1. Respiratory System Ok

8/11/2019 1. Respiratory System Ok

1/36

RESPIRATION SYSTEMIN HUMAN

GASEOUS EXCHANGE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM


2/36

BASIC COMPETENCE3.4 Explaining the Relationshpbetween the structure,the

function,and the process and alsodisorders/diseases that happen tohuman and animals respirationsystem (for example bird).


3/36

INDICATOR

Explaining the function and structure ofhumans respiration system Explaining humans respiration

mechanism.Differentiating the chest and stomachrespiration.Explaining the mechanism process of

transfering Oxygen and carbondioxidefrom alveolus to blood capillary and viceversa.


4/36

OBJECTIVES

AFTER LEARNING THIS CHAPTER,YOU WILL ABLE TO IDENTIFY,CONNECT AND EXPLAIN THESTRUCTURE, FUNCTION AND THEPROCESS OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEMIN HUMAN, ALSO IDENTIFY

DISORDER THAT HAPPENS INHUMAN RESPIRATORY SYSTEM


5/36

HUMAN RESPIRATION SYSTEMA. Respiration organs.B. Breathing mechanism.C. Internal respiration.


6/36

Respiration is the process of air taking toget oxygen required for oxidation offoodstuff that happens in cell with its finalproduct is energyBreathing is taking of respiratory air fromfree air to enter into the lung anddischarge of waste gas from lung to freeair


7/36

AIR TAKING FOR EACH KIND OFORGANISM

Inderectly : happens in organismthat already has particularrespiratory organex: HumanDerectly : happens in organism thatalready has not yet particularrespiratory organex: soil worm


8/36

The human respiratory system

Figure 22.6A

Nasalcavity

Left lung

Pharynx (Esophagus)

Larynx

Trachea

Bronchus

Bronchiole

Diaphragm (Heart)

Rightlung


9/36

In humans and other mammals, airenters through the nasal cavity

It passes through the pharynx and

larynx into the tracheaThe trachea forks to form two bronchiEach bronchus branches into numerousbronchioles


10/36

AIR IS TAKEN DOWN INTO THE LUNGS

Air can enter the body through either the nose or mouth. The noseand the mouth are separated by the palate, so you can breathethrough your nose even when you are eating.

Is is better to breathe through your nose, because the structure of the

nose allows the air to become warm, moist, and filtered before it getsto the lungs. Inside the nose are some thin bones called turbinalbones which are covered with a thin layer of cells. Some of these cellsmake a liquid containing water and mucus which evaporates into theair in the nose and moistens it.

1. The NOSE and MOUTH

Other cells have very tiny hair-like projections called cilia. The cilia are always moving, and bacteria or particles of dust get trapped inthem and in the mucus. Cilia are found all along the trachea andbronchi, too. They waft the mucus, containing bacteria & dust, up to

the back of the throat, so that it doesnt not block up the lungs .


11/36

The air then passes into the windpipe or trachea. At the top of the

trachea, is a piece of cartilage called epiglottis . This closes thetrachea and stops food going down the trachea when you swallow.This is a reflex action, which happens automatically when a bolusof food touches the soft palate.

2. The TRACHEA

The air then passes into the windpipe or trachea. At the top of thetrachea, is a piece of cartilage called epiglottis . This closes thetrachea and stops food going down the trachea when you swallow.This is a reflex action, which happens automatically when a bolusof food touches the soft palate.

Just below the epiglottis is the voice box or larynx. This containsthe vocal cords. The vocal cords can be tightened by muscles sothat they make sounds when air passes over them. The tracheahas rings of cartilage around it, which keep it open.


12/36

The trachea goes down through the neck and into the thorax. The

thorax is the upper part of your body from the neck down to thebottom of the ribs and diaphragm. In the thorax, the tracheadivides into two. The two branches are called the right and the leftbronchi . One bronchus goes to each lung and then branches outinto many smaller tubes called bronchioles .

3. The BRONCHI

At the end of eachbronchiole are tiny air

sacs or alveoli. This iswhere gaseousexchange takes place.

4. The ALVEOLI


13/36

ALVEOLAR WALLS FORM THE RESPIRATORY SURFACEThe walls of the alveoli are respiratory surface. Tiny blood vessels,

called capillaries, are closely wrapped around the outside of thealveoli. Oxygen diffuses across the walls of the alveoli into the blood.Carbon dioxide diffuses the other way.

The walls of the alveoli have several features which make them anefficient gaseous exchange surface.

They are very Thin

Alveolar walls are only one cell thick. The

capillary walls also only one cell thick. Anoxygen molecule only has to diffuse acrossthis small thickness to get into the blood.


14/36

The bronchioles end in clustersof tiny sacs called alveoli

Alveoli form the respiratorysurface of the lungsOxygen diffuses

through the thinwalls of thealveoli intothe blood

Figure 22.6C

Figure 22.6B

Oxygen-richblood Oxygen-poor

blood

Alveoli

Blood capillaries

Bronchiole


15/36

Smoking causes lung cancer andcontributes to heart disease

Smoking also causes emphysemaCigarette smokemakes alveoli

brittle, causingthem to ruptureThis reduces thelungs capacity

for gas exchange

Figure 22.7A, B


16/36

Breathing is the alternation of inhalationand exhalation

Breathing ventilates the lungs

Figure 22.8A

Rib cageexpands as

rib musclescontract Airinhaled

Lung

Diaphragm

INHALATIONDiaphragm contracts

(moves down)

EXHALATIONDiaphragm relaxes

(moves up)

Rib cagegets smalleras rib musclesrelax

Airexhaled


17/36

Inhalation process in chest respiration

Outer inter ribs contraction

The volume of chest cavity increases

Lungs becomes developing

The pressure of chest cavity decreases

The pressure of lungs decreases

External air/O2 enter into pulmonary cavity


18/36

Lung total volume

Respiratory air : air that enters or out thelung as the effect of ordinate respiration

500 cc

Complementary air : air that still can putinto the lung maximally after doing normalinspiration

1500 cc

Reservation air : air that still can be

discharged maximally after doing normalexpiration

1500 cc

Residual air : air that still remain in thelung after doing max respiration

1000 cc


19/36

Cavity vital : (500 + 1500 + 1500) cc = 3500 cc

Volume total (3500 + 1000) cc = 4500 cc


20/36

THE RIBS & DIAPHRAGM MOVE DURING BREATHING

To make air move in and out of the lungs, you must keep changingthe volume of your thorax. First, you make it large so that air issucked in. then, you make it smaller again so that air is squeezedout. This is called breathing or ventilation.

