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1
Random Thoughtson the Evolution of the
Internet
Randy H. Katz
CS Division, EECS Department
University of California, Berkeley
Berkeley, CA 94720-1776
2
What is the Internet?“It’s the TCP/IP Protocol
Stack”
• Applications– Web– Email– Video/Audio
•TCP/IP• Access Technologies
– Ethernet (LAN)– Wireless (LMDS, WLAN,
Cellular)– Cable– ADSL– Satellite
Applications
AccessTechnologies
“NarrowWaist”
3
Evolution of the Computer
Eniac, 1947
Telephone,1876
Computer+ Modem
1957
Early WirelessPhones, 1978
First Color TVBroadcast, 1953
HBO Launched, 1972
Interactive TV, 1990
Handheld PortablePhones, 1990
First PCAltair,1974
IBMPC,
1981
AppleMac,1984
ApplePowerbook,
1990
IBMThinkpad,
1992
HPPalmtop,
1991
AppleNewton,
1993
PentiumPC, 1993
Red Herring, 10/99
4
Evolution of the Computer
PentiumPC, 1993
Atari HomePong, 1972
AppleiMac, 1998
Pentium IIPC, 1997
Palm VIIPDA, 1999
NetworkComputer,
1996
FreePC, 1999
SegaDreamcast,
1999
Internet-enabledSmart Phones,
1999
Red Herring, 10/99
Convergence, Competition, Divergence
in Computing and Communications
6
Internet Evolution
ARPANetSATNetPRNet
TCP/IP NSFNet Deregulation &Commercialization
Web HostingMultiple ISPsInternet2 BackboneInternet Exchanges
Application HostingASP: Application Service ProviderAIP: Application InfrastructureProvider (e-commerce tookit, etc.)
1965 1975 1985 1995 2005
WWW
ISPASPAIP
7
NSFNet• 1985-1995: NSF supported network backbone
– 1st Generation (1985): 56 kbps backbone/LSI-11 routers, linking six supercomputer centers
– 2nd Generation (1988): T1 backbone/IBM RTs linking key supercomputer sites plus regional networks (BARRNet, MIDnet, NWNet, SESQUInet, SURAnet, NYSERnet, JVNCnet
– 3rd Generation (1991): » T3/RS6000 upgrade; NEARnet, SURAnet added» Migration from SC Centers to MCI PoPs
– 1993: Commercialization plan; orderly phase out of NSF by April 1995– 1994-1995: Commercialization, ISP connectivity
» Network Access Points: WorldComm/MAE-East (DC), MAE-West (SiVal), PacBell SF; Sprint NY, Ameritech Chicago, ICS Big East
• 1995-1999: vBNS• 1996-Present: Internet2
– 1998: Abilene backbone among gigaPoPs
8
Metropolitan Area Exchanges/
Network Access Points
Tier 1 Connections: High speed FDDI switches + routers with huge routing tablesTier 2 Connections: regional connection pointsA MAE does not itself provide peering, just connection bandwidth to the co-located ISPs
10
CalREN-2 NCalREN-2 S connections
DS-3, OC-3, OC-12 connections supported at gigaPoPs
QwestCiscoNorTel
13
American ISPs, Ranked by Number of Subscribers
(6/99)
0 1 2 3
# S
ubsc
riber
s
BellSouth
Excite@Home
SBC/PacBell
Prodigy
Mindspring
Earthlink
AT&T Worldnet
MSN
CompuServe
AOL
17.6
Millions
14
Cisco View on Recent Evolution
• 1995– Ethernet, FDDI, Hubs/routers, 10 X
• 1997– Fast Ethernet, OC-3 ATM, Switch/router, 100X
• 1999– Gbit Ethernet, OC-12/48 ATM, Gbit Multilayer switching, 1000X
• 2001– 10 Gbit Ethernet, OC-192 ATM/PoS, Enterprise Gbit Networking,
10000X
“The old world is about strings; the new world is about clouds: distributed intelligence, no connection set-up, bigger + cheaper, strings handled, intrinsic reliability.”
15
Redback/Siara View on Next Generation Network
• CoS-aware Network– Policing, shaping, CoS marking, policy routing,
statistics gathering per flow– Rules-based packet inspection– Filtering and forwarding at the edge– Sorting and queuing in the core
16
New Technologies/Services to
Enable Media Applications“Radio on the Net”Broadcast.comCNN.com
Streaming audio/videoEntertainment sites
Content-delivery Networks(intelligent routing + replicated content +
service from closest/least congested location)
Multicast?QoS/CoS?
