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1
GEOGRAPHYEXPLORATIONCOLONIZATION
AMERICAN REVOLUTION
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REASONS FOR EUROPEAN EXPLORATION*Conquistadors-God, glory and gold*curiosity*new empire and land*colonization
Significance- founding of colonies and formation of U.S.
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PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND EFFECTS
Prevent movement-mountains, rivers, plains, oceansResources, or lack of, affect economy of area
Significance-affects westward movement and economies of different regions
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REASONS FOR EUROPEAN COLONIZATION
Political-spread democracy & control surroundingsSocial-religious freedom & better way of lifeEconomic-mercantilism, wealth & power
Significance-formation of U.S.
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FREEDOM OF RELIGION IN THE COLONIES
Massachusetts-Puritans & Pilgrims wanted to find religious freedomRhode Island-Anne Hutchinson & Roger Williams separate church and stateFirst Great Awakening-emphasized education & religion
Significance-freedom of religion and religious choice
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TRIANGLE TRADE
Middle Passage transported slaves to New World
Significance-brought slaves to America; South developed economy based on slavery
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JAMESTOWN
Established in 1607 by English gentlemen1st permanent English settlementLooking for gold and Northwest Passage
Significance-beginning of America
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NEW ENGLAND COLONIES
New Hampshire, Connecticut, Rhode Island, MassachusettsCold climate & poor rocky soilSmall farms-produced enough to feed themselvesDepended on sea for economy-trade, fishing, shipbuilding
Significance-provided ships for slave trade, industry as economy
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MIDDLE COLONIES
New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, DelawareMild climate, fertile soilGrains-Breadbasket ColoniesImmigrants-Melting Pot
Significance-provided breads and grains for colonies
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SOUTHERN COLONIES
Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, GeorgiaWarm climate, very fertile soilGrew tobacco and riceLarge plantations that grew cotton-labor source was slaves
Significance-provided Northern factories with cotton Slavery-major cause of Civil War
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DEBTORS
Owed moneySettled Georgia which was founded by James Ogelthorpe
Significance-settled colonies
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COLONIAL GOVERNMENT INFLUENCESHouse of Burgesses established 1619 in Virginia-1st representative government in New WorldMayflower Compact written by Pilgrims in 1620-signed aboard Mayflower-agreement to live by a set of rules. 1st form of self governmentFundamental Orders of Connecticut proposed by Thomas Hooker-basis for future governing of a colonyWilliam Penn founded Pennsylvania as refuge for Quakers-wrote Charter of Liberties to allow colonists to elect representatives
Significance-led to democracy and representative government
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CAUSES OF AMERICAN REVOLUTION
Taxation without representationProclamation of 1763-no colonists west of Appalachian MountainsStamp Act-paper materials had stamp to show tax had been paidIntolerable Acts-punish Boston for Tea Party
Significance-colonists angry enough to declare independence
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MERCANTILISM
Colony exists to benefit mother countryColony provided raw materials and markets-British provided finished products
Significance-led to formation of U.S.
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BRITISH ECONOMIC POLICIES AFTER FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR
Colonists must pay debts from warParliament & George III start taxColonists no representation in Parliament
Significance-led to independence and war
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COMMON SENSE
Written by Thomas PaineEncouraged colonists to support independence and war
Significance-encouraged colonists to fight for independence
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PATRICK HENRY
Virginia statesman who said “Give me liberty, or give me death!”Leading Federalist-supported Constitution
Significance-encouraged independence and ratification of Constitution
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MARQUIS DE LAFAYETTE
Aide to Washington during American RevolutionHelped train soldiers at Valley ForgeTook ideas of Declaration of Independence back to France
Significance-spread ideas of American Revolution worldwide
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CRISPUS ATTUCKS
1st person killed in American Revolution1st martyr of American Revolution
Significance-propaganda for Patriots
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GEORGE III
King of Great Britain during Revolutionary periodThought colonists should pay for French and Indian War so started to tax colonists without their representation/vote
Significance-taxation policies led to American Revolution and independence
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HAYM SOLOMON
Financed Revolution for the Americans
Significance-financial support for the war
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JAMES ARMISTEAD
African American spy during the American RevolutionSpied for the Americans
Significance-Washington gained valuable knowledge of British movements
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BENJAMIN FRANKLIN
Negotiated Treaty of Paris, 1783 to end American RevolutionServed on Declaration committeeInventorWrote Poor Richard’s AlmanacCreated “Join or Die” cartoon during French and Indian War
Significance-contributed to all major documents of American independence and government
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BERNARDO DE GALVEZ
Spanish governor of LouisianaAllied with America during RevolutionProtected Mississippi River for America
Significance-kept Mississippi River open for American trade
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WENTWORTH CHESWELL
1st African American elected to public office in AmericaFought at battle of Saratoga
Significance-African American rights
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SAM ADAMS
Patriot leaderOrganized Sons of LibertyBelieved that taxation without representation was tyranny
Significance-civil disobedience to protest British policies-Boston Tea Party-encouraged independence
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MERCY OTIS WARREN
Patriot playwrightPlays encouraged colonist to support independence
Significance-encouraged colonists to support independence
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ABIGAIL ADAMS
Wife of John AdamsReminded her husband to “remember the ladies”
Significance-encouraged women’s rights
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JOHN ADAMS
Patriot leader in MassachusettsDefended British soldiers at Boston MassacreEncouraged independence/Declaration of Independence2nd President
Significance-driving force behind independence
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JOHN PAUL JONES
Commander of Continental NavySaid “I have not yet begun to fight!”
Significance-did not give up, earned British respect
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MAJOR BATTLES OF REVOLUTION
Lexington was 1st battle of RevolutionConcord-British wanted ammunition & leadersSaratoga-turning point of war because France allied withAmericansValley Forge-winter camp of Americans in Pennsylvania-Lafayette and Von Steuben trained troops-horrible conditions, freezing, starving, no supplies-Washington’s leadership kept army togetherYorktown in Virginia-Revolution ended with surrender of Great Britain
Significance-Washington’s leadership won war
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TREATY OF PARIS, 1783
Officially ended American RevolutionGreat Britain forced to recognize U.S. as a nation
Significance-officially established U.S. & forced Britain to recognize U.S.