There are 2 sets of muscles which help you to breathe. One set isin between the ribs. This set is called intercostal muscles made upof the external and internal intercostal muscles. The other set is inthe diaphragm. The diaphragm is a large sheet of muscle andelastic tissue which stretches across your body, underneath thelung and hearth.


21/36

BREATHING IN IS CALLEDINSPIRATION

When breathing in, the muscles of the diaphragm contract. Thispulls the diaphragm downwards, which increases the volume in thethorax. At the same time, the external intercostal muscles contact.This pulls the ribs the ribs cage upwards and outwards. Together,these movements increase the volume of the thorax.

As the volume of the thorax increases, the pressure inside it fallsbelow atmospheric pressure. Extra space has been made andsomething must come in to fill it up. Air therefore rushes in alongthe trachea and bronchi into the lungs.


22/36

BREATHING OUT IS CALLEDEXPIRATION

When breathing out, the muscles of the diaphragm relax. Thediaphragm springs back up onto its domed space because it ismade of elastic tissue. This decreases the volume in the thorax.The external intercostal muscles also relax. The rib cage dropsdown again into its normal position. This also decreases the

volume of the thorax.As the volume of the thorax decreases, the pressure inside itincreases. Air is squeezed out through the trachea into the noseand mouth, and on out of the body.


23/36

Vital capacity is the maximum volume ofair we can inhale and exhale

But our lungs hold more than this amount

The alveoli do not completely collapseA residual volume of dead air remains in thelungs after exhalation


24/36

Breathing control centers are located in thepons and medulla of the brain

These automatic controls keep breathing in

tune with body needs

Breathing is automatically controlled


25/36

During exercise, the CO 2 level in the bloodrises, lowering the blood pH

This triggersa cascade ofevents

Figure 22.9

Brain

Cerebrospinal fluid

BREATHING CONTROLCENTERS stimulated by:

CO 2 increase / pH decreasein blood

Nerve signalindicating lowO 2 level

O 2 sensorin artery

Pons

Medulla

Nerve signalstriggercontractionof muscles

Diaphragm

Rib muscles


26/36

Figure 22.1

1 Breathing

2 Transportof gases bythe circulatorysystem

3 Servicing ofcells withinthe bodytissues

Lung

O 2

CO 2

Circulatorysystem

Capillary

Cell

CO 2

O 2

Mitochondria


27/36

Gas exchangein the body

Figure 22.10A


28/36

Hemoglobin is a protein in red blood cells

It carries most of the oxygen in the blood

Figure 22.10B

Hemegroup

Ironatom

Polypeptide chain

O 2 loadedin lungs

O2 unloaded

in tissues

O2

O2


29/36

Hemoglobin helps buffer the pH of bloodand carries some CO 2

Hemoglobin helps transport CO 2 and buffer the blood


30/36

Most CO 2 in theblood combines withwater to formcarbonic acid

The carbonic acidbreaks down to formH+ ions andbicarbonate ionsThese help buffer theblood

Figure 22.11A

TISSUE CELL

CO 2 produced

INTERSTITIALFLUID CO 2

CO 2

CO 2

BLOODPLASMAWITHINCAPILLARY

Capillarywall

H2O

H2CO 3Carbonic acid

REDBLOODCELL

HCO 3 + H+

Hemoglobinpicks upCO 2 and H +

Bicarbonate

HCO 3


31/36

Most CO 2 is

transported to thelungs in the form ofbicarbonate ions

Figure 22.11B

ALVEOLAR SPACE IN LUNG

CO 2

CO 2H2O

H2CO 3

HCO 3 + H+

HemoglobinreleasesCO 2 and H +

HCO 3

CO 2

CO 2

C ti Th h f t h


32/36

A human fetusdepends onthe placentafor gasexchange

Connection: The human fetus exchangesgases with the mothers bloodstream

Figure 22.12

Placenta, containingmaternal blood vesselsand fetal capillaries

Umbilical cord,containing fetalblood vessels

Amnioticfluid

Uterus


33/36

A network of capillaries exchanges O 2 andCO 2 with maternal blood that carries gases

to and from the mothers lungs

At birth, increasing CO 2 in the fetal bloodstimulates the fetuss breathing controlcenters to initiate breathing


34/36

EXTERNAL RESPIRATION

O2 carrying with Hb :Hb4 + 4 O2 4 HbO2 (Oksihemoglobin)

Released CO2 from capilary (artery pulmonary)H+ + HCO3 - H2CO3 H2O + CO2O2 + HbCO2 HbO2 + CO2


35/36

INTERNAL RESPIRATION Released O2

HbO2 Hb + O2 Carrying CO2

CO2 + HbO2 HbCO2 + O2(Karbominohemoglobin)

CO2 + H2O karbonat anhidrase H2CO3HCO3 - + H +


36/36

CELL RESPIRATION

C6H12O6 + O2 ATP+ CO2 + H2O

Documents

1. Respiratory System Ok