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Pre s e n t e d B y: Va i b h a v i A p t e

Human Population & Environment

Human Population…

• It means the number of people in a given area.• The no. of people in a Village, City, State, Country

& World• Population is directly proportional to use of

natural resources

Factors Influencing Population

• Exponential Growth Rate• Doubling Time• Total Fertility Rate• Infant Mortality• Replacement Level• Age Structure• Zero Population Growth• Male- Female Ratio• Life Expectancy• Demographic Transition

EXPONENTIAL GROWTH RATE

• When quantity increases by constant amount in unit time is called as Linear Growth e.g. 1,3,5,7, etc..• But when it increases by a fixed percentage it is

called as Exponential Growth e.g 2,4,6,8,16.. Or 10, 102, 103,104….• Population growth takes place exponentially

which shows dramatic increase in population growth globally.

CHARACTERISTICS

1. Doubling Time: the time needed for a population to double at a constant annual rate is called “Doubling Time”. • Td=70/r ;Where.. Td= Doubling time in years r=annual growth ratee.g. if nation has 2% annual growth rate, its population will double in 35 years.

2. Total Fertility Rate: the average number of children that would be born to a women in her life time if the age-specific birth rates remain constant. The value varies from 1.9 to 4.7• The TFR has come down due to awareness & govt. policies

which is a welcome change.

CHARACTERISTICS

3. Infant Mortality Rate: the percentage of infants died out of those born in a year. • Although this rate has declined with improvements in

medical science and awareness programs.

4. Replacement level: two parents bearing two children will be replaced by their offspring. But due to mortality rate, this replacement level is usually changed.

5. Zero Population Growth : • Birth + immigration = Death + Emigration

CHARACTERISTICS

6. Male – Female ratio: the ratio of boys to girls should be fairly be balanced. • Because of female infanticides & gender based abortions

there is a major imbalance.7. Age Pyramids :

Population divided in 3 major classesPre Reproductive - 0-14 yearsReproductive - 15- 44 yearsPost Reproductive – 45 and above

Can be studied with the help of Age Pyramids

1. PYRAMID SHAPEDIt is triangular shaped pyramid. This kind of shape is found with the developing countries pyramid. It has wide base which shows that the country has a high birth rate and a large young population. The population of Nigeria, Bangladesh and Mexico represents this shape.

2. BELL SHAPEDConstant population pyramid : It is bell shaped pyramid which tapers towards the top. It shows that the birth and death rates are almost equal. Australian population shows this kind of shape.

3. URN SHAPEDDeclining population pyramid : This pyramid has a narrow base and narrow top. It shows that the birth and death rates are declining. Japan population shows this shape.

COMPARISON

CHARACTERISTICS

8. Life expectancy: an average age that a new born is expected to attain in a country. • In 1900 the life expectancy in India was 22.6 & 23.3 yrs

for male and female resp. • And now it is 60.3-60.5 yrs for male & female

respectively9. Demographic Transition: population growth is

directly related to economic growth.• Pre – Industrial phase• Transitional phase• Industrial phase • Post Industrial phase

The Indian Scenario

• Population Explosion: the unprecedented growth of human population at a alarming rate is called as Population explosion.• India is 2nd most populous country in the world. • If the current growth rate remains the same, by

2050 the population will reach upto 1.63 billion, reaching to 1st populous country.• Population explosion is leading to severe

problems like resource depletion, tremendous pressure on renewable resources,

THE INDIAN SCENARIO

• Two theories are important:• Malthusian Theory: • As per this theory the population growth is at exponential

rate but the food production is less. • He believes Positive checks like famine, disease outbreak ,

violence and preventive checks like birth control stabilize population• Marxian Theory:• Karl Marx believed population growth is a symptom of

poverty, resource depletion. • He believed social exploitation & oppression of less

privileged people lead to poverty

ENVIRONMENT & HUMAN HEALTH

• Yes, Environmental pollution has direct as well as indirect effects • Health is defined as “a state o complete physical,

mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity”- as per WHO• The harmful changes in body’s condition is called

as a Disease.

ISSUES OF HUMAN HEALTH

• Spread of infectious diseases• Carcinogens• Mutagens• Teratogens• Toxins, chemicals• Food• Noise• Radiations• Sanitation, hygiene

HEALTH CASE STUDIES

• Use of pesticides & its impact on human health: a case of farmers in South India.• Occupational hazards: Asbestosis, silicosis,

pnuemoconiosis, baggasis , Chemical hazards etc• Minamata disease in Japan• Itai-Itai disease• Respiratory disorders

CONTAMINATED FOOD AND WATER

• Millions of children die every year due to diarrhoea from contaminated water or food. An estimated 2000 million people are affected by these diseases and more than 3 million children die each year from water-

borne diseases across the world. In India, it is estimated that every fifth child under the age of 5 dies due to diarrhoea.

CASE STUDY

Foodborne trematodes (worms) are increasing in South-east Asia and Latin America. This is related to a combination of intensive

aquaculture production in unsanitary conditions, and consumption of raw or lightly processed fresh water fish and fishery products.

