = accentual phrase)(AP = accentual phrase)
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Basics of French prosody
[Les vitamines]AP qu’ils recèlent naturellement…
[Les vitamines]AP qu’ils recèlent naturellement…
late riseearly rise
LL LLHH
LLLLHH
HH
late rise
Models using tonal targets: Di Cristo & Hirst (1996), Di Cristo (1999, 2000); Post (2000); Jun & Fougeron (2000, 2002); Mertens (1987, 2002); Welby (2002, 2003, 2004); Welby & Lœvenbruck (2006)
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Example from corpus
Fun
dam
enta
l fre
quen
cy
(Hz)
Fun
dam
enta
l fre
quen
cy
(Hz)
Time (s)Time (s)
150
200
250
300
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
det target carrier 2
sm1s1 s2 s3 sp1
o1v1o2v2o3v3c3
L1 H1 L2 H2
Les vitamines qu’ils recèlent naturellement sont un prétexte pour les gourmands.
‘The vitamins that they naturally contain are just an excuse for people who like to eat.’
L1L1L2L2
H1H1H2H2
Son (OLE2)
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Alignment of L2 and H2
H2:• “close to the end” of the last syllable of the AP(Welby 2003)
L2:• sometimes in penultimate syllable
• sometimes in last syllable
• association to (Jun & Fougeron, 2000)/ alignment to (Post, 2002) penultimate syllable
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IntroductionSegmentalAnchoringFrench prosody
Production exptMethodsResults
Conclusions
Research question 2
• What are the precise anchors for L2 and H2?
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H2 anchor point: end of vowel
C V C V C V
s1 s2 s3
C V C V C V Cson
s1 s2 s3
C V C V C V Cobs
s1 s2 s3
salamisalami
vitaminevitamine
pyramidepyramide
[mi][mi]
[min][min]
[mid][mid]
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H2 anchor point: end of sonorant rhyme
C V C V C V
s1 s2 s3
C V C V C V Cson
s1 s2 s3
C V C V C V Cobs
s1 s2 s3
salamisalami
vitaminevitamine
pyramidepyramide
[mi][mi]
[min][min]
[mid][mid]
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H2 anchor point: end of syllable
C V C V C V
s1 s2 s3
C V C V C V Cson
s1 s2 s3
C V C V C V Cobs
s1 s2 s3
salamisalami
vitaminevitamine
pyramidepyramide
[mi][mi]
[min][min]
[mid][mid]
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L2 anchor point
• not possible to posit specific anchor points a priori
• alignment with respect to penultimate syllable (Jun & Fougeron, 2000; Post, 2002) or last syllable?
IntroductionSegmentalAnchoringFrench prosody
Production exptMethodsResults
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Methods: Participants
• 6 native speakers of Parisian French
• Students or researchers in Grenoble
• Average age: 27
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Methods: Corpus
• 6 noun triplets: C1V
1.C
2V
2.C
3V
3(C
3)
salami /sa.la.mi/ /CV.CV.CV/
vitamine /vi.ta.min/ /CV.CV.CVCson/
pyramide /pi.Ra.mid/ /CV.CV.CVCobs/
• Targets embedded in carrier sentences: {le, la, les} target [{qui, que, qu’ils, qu’elles…} VP] VP ‘the target that…’• Sentences placed in paragraphs
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La cuisine de Marie-Noëlle regorge de victuailles. Un salami qui a été rapporté de Parme suinte d'une graisse très prometteuse. Sur la desserte, un immense compotier déborde de fruits de toutes sortes. Les vitamines qu'ils recèlent naturellement sont un prétexte pour les gourmands. Une pièce-montée en choux et nougatine trône sur le buffet. La pyramide qui dégouline de caramel fera sûrement des amateurs.
‘Marie-Noëlle's kitchen is overflowing with provisions. A salami that was brought back from Parma is dripping with very promising grease. On the side table, a giant bowl is brimming with all kinds of fruit. The vitamins that they naturally contain are just an excuse for people who like to eat. A layer cake with puff pastries and nougatine is prominently displayed on the cabinet. The pyramid, dripping with caramel, will surely be appreciated.’
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Methods: Procedures • 6 paragraphs read at 2 rates:
• normal• fast
• Recorded to DAT (44.1 kHz), transferred to PC, downsampled (22.05 kHz)
• Target sentences saved to separate files
• Labelled (Praat): words, syllables, segments, L2, H2
• 133 items with LHLH in critical APs
• Duration, latency, rate, etc. extracted/ calculated (Praat)
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Results – Rate
** **
SpeakerSpeaker
Rat
e, t
arge
t w
ord
(syl
labl
e/m
s)R
ate,
tar
get
wor
d (s
ylla
ble/
ms)
fastfastnormalnormalIntroduction
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Results – Rise time
** ** fastfastnormalnormal
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Results – F0 excursion size
**
(Hz)
(Hz)
** fastfastnormalnormal
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Results:correlation rise time/ F0 excursion size
Speaker r p N
1 -0.140 0.272 ns 21
2 0.442 0.015* 24
3 0.527 0.010* 19
4 0.316 0.062 ns 25
5 -0.139 0.216 ns 34
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Results – rise time, f0 excursion
rise timerise time
F0
F0
excu
rsio
n si
ze e
xcur
sion
siz
e
rise timerise time
F0
F0
excu
rsio
n si
ze e
xcur
sion
siz
e
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Results – L2 alignment
• L2 rarely in penultimate syllable• Generally toward the beginning of last syllable.
