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Chapter 39Plant Responses
Signal transduction pathway
1. reception – signal molecule lands on receptor
2. Transduction – relay molecules called second messengers
3. Response – activation of cellular response
Etiolation – morphological adaptations for growing in darkness› Energy is spent elongating stems
De-etiolation “greening” – shoot reaches sunlight – phytochrome (photoreceptor)› Elongation slows, leaves expand, roots
elongate, shoot produces chlorophyll
Hormones – chemical signals that coordinate the different parts of an organism› In plants, response is governed by
interaction of two or more hormones› First plant hormone discovered was Auxin
(IAA)› Cells have receptors for hormones which
then activate processes in cell such as: Transcription Activate enzymes Membrane transport
Types of HormonesAuxin (IAA)CytokininsGibberellinsBrassinosteroidsAbscisic acidEthylene
Tropism – any growth response that results in curvatures of whole plant organs toward or away from stimuli› Phototropism
Positive phototropism – growth toward light Negative phototropism – growth away from
light
Charles and Francis Darwin’s experiment on oat coleoptiles
Used opaque covers on tip and collar at bottom to test phototropism – light hitting tip caused phototropism
Boysen & Jensen experiments
Cut coleoptile & put it back on with gelatin or mica separating it – a substance moved through the gelatin that caused bending
Frits Went experiment
Extracted auxin from the gelatin In the dark, placed gelatin with auxin
off center and the coleoptile bent away from the side with the gelatin
Conclusions
For monocots, auxin causes phototropism by accumulating on the dark side of the shoot and causing cell elongation
Not the case for dicots
Auxin Produced in shoot tips Causes cell elongation in low conc but
inhibits elongation in higher conc. Stimulates lateral and adventitious root
formation Synthetic auxin in high doses kills
dicots Developing seeds give off auxin which
promotes fruit growth Interplay with cytokinin causes apical
dominance
Apical Dominance
Interplay between auxin & cytokinin How do these two hormones produce theChristmas tree look?
Cytokinin Produced in embryos, roots, fruits –
moves from root upward in xylem Stimulates cell division in conjunction
with auxin Balance b/w 2 causes differentiation
› Apical dominance Cytokinin stimulates lateral buds & growth Auxin inhibits lateral buds & growth
Antiaging effect – cut pieces of leaves stay green by inhibiting senescence (aging)
Gibberellins
Stem elongation Fruit gets larger
› Ex - Thompson seedless grapes – grapes get larger (with auxin) and internodes elongate to make room for bigger grapes
Help seeds break dormancy (stimulate amylase release) & mobilize food
Contributes to flower bolting
Abscisic Acid
Slows growth Promotes seed dormancy – inhibit
germination & help w/ dormancy Drought tolerance
› Causes stomata to close› Warns leaves of H2O shortage
Ethylene Produced in response to stress & high
levels of auxin Triple response to mechanic stress –
allows growing shoot to avoid obstacle Programmed cell death (apoptosis)
› Occurs in xylem vessels, cells in flowers after pollination, leaves in autumn
Leaf abscission Fruit ripening
Brassinosteroids
Produced in seeds, fruit, shoots, leaves, and floral buds
Inhibit root growth; slow leaf abscission; promote xylem differentiation
Photomorphogenesis
The effect of light on plant morphology Light also allows plants to measure the
passage of days and seasons Photoreceptors
› Blue light receptors control: phototropism, stomatal opening,
› Red light receptors (phytochrome) controls: seed germination in lettuce, stimulates branching & inhibits vertical growth, sets circadian rhythms to 24 hrs
Photoperiodism Flowering
› Short day plants require a short enough day and long enough night Tobacco, mums, poinsettias, some soybeans
– late summer or fall› Long day plants require a long enough day
and short enough night Spinach, radish, lettuce, iris, cereal grains –
late spring or early summer› Day neutral flower when they are old
enough Tomatoes, dandelions, rice
› Some plants must have cold treatment before photoperiod will induce it to flower
Other Tropisms Gravitropism – response to gravity
› Roots display positive gravitropism› Shoots exhibit negative gravitropism› Auxin plays rolls in gravitropism› Statoliths – specialized starch plastids
settle to lower portions of cells Thigmotropism – directional growth in
response to touch› Action potentials cause response› Ex – Mimosa pudica and Venus fly trap› Mimosa pudica video › Venus fly trap video
Stresses on plants
Drought
Flooding
Salt
Heat
Cold Problem – lose fluidity of membranes
Problem – loss of turgor, dehydration
Problem – O2 deprivation
Problem – hypertonic environment – roots lose turgur pressureProblem - denaturing proteins