1. Reproduction in lower and higher plants

R.E. SOCIETY’S

ABHYANKAR KULKARNI JR. COLLEGE, RATNAGIRI.

XII SCIENCE WORK FROM HOME - 2020 BIOLOGY

Date: 05/05/2020 Page 1 of 5

1. Reproduction in lower and higher plants

Mode of Reproduction:-

There are two modes of reproduction,

1) Asexual reproduction/Apomixis (without mixing of gametes)

2) Sexual reproduction/Amphimixis (mixing / fusion of gametes)

Asexual Reproduction/ Apomixis:-

There are two main mode of reproduction in the plants i.e. vegetative and sexual reproduction

through flowers. But in case of lower organism asexual reproduction takes place by different

methods. The main feature of asexual reproduction is, it is uniparental and offsprings are

produced which are genetically identical to parents.

Binary fission:- it is common in unicellular organisms. Parent cell divides to produce two equal

cells that give rise to two new individuals. e.g. bacteria

Budding:- Budding is a type of asexual reproduction in which small but unequal cells grows out

from the parent cell is known as bud. This bud separate from the parent cell and develop into new

individuals. e.g. yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)

Sporulation:- The process of asexual reproduction in which new individuals are produced by

spore formation is called sporulation. Algae and fungi reproduced by spores.

E.g. – Algae Chlamydomonas produce motile spores called zoospores.

Fungi Penicillium and Aspergillus produce non motile spores called conodia.

Fragmentation:- filamentous form of algae undergo accidental breakage into small pieces called

fragments, these fragments then develops into new individuals. e,g. Spirogyra.

Asexual Reproduction in the Angiosperms (Vegetative propagation):-

In angiosperms the reproduction occurs through vegetative parts like stem, root and leaves is

called vegetative propagation/ reproduction. The plant part used for reproduction called

propagules. These propagules have adequate reserve food material and they are capable to produce

new individual independently in favorable condition.

There are two methods of veg. reproduction i.e. Natural method and Artificial method.

Artificial method of vegetative propagation: -

There are different methods developed by the horticulturist and agriculturist using commercially

important plants for commercial cultivation. These methods are known as artificial methods.

There are three main techniques used by the man for propagation.

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1) Cutting: -

It is most convenient and cheap method of propagation

Cutting are the small pieces of the root, stem, and leaf, which are able to develop into new

plant.

Roots produce shoot system, stem with apical bud produces roots, and leaf produces shoot and

adventitious roots.

During this practice polarity plays an important role in survival of plant part as a new plant.

For the development of root and shoot, the primary meristem plays an important role.

Now a-days growth hormone like IAA, IBA are applied in dilute quantities to the lower end of

the cutting due to which adventitious roots are form quickly.

Root-Apple, Tamarind Stem-sugarcane, rose, coleus Leaf-Bryophyllum

2) Grafting: -

Grafting is an art of joining parts of two plants together in such a manner that they unite and

continue their growth as one plant.

The plant or the part of the plant on which grafting is done is called stock or root stock.

The part of another plant which is grafted on the stock is called scion or graft.

The stock provide root whereas the scion becomes the top of the new plant.

Grafting is most effective between different varieties of plants of same species or closely

related species.

Grafting is successful only when stock and scion are compatible i.e. capable of uniting.

The success of grafting depend upon the union of the cambium of the stock and scion which

results in organic connection between them.

e.g. mango, Citrus, rose, apple.

3) Budding:-

Budding is a form of grafting in which only one bud and small part of bark with some portion

of living tissue is grafted on the desire stock.

It is a quick and efficient method of propagation in the plants like Rose and Mulberry.

In budding, a single bud along with some living tissue of the plant to be propagated is taken

and inserted in I or T shaped incision made in the stock.

Budding is usually done in the rainy season so that the bud does not dry.

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Grafting is not possible in monocot because they do not have inter or intra-

fascicular cambium and do not show secondary growth.

Micropropagation:-

To produce large no. of pant propagules tissue culture technique is used. For this shoot apical

meristem is used as Explant and many shoot apices are produced which are called micropropagules.

These micropropagules are used to produce large no. of genetically identical plants i.e. clones within

short time period is called as Micropropagation.

Significance of vegetative propagation:-

1) It is useful in the plants which do not produce viable seeds. E.g. banana, pineapple, rose.

2) Early flowering and fruiting can be achieved with the help of grafted variety as compare to the

same varieties propagated by seeds. E.g. mango,

3) It helps in production of clones of useful and economically important plants as well as rare plant

species.

4) It is easy, rapid method of reproduction.

5) Vegetative propagated plants bear fruits faster than the sexually reproduced plants.

6) Change in the growth habit can be achieved by specific root stock.

Disadvantages of vegetative propagation:-

1) Veg. reproduction cannot produce new variety.

2) It is expensive method as compare to seed multiplication.

3) It requires trained staff for carrying out methods like grafting, budding.

4) The plants raised through veg. propagation have short life span.

5) It provides less anchorage because they develop adventitious root system.

T-

Shaped

cut

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TOPIC 1 –REPRODUCTION IN LOWER AND HIGHER PLANTS

BIOLOGY QUESTION BANK

12th science

ONE MARK QUESTIONS:-

Q. 1 Which method is use in yeast for reproduction?

Q.2 In which organism asexual method occurs by motile zoospores?

Q.3 Which method of vegetative reproduction is used to produce desire verities

according to human requirement?

Q.4 What is tissue culture?

Q. 5 Enlist the categories of reproduction. Sexual and asexual

Q. 6 How is the asexual reproduction differ from sexual reproduction?

Q. 7 What is clone?

Q. 8 What are the different modes of asexual reproduction?

Q. 9 Which type of asexual reproduction takes place in paramecium?

Q. 10 Vegetative reproduction process produce genetically identical plants. Give

reason.

Q. 11 What is cutting?

Q. 12 What is grafting?

Q. 13 Which parts of plant used in vegetative propagatin?

Q. 14 Which methods of vegetative propagation are not occurs naturally?

Q. 15 Which method is used now a days in vegetative reproduction?

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TWO MARK QUESTIONS

Q. 1 Complete following table

Q. 2 Define:- 1) grafting 2) bud grafting

Q.3 “Reproduction is an essential process in living organism”. Give any two

reasons.

Q. 4 Give any two significance of asexual reproduction.

Q. 5 Write a note on grafting.

Q. 6 Complete following chart

Q. 7 Give brief account of vegetative reproduction.

Q. 8 What are Scion and Stock?

Q. 9 Sketch and label- budding in yeast.

Q. 10 Sketch and label -grafting in rose.

𝐖𝐎𝐑𝐊 𝐅𝐑𝐎𝐌 𝐇𝐎𝐌𝐄 & 𝑆𝑇𝐴𝑌 𝑆𝐴𝐹𝐸

Sr. no. Organisms Type of reproduction

1 Spirogyra

2 Conidia formation

3 Sponges

4 Amoeba

Sr. no. Plant name Type of cutting

1 Blackberry

2 Bougainvillea

3 Sansvieria

4 Rose

Documents

1. Reproduction in lower and higher plants