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Router Internal Components
ConsoleConsoleAuxiliaryAuxiliary InterfacesInterfaces
RAMRAM NVRAMNVRAM FlashFlash ROMROM
RAM - Packet buffers, running configurations, running IOS
ROM - Rom Monitor, Baby IOS (Rxboot)
NVRAM - Backup configurations, Config register
Flash - IOS
Sources of Configurations
ConfigConfig
Console
RAM NVRAM
• NVRAM• Terminal• TFTP server• Erase Start
copy running startup
copy startup running (merge)
TFTPserver
Blank000000000000
erasestart
config term(merge)
copy tftp run (merge) copy tftp start
copy start tftpcopy run tftp
Router Status Commands
RAM
Internetwork Operating System
ProgramsTables
and Buffers
DynamicConfigurationInformation
NVRAM Flash
BackupBackupConfigurationConfiguration
FileFile
Operating Operating SystemsSystems
IInntteerrffaacceess
Router#show interfacesRouter#show interfaces
Router#show memRouter#show ip routeRouter#show memRouter#show ip route
Router#show flashRouter#show flash
Router#show startup-configRouter#show startup-config
Router#show running-configRouter#show running-config
Router#show processes CPURouter#show protocolsRouter#show processes CPURouter#show protocols
Router#show versionRouter#show version
Creating a Software Image Backup
wg_ro_a#copy flash tftpSource filename []? c2500-js-l_120-3.binAddress or name of remote host []? 10.1.1.1Destination filename [c2500-js-l_120-3.bin]? !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!<output omitted>10084696 bytes copied in 709.228 secs (14223 bytes/sec)wg_ro_a#
Networkserver
FLASHFLASH
copy flash tftp
Upgrading the Image from the Net
wg_ro_a#copy tftp flashAddress or name of remote host [10.1.1.1]? Source filename []? c2500-js-l_120-3.binDestination filename [c2500-js-l_120-3.bin]? Accessing tftp://10.1.1.1/c2500-js-l_120-3.bin...Erase flash: before copying? [confirm]Erasing the flash filesystem will remove all files! Continue? [confirm]Erasing device... eeeee (output omitted) ...erasedErase of flash: completeLoading c2500-js-l_120-3.bin from 10.1.1.1 (via Ethernet0): !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!(output omitted)[OK - 10084696/20168704 bytes]Verifying checksum... OK (0x9AA0)10084696 bytes copied in 309.108 secs (32636 bytes/sec)wg_ro_a#
Networkserver
FLASHFLASH
External Configuration Sources
Console Port
Auxiliary Port
Interfaces
VirtualTerminals
VTY 0 4
TFTP Server
Network ManagementStation
Initializing a Router
POSTPOST
Run RXBoot Image
Run RXBoot Image
CheckConfigReg
Enter ROMMonitor Mode
Enter ROMMonitor Mode
Load IOSSubset
Load IOSSubset
Load from TFTP ServerLoad from
TFTP Server
Load IOSLoad IOS
Load IOSSubset
Load IOSSubset
Load from ROM
Load from ROM
Load from Flash
Load from Flash
ReadNVRAM
Initializing a Router
Can I find it?
Is there a
configuration file?
Yes
No
TFTPServer YesWhere is
it?
Load configuration
file
Load configuration
file
NVRAMLoad alternate configuration
file
RunAutoInstall
RunAutoInstall
NoSetupModeSetupMode
Router Modes
Privileged EXEC ModeDetailed examination of router. Debugging and testing. File manipulation. Remote access.
Router#
Router>
User EXEC ModeLimited examination of router. Remote access.
Global Configuration ModeCommands that affect the system as a whole.
Router>
User EXEC Mode
Limited examination of router. Remote access.
Privileged EXEC Mode
Detailed examination of router. Debugging and testing. File manipulation. Remote access.Router#
Used if the operating system does notexist in Flash or the boot sequence was interrupted during startup.
ROM Monitor Mode
> or rommon>
Prompted dialog used to establish an initial configuration.