Foodborne trematodes can cause acute liver disease, and may lead to liver cancer. It is estimated that 40 million people are affected worldwide.

POLLUTION IN CITIES

Congested road junctions build up high levels of NO2 and SPM. The levels of two gases in the northeast suburbs were found to be 156

and 1309 micrograms per cubic meter (µg/m3). At Dadar or Sion Circle in central Mumbai, at peak hours, CO levels up

to 40-50 parts per million (PPM) have been detected. The ambient air pollution levels measured have come down for SO2

over the last twenty years. But NO2 and SPM levels show a rising trend particularly in suburbs of Mumbai.

SPM levels are higher in the central part of the city than in the western suburbs. .

A World Bank study conducted in 1995 revealed that if the air pollution is controlled in Calcutta according to the guidelines of World Health Organization (WHO), lives of 5726 persons maybe saved from premature death and of 30 lakhs people may also be saved from admitting to hospital (Banik, A. 2000).

SUMMARY•Health is an outcome of the interactions

between people and their environment.• Better health can only come from a more sustainable management of the environment.

NEED OF THE HOUR….• Family Planning programmes• Value Education• Awareness of Human Rights

CONSTITUTION OF INDIA

The State's responsibility with regard to raising the level of nutrition and the standard of living and to improve public health has been laid down under Article 47 of the Constitution which reads as follows:

"The State shall regard the raising of the level of nutrition and the standard of living of its people and the improvement of public health as among its primary duties and, in particular, the State shall endeavour to bring about prohibition of the consumption except for medicinal purposes of intoxicating drinks and of drugs which are injurious to health."

FAMILY PLANNING• Extremely important step to control ever

increasing population, required.• Some countries have strict laws, forced

family planning• Punishments if number of children exceeds

the fixed limits• Incentives if Family planning is done.• Specific measures for controlling number

of children born.. Both by men and women

AWARENESS OF HUMAN RIGHTS• Right to clean air, water• Right to use land• Right to hygienic conditions• Right to good Health• World Health Organisation• Universal Declaration of Human Rights on

Dec 10, 1948 by UNO• Vienna World Conference on Human Rights

WHAT ARE VALUES?

• Values deal with ones own principles and standards from which we judge what is right and wrong behaviour.

• Values lead to a process of decision making which leads to action. For value education in relation to the environment, this process is learned through an understanding and appreciation of Nature’s oneness and the importance of its conservation.

Value based Environmental Education•Inculcate environmental studies in the school and college syllabus•Carry out small projects related to environmental awareness•Imbibe the thought that development cannot be achieved at the cost of degrading environment•Man for Nature …. Not Nature for Man concept

VALUE BASED ENVIRONMENT EDUCATION

• Human values• Social values• Cultural & Religious Value• Ethical value• Global value• Spiritual value

ROLE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

• Database- for information storage and use.• Specialized software can analyze data for

epidemiological studies, population dynamics and a variety of key environmental concerns.

• Fast and convenient usage• Useful in conservation activities, decision making etc• ENVIS centres• ENVIS-Environmental Information System• NMIS-National Management Information System• GIS- Geographical Information System

RS AND GIS

• Remote sensing- Information without actual visit to a specific location

• GIS- based on digital Maps

• Useful in understanding various environmental aspects like land availabilty, fuel, water, soil quality, forest cover etc etc

CASE STUDY

• Karnataka’s GIS scheme, Bhoomi, has revolutionized the way farmers access their landrecords. • Farmers can now get a copy of the records

of rights, tenancy and crops from a computerized information kiosk without harassment and bribes.• Karnataka has computerized 20 million

records of land ownership of 6.7 million farmers in the State.

WORLD WIDE WEB• Internet is the biggest source of

knowledge

• Search engines like Google etc…

• Social networking sites

HIV/AIDS

• Large Deaths- affect local environment.• Loss of labour, production level decreases• After the adult death- young generation face problem

to maintain resp. Family business. E.g. Agriculture• Death of skilled forest persons- conservation activities

slow down• Use of easily available fuel source, exploitation of

timber for coffins. • Work efficiency of such workers is less.

WOMEN WELFARE

• Problems – gender discrimination, domestic violence, Dowry deaths, rapes, mental torture.• Formation of women groups called as “Women Cells”• Formation of Ministry for women & Child

Development dealing with family planning, education, awareness, health care & social issues• Problem of displaced women- discrimination, socially

humiliating work, driven out of main work.• Formation of- National Network for Women & Mining ,

Gender Audits• Mahila Mandals- NGOs.

CHILD WELFARE

• Death due to socio-economic problems• Poverty, less nutritive value.• Child Labors- in industrial sectors • In 1959, Declaration of Rights of a Child, which

turned to be an International Law in 1990.• Ministry of Human Resource Development (MHRD)-

strategic plans• Childrens are more suseptible to disease due to low

immune power and also their consumption of food, water is more .

• Childhood cancer rate is also increasing

Thank you.....