New Category: Infrastructure Technology Providers-- Media Servers (e.g., RealNetworks)-- Transformation Services (e.g., ProxyNet)-- Search Services (e.g., Inktomi)-- Content Delivery Services (e.g., Sandpiper Networks)-- Content Caches/Cache Management (e.g., Akamai, Inktomi)-- Multicast Network Overlays (e.g., FFNetworks)
17
Cisco’s View of the Levelization of the
Internet• Internet Commerce
– On-line product sales, fee-subscriber-based company, on-line ads, on-line travel providers
• Intermediary/Market Maker– Market maker in v ertical industry, on-line travel agent,
brokerage, content-aggregator, portals/content providers, Internet ad brokers
• Application Infrastructure– Internet consultants, web server/Internet apps, multimedia,
web developer, search engine, training, web db
• Internet Infrastructure– Internet backbone providers, ISPs, network hw/sw
companies, PC/server manufacturers, security vendors, fiber optic makers, line acceleration hw manufacturer
18
Corio View of Service Differentiation
• Applications Service Providers (ASPs)– First Generation
» Hosting 1 or more specific solutions– Second Generation
» Applications + business process integration» E-business capability» E-value chain capability
• Applications Intrastructure Provider (AIPs)– Data Center capabilities and network management
capabilities to ASPs
• SUN “CPU tone” and EMC “Storage tone”
19
Siara View of Evolution of Internet Infrastructure
• First Generation– ILEC, IXC, cable operators, consumer/business/wholesale– ISPs: narrow focus on traditional markets
• Second Generation– Buy/build network for voice/data/cellular/paging/Internet– “Networks within a network”
• Third Generation– Hybrid networks + feature richness– Internet/VPN/VoIP w/single IP connection– Per packet service statistics for SLAs and billing– Multiple service levels, customizable by user or application– Frame relay/ATM over IP– ASAP new feature configuration and dynamic flow b/w
adjustment
20
Siara View Continued
• Dynamic Service Delivery– Accelerated new service develop and enhancement,
enabled by network programmability– Rapid service provisioning/configuration via software
driven– Intelligent service routing: CoS network awareness
» Self-adjustment via signaling, routing, switching– Near-zero incremental delivery costs
21
Emerging Internet Service Business Model
Global Packet Network
Application-specificOverlay Networks
(Multicast Tunnels, Mgmt Svrcs)
Application-specific Servers(Streaming Media, Transformation)
Internetworking(Connectivity)
Appl Infrastructure Services(Distribution, Caching,
Searching, Hosting)
Applications(Portals, E-Commerce,
E-Tainment, Media)
ISPCLEC
ASPInternet
Data Centers
AIPISV
22
Next Generation Internet Infrastructure and
Applications• ASP Infrastructure Tools
– Web Applications Servers» Bluestone, Netscape, Silver Stream, Sun Microsystems
– Intira, Xevo, Verio, Eality, Corio, Marimba. WebSpective– Servers: Cacheflow, Infolibria, Lucent WebCache– Cache Appliances
» Cisco Cache Engine, Entera Tera Node, Net Appliance NetCache– Prepacked Servers
» Cobalt CacheQube, Eolian InfoStore, PacketStorm WebSpeed– Cache Products: Microsoft ProxyServer– Cache Service Providers
» Akamai, Digital Island, Mirror Image, Sandpiper, Skycache– Alteon: machine room gigabit infrastructure– Spyglass: Prism transformer/cache manager– Redback Networks/Siara Systems: CoS-aware network
23
Internet Business Exchanges (IBXs)
“Equinix Gets $280 Million to Build onIn one of the largest financings of an Internet infrastructure company, Equinix Inc. of Redwood City will announce today that it has raised $280 million. Unlike other companies that are building the information superhighway, Equinix does not make computer servers, routers, switches or other hardware or software.
Rather, it builds secure and sophisticated buildings around the world where phone companies, Internet service and content providers can keep and connect their gear.
…”
SF Chronicle, 1 Dec 99
24
Example: AboveNet
Global Exchange with One-Hop Access to the Backbone
ISPs and content providers in central-ized facility
Direct-route backbone connectivity
Instant scalability and b/w exceeding 24.7 Gbps. 301 peering agreements
26
Example: Exodus Networks
“Internet Data Centers”
multiple high-speed OC-3/OC-12 lines between IDCs
Multiple public and privatenetwork interconnects
27
Example: SkyCache“Broadcast Overlay
Network”• Satellite-based broadcast overlay network to
improve movement of Internet information– World Wide Web content
– Usenet News
– Audio/video streaming media
– Web site replication
• Advantages– Reduce router to router "hops" and packet loss
– Eliminate ISP Internet clogs during peak traffic or one-time event spikes
– Unlimited reach beyond current fiber deployment
– High quality streamed content & high volume data transmission