RXBoot Mode
Boot helper software which helps the router boot when it cannot find a valid Cisco IOS image in Flash memory.Router<boot>
Router(config)#
Complex and multiline configurations.Other Configuration Modes
Router(config - mode)#
Overview of Router Modes
Router(config)#
Router>
Router#
Other configuration modes
Exit
Ctrl-Z (end)
Configuration Mode Prompt
Interface Router(config-if)#Subinterface Router(config-subif)#Controller Router(config-controller)#Line Router(config-line)#Router Router(config-router)#IPX-router Router(config-ipx-router)#Route-map Router(config-route-map)#
Configuring Router Identification
Router NameRouter(config)#hostname P1R1
P1R1#
Message of the Day BannerP1R1(config)#banner motd #
Accounting Department You have entered a secured system. Authorized access only! #
Interface DescriptionP1R1(config)#interface ethernet 0P1R1(config-if)#description Engineering LAN, Bldg. 18
Password Configuration
Router(config)#line console 0Router(config-line)#loginRouter(config-line)#password cisco
Console Password
Virtual Terminal Password
Router(config)#line vty 0 4Router(config-line)#login Router(config-line)#password sanjose
Enable Password
Router(config)#enable password cisco
Secret Password
Router(config)#enable secret sanfran
Configuring an Interface
Router(config)#interface type numberRouter(config-if)#
• type includes serial, ethernet, token ring, fddi, hssi, loopback, dialer, null, async, atm, bri, and tunnel
• number is used to identify individual interfaces
Router(config-if)#exit
Quit from current interface configuration mode
Router(config)#interface type slot/portRouter(config-if)#
• For the Cisco 7000 and 7200 series routers
Router#show interface serial 1
Serial1 is up, line protocol is up
Hardware is cxBus Serial Description: 56Kb Line San Jose - MP :: :: :: :: :: :: :: :: :: ::
Interface Status
Operational..................Connection Problem...Interface Problem........Disabled ......................
Serial1 is up, line protocol is upSerial1 is up, line protocol is downSerial1 is down, line protocol is downSerial1 is administratively down, line protocol is down
KeepalivesCarrier Detect
Configuring a Serial Line
• Enter global
configuration mode
• Specify interface
• Set DCE clock rate
(optional)
• Set bandwidth (optional)
Router(config-if)#clock rate 56000Router(config-if)#
Router(config)#interface serial 1Router(config-if)#
Router#configure termRouter(config)#
Router(config-if)#bandwidth 56Router(config-if)#exitRouter(config)#exitRouter#
Locating the Cisco IOS Software
ROM monitorROM monitor
Router#configure terminalRouter(config)#boot system flash IOS_filenameRouter(config)#boot system tftp IOS_filename tftp_addressRouter(config)#boot system rom[Ctrl-Z]Router#copy running-config startup-config
Router#configure terminalRouter(config)#boot system flash IOS_filenameRouter(config)#boot system tftp IOS_filename tftp_addressRouter(config)#boot system rom[Ctrl-Z]Router#copy running-config startup-config
Boot system commands not found In NVRAMBoot system commands not found In NVRAM
Get default Cisco IOS software from FlashGet default Cisco IOS software from Flash
Flash memory emptyFlash memory empty
Get default Cisco IOS software from TFTP serverGet default Cisco IOS software from TFTP server
Boot System Options in Software
Router#configure terminalRouter(config)#boot system flash c2500-js-l [Ctrl-Z]Router#copy running-config startup-config
Flash
NetworkRouter#configure terminalRouter(config)#boot system tftp test.exe 172.16.13.111[Ctrl-Z]Router#copy running-config startup-config
ROMRouter#configure terminalRouter(config)#boot system rom[Ctrl-Z]Router#copy running-config startup-config
Locating the Cisco IOS Software
...
Router#show version
IOS (tm) 2500 Software (C2500-JS-L), Version 11.2 (6), RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc1)Copyright (c) 1986-1997 by cisco Systems, Inc.Compiled Tue 06-May-97 16:17 by kuongImage text-base: 0x0303ED8C, data-base: 0x00001000
ROM: System Bootstrap, Version 5.2(8a), RELEASE SOFTWAREROM: 3000 Bootstrap Software (IGS-RXBOOT), version 10.2 (8a), RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc1) Router uptime is 21 hours, 13 minutesSystem restarted by reloadSystem image file is "flash:c2500-js-l.112-6.bin", booted via flash
Configuration register is 0x2102
Verifying Available Memory
Router#show flash
System flash directory:File Length Name/status 1 7871172 c2500-js-l.112-6.bin
[7871236 bytes used, 517372 available, 8388608 total]8192K bytes of processor board System flash (Read ONLY)
Using Enhanced Editing Commands
(Automatic scrolling of long lines).
<Ctrl-A> Move to the beginning of the command line.
<Ctrl-E> Move to the end of the command line.
<Esc-B> Move back one word.
<Ctrl-F> Move forward one character.
<Ctrl-B> Move back one character.
<Esc-F> Move forward one word.
<Ctrl-D> Delete a single character.
5 장 문제 풀이
5 장 문제 풀이
5 장 문제 풀이
5 장 문제 풀이
5 장 문제 풀이
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5 장 문제 풀이
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RouterA#sh ip protocolsRouting Protocol is "rip" Sending updates every 30 seconds, next due in 0 seconds Invalid after 180 seconds, hold down 180, flushed after 240 Outgoing update filter list for all interfaces is Incoming update filter list for all interfaces is Redistributing: rip Default version control: send version 1, receive any version Interface Send Recv Key-chain Ethernet0 1 1 2 Serial2 1 1 2 Routing for Networks: 10.0.0.0 172.16.0.0 Routing Information Sources: Gateway Distance Last Update 10.1.1.2 120 00:00:10 Distance: (default is 120)