Cf. Jun & Fougeron (2000), Post (2002), Welby (2003a/b)
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Results – L2 alignment
Two potential anchors examined
Rate effects for 2 speakers
C V C
S3
begS3begS3toL2toL2
begV3begV3toL2toL2
L2L2
H2H2IntroductionSegmentalAnchoringFrench prosody
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Results – L2 alignment
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
0 0.5la sentinelle
sm1 s1 s2 s3
o1 v1 o2 v2 o3 v3 c3
L1 H1 L2 H2
‘‘the sentinel/ watchman’the sentinel/ watchman’
L2L2L1L1
H1H1
H2H2
end end of onset of onset
consonantconsonant
normalnormal
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150
200
250
300
350
0 0.5
le milanais
sm1 s1 s2 s3
o1 v1 o2 v2 o3 v3
L1 H1 L2 H2
Results – L2 alignment
‘‘The man from Milan’The man from Milan’
L2L2
L1L1
H1H1
H2H2
start start of onset of onset
consonantconsonant
fastfastIntroductionSegmentalAnchoringFrench prosody
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H2 anchor point: end of vowel
C V C V C V
s1 s2 s3
C V C V C V Cson
s1 s2 s3
C V C V C V Cobs
s1 s2 s3
salamisalami
vitaminevitamine
pyramidepyramide
[mi][mi]
[min][min]
[mid][mid]
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H2 anchor point: end of sonorant rhyme
C V C V C V
s1 s2 s3
C V C V C V Cson
s1 s2 s3
C V C V C V Cobs
s1 s2 s3
salamisalami
vitaminevitamine
pyramidepyramide
[mi][mi]
[min][min]
[mid][mid]
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H2 anchor point: end of syllable
C V C V C V
s1 s2 s3
C V C V C V Cson
s1 s2 s3
C V C V C V Cobs
s1 s2 s3
salamisalami
vitaminevitamine
pyramidepyramide
[mi][mi]
[min][min]
[mid][mid]
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Potential H2 anchor points
C V Cobs
S3
C V
S3
L2L2
H2H2
endV3endV3toH2toH2
C V Cson
S3
[mi][mi]
[min][min]
[mid][mid]
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Potential H2 anchor points
L2L2
H2H2
endSonRhymeendSonRhymetoH2toH2
C V Cson
S3
[min][min]
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Observed H2 alignment
C V C V C V
s1 s2 s3
C V C V C V Cobs
s1 s2 s3
salamisalami
pyramidepyramide
[mi][mi]
[mid][mid]
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Observed H2 alignment
C V C V C V
s1 s2 s3
C V C V C V Cson
s1 s2 s3
C V C V C V Cobs
s1 s2 s3
salamisalami
vitaminevitamine
pyramidepyramide
[mi][mi]
[min][min]
[mid][mid]
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Results – H2 alignment
CVCV CVCobsCVCobs
endV3toH2endV3toH2 endV3toH2endV3toH2
CVCsonCVCson
endV3toH2endV3toH2
CVCsonCVCson
endSonRhymeToH2endSonRhymeToH2
[mi][mi]
[min][min]
[mid][mid]
[min][min]
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Results – H2 alignment
150
200
250
300
350
0 0.5
les vitamines
sm1 s1 s2 s3
o1 v1 o2 v2 o3 v3 c3
L1 H1 L2 H2
les vitaminesles vitamines
‘‘the vitamins’the vitamins’
L2L2
L1L1
H1H1 H2H2IntroductionSegmentalAnchoringFrench prosody
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Results – H2 alignment
150
200
250
300
350
0 0.5
ce matinal
sm1 s1 s2 s3
o1 v1 o2 v2 o3 v3 c3
L1 H1 L2 H2
ce matinalce matinal
‘‘this morning person’this morning person’
L2L2
L1L1
H1H1
H2H2IntroductionSegmentalAnchoringFrench prosody
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Alignment results summary L2
• Differences from previous studies
• No stable anchor point
• Rate effects for 2/5 speakers
H2
• Effect of syllable structure on alignmentCV & CVCobs vs. CVCson
• No simple anchor point for CVCson:great alignment variability (60ms+)
contracontrasegmental segmental anchoringanchoring
contracontrasegmental segmental anchoringanchoring
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Anchor vs. Anchorage
anchor (n): a mechanical device that prevents a vessel from moving
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Anchor vs. Anchorage
anchor (n): a mechanical device that prevents a vessel from moving
anchorage (n): a place where vessels anchor; a place suitable for anchoring
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C V CS
segmental segmental anchoranchor
APAP
47
C V CS
APAP
segmentalsegmentalanchorageanchorage
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ConclusionsSegmental anchoring not supported for French
• No clear anchor point for L2• Rate effects on L2 alignment• Rate effects on F0 excursion size• No stable anchor point for H2
Segmental anchoring claims cannot be spoken language universals. For some languages:• Only one end of a rise is anchored• Rate effects on F0 excursion size• Anchorages rather than anchors
Segmental anchorage is not claimed to be a spoken language universal. Rather, it is one of the range of alignment possibilties.
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ConclusionsAlignment of French H2
• Surface alignment differences across syllables structures
• Unified account provided by the notion of segmental anchorage
• For H2, region stretching from ~ 25 ms before the end of the last full vowel of the accentual phrase to the end of the phrase.
• Few peaks in voiced obstruents:– physical constraints on maintaining voicing– preserving of cues to consonant identity
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Conclusions
Danger of arguing for language universals based on data from a few languagesIntroduction
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Directions for future research
• Are segmental anchorages found in other languages?
• Articulatory alignment of H2?
• Similarities in other languages with LHLH patterns (Korean, Occitan)?
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Acknowledgments
Allison BlodgettChristian BulfoneBarbara Gili FivelaNino MedvesPascal PerrierCristel Portes
Experiment participants
This research was supported by a Marie Curie International Fellowship within the 6th European Community Framework Programme.
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Gràcies!
Merci !
Go raibh maith agaibh!